New York Neck Injury Medical Treatment Guidelines Second ...

[Pages:80]New York

Neck Injury

Medical Treatment Guidelines?

Second Edition

January 14, 2013

Corrected February 22, 2013

Effective March 1, 2013

? Portions of this guideline are taken from the Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines, 2nd Edition: Neck and Upper Back Complaints published and copyrighted by the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

Copyright 2008, 2007, 2004, 1997 by the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (ACOEM). Commercial reproduction or other use beyond fair use prohibited without explicit ACOEM permission.

The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine has granted the Workers' Compensation Board permission to include and publish portions of the Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines, 2nd Edition: Neck and Upper Back Complaints in connection with the adoption of the New York Cervical Spine Injury Medical Treatment Guidelines, including making this guideline available in print and on its website for informational and educational purposes. Use of the portions of this guideline from the Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines, 2nd Edition: Neck and Upper Back Complaints beyond fair use or for commercial purpose, or both may only occur upon receipt of explicit permission from ACOEM.

New York State Workers' Compensation Board New York Neck Injury Medical Treatment Guidelines

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A GENERAL GUIDELINE PRINCIPLES ...................................................................... 1 A.1 MEDICAL CARE................................................................................................. 1 A.2 RENDERING OF MEDICAL SERVICES ........................................................... 1 A.3 POSITIVE PATIENT RESPONSE ...................................................................... 1 A.4 RE-EVALUATE TREATMENT........................................................................... 1 A.5 EDUCATION ...................................................................................................... 2 A.6 DIAGNOSTIC TIME FRAMES ........................................................................... 2 A.7 TREATMENT TIME FRAMES ........................................................................... 2 A.8 SIX-MONTH TIME FRAME .............................................................................. 2 A.9 DELAYED RECOVERY ...................................................................................... 2 A.10 ACTIVE INTERVENTIONS................................................................................ 3 A.11 ACTIVE THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE PROGRAM ............................................. 3 A.12 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING AND TESTING PROCEDURES................................ 3 A.13 SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS .......................................................................... 4 A.14 PRE-AUTHORIZATION..................................................................................... 4 A.15 PERSONALITY/PSYCHOLOGICAL/PSYCHOSOCIAL EVALUATIONS ......... 4 A.16 PERSONALITY/PSYCHOLOGICAL/PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTION ....... 5 A.17 FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY EVALUATION (FCE).............................................. 5 A.18 RETURN TO WORK........................................................................................... 6 A.19 JOB SITE EVALUATION ................................................................................... 6 A.20 GUIDELINE RECOMMENDATIONS AND MEDICAL EVIDENCE................. 7 A.21 EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT ....................................................................... 7 A.22 INJURED WORKERS AS PATIENTS ................................................................ 7

Second Edition, January 14, 2013

i

New York State Workers' Compensation Board New York Neck Injury Medical Treatment Guidelines

A.23 SCOPE OF PRACTICE........................................................................................ 7 B INTRODUCTION TO CERVICAL SPINE INJURY .................................................... 7

B.1 HISTORY TAKING AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION ..................................... 7 B.1.a History of Present Injury................................................................................. 7 B.1.b Past History ..................................................................................................... 9 B.1.c Physical Examination ...................................................................................... 9 B.1.d Relationship to Work .................................................................................... 10 B.1.e Spinal Cord Evaluation.................................................................................. 10 B.1.f Soft Tissue Injury Evaluation ......................................................................... 11 B.1.g Red Flags ....................................................................................................... 12

B.2 IMAGING.......................................................................................................... 12 B.3 LABORATORY TESTS...................................................................................... 13 B.4 FOLLOW-UP DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING AND TESTING PROCEDURES ...... 14 C DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES ........................................................................................... 15 C.1 IMAGING STUDIES ......................................................................................... 15

C.1.a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ............................................................ 15 C.1.b Computed Axial Tomography (CT)............................................................... 16 C.1.c Myelography ...................................................................................................17 C.1.d CT Myelogram ................................................................................................17 C.1.e Lineal Tomography.........................................................................................17 C.1.f Bone Scan (Radioisotope Bone Scanning) .....................................................17 C.1.g Other Radioisotope Scanning ....................................................................... 18 C.1.h Dynamic [Digital] Fluoroscopy:.................................................................... 18 C.2 OTHER TESTS ................................................................................................. 18 C.2.a Electrodiagnostic Testing (includes Needle EMG) ...................................... 18

Second Edition, January 14, 2013

ii

New York State Workers' Compensation Board New York Neck Injury Medical Treatment Guidelines

C.2.b Injections ? Diagnostic ................................................................................. 19 C.2.c Provocation Discography .............................................................................. 19 C.2.d Thermography .............................................................................................. 19 D THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES: NON-OPERATIVE..............................................20 D.1 ACUPUNCTURE...............................................................................................20 D.2 BIOFEEDBACK ................................................................................................ 21 D.3 INJECTIONS: THERAPEUTIC........................................................................ 22 D.3.a Therapeutic Spinal Injections ...................................................................... 22 D.3.b Occipital Nerve Block ................................................................................... 27 D.3.c Trigger Point Injections and Dry Needling Treatment ................................ 27 D.3.d Prolotherapy ................................................................................................. 29 D.3.e Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) .......................................................................... 29 D.3.f Epiduroscopy and Epidural Lysis of Adhesions ........................................... 29 D.4 RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) MEDIAL BRANCH NEUROTOMY/ FACET

RHIZOTOMY .................................................................................................... 30 D.5 MEDICATION .................................................................................................. 32

D.5.a Acetaminophen ............................................................................................. 32 D.5.b Anti-Depressants .......................................................................................... 33 D.5.c Anti-Seizure Drugs........................................................................................ 34 D.5.d Narcotics ....................................................................................................... 35 D.5.e Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)...................................... 36 D.5.f Skeletal Muscle Relaxants .............................................................................38 D.5.g Systemic Glucocorticosteroids (aka "Steroids")...........................................40 D.5.h Topical Drug Delivery...................................................................................40 D.5.i Tramadol ....................................................................................................... 41

Second Edition, January 14, 2013

iii

New York State Workers' Compensation Board New York Neck Injury Medical Treatment Guidelines

D.6 SPINAL CORD PROGRAMS ............................................................................ 42 D.7 ORTHOTICS ..................................................................................................... 42

D.7.a Cervical Collars ............................................................................................. 42 D.7.b Posture Appliances ....................................................................................... 43 D.7.c Cervicothoracic Orthosis............................................................................... 43 D.7.d Halo Devices ................................................................................................. 43 D.7.e Other Orthoses, Devices and Equipment ..................................................... 43 D.8 RESTRICTION OF ACTIVITIES ...................................................................... 44 D.9 RETURN TO WORK.........................................................................................44 D.9.a Establishment of Activity Level Restrictions ............................................... 44 D.9.b Compliance with Activity Restrictions ......................................................... 44 D.10 THERAPY: ACTIVE.......................................................................................... 45 D.10.a Activities of Daily Living (ADL).................................................................. 45 D.10.b Aquatic Therapy.......................................................................................... 45 D.10.c Functional Activities ................................................................................... 45 D.10.d Functional Electrical Stimulation .............................................................. 46 D.10.e Neuromuscular Re-education..................................................................... 46 D.10.f Spinal Stabilization...................................................................................... 47 D.10.g Therapeutic Exercise .................................................................................. 47 D.11 THERAPY: PASSIVE ........................................................................................ 47 D.11.a Electrical Nerve Block .................................................................................48 D.11.b Electrical Stimulation..................................................................................48 D.11.c Iontophoresis ...............................................................................................48 D.11.d Manipulation ...............................................................................................48 D.11.e Manipulation of the Spine under General Anesthesia (MUA) ................... 49

Second Edition, January 14, 2013

iv

New York State Workers' Compensation Board New York Neck Injury Medical Treatment Guidelines

D.11.f Manipulation under Joint Anesthesia (MUJA)...........................................49 D.11.g Massage (Manual or Mechanical) ............................................................... 49 D.11.h Mobilization (Joint) .................................................................................... 51 D.11.i Mobilization (Soft Tissue) ............................................................................ 51 D.11.j Short-Wave Diathermy ................................................................................ 52 D.11.k Superficial Heat and Cold Therapy (Excluding Infrared Therapy) ............ 52 D.11.l Traction ........................................................................................................ 53 D.11.m Traction: Mechanical ................................................................................. 53 D.11.n Transcutaneous Neurostimulator (TCNS/ Electroanalgesic Nerve Block) 53 D.11.o Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)............................... 54 D.11.p Ultrasound (Including Phonophoresis) ...................................................... 54 D.12 THERAPY: ONGOING MAINTENANCE CARE.............................................. 55 E THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES: OPERATIVE ....................................................... 56 E.1 ACUTE FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS .................................................. 57 E.1.a Halo Immobilization ..................................................................................... 57 E.1.b Anterior or Posterior Decompression with Fusion ...................................... 57 E.2 DISC HERNIATION AND OTHER CERVICAL CONDITIONS ...................... 59 E.2.a Specific Indications.......................................................................................60 E.2.b Surgical Procedures ...................................................................................... 61 E.3 ELECTRICAL BONE GROWTH STIMULATORS ........................................... 65 E.4 ARTIFICIAL CERVICAL DISC REPLACEMENT ............................................ 66 E.5 PERCUTANEOUS RADIOFREQUENCY DISC DECOMPRESSION ..............68 E.6 EPIDUROSCOPY AND EPIDURAL LYSIS OF ADHESIONS .........................68 E.7 INTRAOPERATIVE MONITORING ................................................................ 69 INDEX ................................................................................................................................71

Second Edition, January 14, 2013

v

New York State Workers' Compensation Board New York Neck Injury Medical Treatment Guidelines

A GENERAL GUIDELINE PRINCIPLES

The principles summarized in this section are key to the intended application of the New York State Medical Treatment Guidelines.

Medical Care

A.1 MEDICAL CARE

Medical care and treatment required as a result of a work-related injury should be focused on restoring functional ability required to meet the patient's daily and work activities and return to work, while striving to restore the patient's health to its pre-injury status in so far as is feasible.

A.2 RENDERING OF MEDICAL SERVICES

Any medical provider rendering services to a workers compensation patient must utilize the Treatment Guidelines as provided for with respect to all work-related injuries and or illnesses.

A.3 POSITIVE PATIENT RESPONSE

Positive results are defined primarily as functional gains which can be objectively measured. Objective functional gains include, but are not limited to, positional tolerances, range of motion, strength, endurance, activities of daily living, cognition, psychological behavior, and efficiency/velocity measures which can be quantified. Subjective reports of pain and function should be considered and given relative weight when the pain has anatomic and physiologic correlation.

A.4 RE-EVALUATE TREATMENT

If a given treatment or modality is not producing positive results, the provider should either modify or discontinue the treatment regime. The provider should evaluate the efficacy of the treatment or modality 2 to 3 weeks after the initial visit and 3 to 4 weeks thereafter. Reconsideration of diagnosis should also occur in the event of poor response to a rational intervention.

Second Edition, January 14, 2013

1

New York State Workers' Compensation Board New York Neck Injury Medical Treatment Guidelines

Education

A.5 EDUCATION

Education of the patient and family, as well as the employer, insurer, policy makers and the community should be a primary emphasis in the treatment of work-related injury or illness. Practitioners must develop and implement effective educational strategies and skills. An educationbased paradigm should always start with communication providing reassuring information to the patient. No treatment plan is complete without addressing issues of individual and/or group patient education as a means of facilitating self-management of symptoms and prevention of future injury.

Time Frames

A.6 DIAGNOSTIC TIME FRAMES

Diagnostic time frames for conducting diagnostic testing commence on the date of injury. Clinical judgment may substantiate the need to accelerate or decelerate the time frames discussed in this document.

A.7 TREATMENT TIME FRAMES

Treatment time frames for specific interventions commence once treatments have been initiated, not on the date of injury. Obviously, duration may be impacted by disease process and severity, patient compliance, as well as availability of services. Clinical judgment may substantiate the need to accelerate or decelerate the time frames discussed in this document.

A.8 SIX-MONTH TIME FRAME

Since the prognosis drops precipitously for returning an injured worker to work once he/she has been temporarily totally disabled for more than six months, the emphasis within these guidelines is to move patients along a continuum of care and return to work within a six-month time frame, whenever possible.

A.9 DELAYED RECOVERY

For those patients who are failing to make expected progress 6-12 weeks after an injury, re-examination in order to confirm the accuracy of the diagnosis should be made. Thereafter, consideration of an alternate treatment program should be made. This may include an interdisciplinary rehabilitation program and may also include a psychosocial evaluation.

Second Edition, January 14, 2013

2

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download