Organic Chemistry | Topic Notes

Organic Chemistry | Topic Notes

? Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. ? A functional group is an atom or group of atoms which is responsible for the

characteristic properties of a series of organic compounds.

Organic Chemistry Table

Homologous Series Functional Group

Structure of Group

Name Example

Alkane

Single bond

-

Propane

Alkene Alkyne

Double bond Triple bond

!Unexpected End of Formula

Propene Propyne

Chloroalkane

H's replaced by Cl's

- Cl

Chloropropane

Alcohol Aldehyde

Ketone Carboxylic Acid

Ester

Hydroxyl Carbonyl (end) Carbonyl (middle)

Carboxyl Bridging oxygen

- OH - C=O(H)

- C=O - C=OOH

-COO-

Propanol Propanal Propanone Propanoic Acid Methyl ethanoate

Organic Chemistry | Topic Notes

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Hydrocarbons: Compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only.

Saturated: Contain only single bonds.

Homologous Series: A series of compounds of uniform chemical type, showing graduation in physical properties with a general formula for it's members. They have a similar method of preparation.

Prefix Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec -

No. of Carbons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Mike Eats Pringles But Prefers Hula Hoops On Nasty Days.

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Tetrahedral Carbon Compounds

Alkanes are tetrahedral carbon compounds. These are a homologous series, most of these alkanes are fairly un reactive and are found naturally occuring. For example Methane can be made in a biomass degenerator, i.e. letting manure decay under anaerobic conditions. Methane however forms an explosive mixture with air.

A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains hydrogen and carbon only. Many hydrocarbons again, are naturally occuring and have been formed in the earth over millions of years, e.g. crude oil, coal etc...

A homologous series is a series of compounds of uniform chemical type. ? Showing gradations in physical properties ? Having a general formula for all of its members ? Each member differs from the previous member by a CH2 unit.

Tetrahedral bond angles = 109 degrees

There are 3 types of tetrahedral carbon compounds on our course: ? Alkanes ? Alcohols

Organic Chemistry | Topic Notes

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? Chloroalkanes 4

Alkanes

- Shape: tetrahedral - never planar. - Bonds: All single bonds - saturated. - General Formula: CNH2N+2 - Ending: -ane (eg: propane)

CH4 - Methane

C2H6 - Ethane

H | H -- C -- H | H

H H | | H -- C -- C -- H | | H H

C3H8 - Propane

H H H | | | H -- C -- C -- C -- H | | | H H H

? Carbon Carbon single bonds. C---C functional group

? They are saturated. This means that they undergo substitution reactions. This will be

described later (free radical substitution and saponification).

? Meth - ane

? Eth - ane

? Prop - ane

? But - ane

? Pentane - ane

? Hex - ane

? Hept - ane

Organic Chemistry | Topic Notes

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