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Summary of Dependent Clauses and Subordinating Conjunctions (2013) Jeffrey Scott Longstaff

1. Adjective Clauses (aka Relative clauses, Attributive clauses) Subordinating Conjunctions

|........| | |

|. | | |

| |Adjective clauses modifying people (or animals) |who, to whom, for whom, that, whose |

| |Adjective clauses modifying things (or concepts) |which, in which, that |

| |Adjective clauses modifying places |where, that, in which |

| |Adjective clauses modifying times (days, dates, eras) |when |

| |Adjective clauses modifying explanations |why, that |

The subordinating conjunction can include prepositions, for example:

- from which, upon which, within which, at which, on which, under which, above which, of which,

- with whom, above whom, from whom, for whom, to whom

|Adjectives clauses |Essential |(aka restrictive, defining) |- Not separated with commas |

|are either: | | | |

| |Non-essential |(aka non-restrictive, not defining) |- Separated with commas |

2. Adverb Clauses (aka Adverbial clauses) Subordinating Conjunctions

|...... | | |

| |Adverb clauses of condition |if / unless / in case / provided that / whether |

| |- under what conditions or circumstances an | |

| |action occurs | |

| |Adverb clauses of reason |Purposeful reasons: |

| | |/ in order to / in order that / so that [“that” can be omitted] |

| | |Either purposeful or unintentional reasons: |

| | |because / since / as / for / given / such that |

| |(aka “purpose”, “cause”) | |

| |- why an action occurs | |

| |Adverb clauses of result |that / so ............ that / such ............ that |

| |(aka “effect”) - what the outcome or effect of| |

| |an action is | |

| |Adverb clauses of time |when / whenever / every time / before / after |

| | |until / till (until that time) |

| | |while (during that time) / as / as long as / so long as |

| | |once / as soon as / since / ever since / now that |

| |- when an action occurs | |

| |Adverb clauses of place |where / wherever / anywhere / everywhere |

| |where an action occurs | |

| |Adverb clauses of manner |as / as if / like / just like / the way |

| |- describing how an action is done | |

| |Adverb clauses of comparison |than / so..... as..... / as..... as..... |

| |(aka “degree”) - comparing adjectives or | |

| |adverbs to describe how much, how often, or to | |

| |what degree or extent an action occurs | |

| |Adverb clauses of contrast |although / though / even though / while / whereas |

| | | |

| | |in spite of + noun / despite + noun |

| |(aka “concession”) - conceding that contrasting| |

| |(opposing) actions can both exist together | |

3. Noun Clauses (aka Nominal clauses, Substantive clauses) Subordinating Conjunctions

|...---|(can be used in any type of noun clause) |

|--....| |

|.. | |

| |Noun clauses as the Subject (aka Subjective clause) |that |

| |Formal subject (the word order - grammatical subject) |[can be omitted if clause is an object] |

| |Real subject (the meaning - logical subject) | |

| | |what, where, when, |

| | |why, which, how |

| | | |

| | |whether |

| | |if |

| |Noun clauses as Complement of the subject (aka Predicative clause) | |

| |Noun clauses as an Object (aka Objective clause) | |

| |Object of a verb | |

| |Object of a preposition | |

| |Noun clauses as an Appositive (aka Appositive clause) | |

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