Statement of Significance

Statement of Significance

C?rnic Massif, Roia Montan, jud Alba Romania

Prof Andrew Wilson Prof David Mattingly Michael Dawson FSA MIfA September 2010 with additional summary July 2011

Statement of Significance Ro?ia Montan, Crnic Massif

This Statement of Significance has been written by Professor Andrew Wilson, University of Oxford, Institute of Archaeology and Professor David Mattingly, of the University of Leicester, School of Archaeology and Ancient History. The project was managed by Michael Dawson FSA MifA, Director of CgMs Consultancy Ltd. The contents of the report reflect the views of the three authors ?. No part of this report is to be copied in any way without prior written consent. Every effort is made to provide detailed and accurate information, however, the Universities of Oxford, Leicester and CgMs cannot be held responsible for errors or inaccuracies within this report.

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Statement of Significance Ro?ia Montan, Crnic Massif

CONTENTS

Preface

Executive Summary

1.0

Introduction

2.0

Statement of Significance

3.0

The Significance of Specific Attributes

4.0

The Significance of Historic Processes

5.0

Bibliography

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Statement of Significance Ro?ia Montan, Crnic Massif

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig 1 Fig 2 Fig 3 Fig 4 Fig 5 Fig 6

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Fig 19 Fig 20 Fig 21 Fig 22

Roman Ro?ia Montan The Cetate opencast, seen from the C?rnic Massif Entrances to the ancient mine galleries at Guri The Roman circular mausoleum at Tu Guri, in its temporary cover building The C?rnic massif seen from Ro?ia Montan The modern village of Corna and, in the background from left to right, waste from the Cetate opencast; C?rnicel; and the C?rnic massif. The proposed mining project would raze much of the C?rnic massif to about the level of the top of the Cetate waste spills, and bury the site of Corna village under the tailings facility to the level of the bottom of the spire of the church on the left, and the base of the church on the right. Tul Cornei, an early modern header pond for ore-crushing machinery, seen from Piatra Corbului. The Roman necropolis lay just beyond the pond. Entrances to modern mine galleries in the Jig-Vidoaia massif. Ore-crushing technology - the stamp mills of Rosia Montana and their predecessors: a)Traditional stamp mill at the old Minvest mining museum of Rosia Montana; b) Woodcut showing a stamp mill, from Georgius Agricola's De Re Metallica, 1556; c) Roman anvil stone from a stamp mill (Villamontan de la Valduerna, Spain); d) Anvil stone from a traditional stamp mill, Ro?ia Montan. Guri - opencast working with a deep cut where a vein has been followed from the surface. Roman mine gallery with trapezoidal cross-section in the C?rnic massif. Roman trapezoidal gallery in Pru Carpeni, with working marks on the walls and roof showing how the gallery was advanced a few centimetres at a time. Roman stepped descending gallery in the C?rnic massif. Superimposed Roman galleries in the Orlea massif. (The bracing timbers are modern.) C?rnic 10 - Roman working chamber C?rnic - Roman exploitation chamber with basins (now flooded) cut in the floor. Pru Carpeni - chamber for a wooden drainage wheel in the Roman mine network. The wooden bearing block for the wheel axle is visible towards the top of the picture, and Roman wooden shoring towards the bottom. Shothole for explosive charge in the wall of an early modern mine gallery in the C?rnic massif. Communist-era transport gallery in the C?rnic massif. Abandoned extraction machine in the Cetate opencast. Communist era pillared exploitation chamber in the C?rnic massif. Itinerary of visit of UK experts

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Statement of Significance Ro?ia Montan, Crnic Massif

APPENDICES Appendix 1: Itinerary of visit of UK experts Appendix 2: Ro?ia Montan and Other Roman Gold Mines Appendix 3: Statements of Significance Appendix 4: Letter of Endorsement from the Institute for Archaeologists

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