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Qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq SOCIAL STUDIES CLASS EIGHTUNIT ONE : KENYA AND THE WORLDPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTMap reading and interpretationA map is a representation of the earth or part of the earth on a flat surface.Real things or features are represented using symbols.A symbol is a mark,a letter, a word or a colour or a sign that represens something.We use elements of a map to interpret information on maps.ELEMENTS OF A MAPTitle CompassFrameScaleKeyUse of symbols to read and interpret maps.Symbols are used to represent something on a map e.g.cattle dip, forest, hills, settlement.(Teacher to refer to our lives today Bk 8 pg 2-3)Direction of places using compass pointsDirections are usually described or given using a compass.The main points of a compass are.NorthEastSouth WestThey are also known as cardinal points.When giving directions we always start from the direction North.(pps Bk pg 4-5)Measuring distances on a mapDistances on a map includeLengths of roadsRiversRailwaysCoastlinesScale is used to get the actual ground lengths of such featurs on a map.Scale is the relationship between distances on a map and the corresponding distances on the ground.Types of scalesLinear scaleStatement scaleRepresentative fration or ratio scale.Measuring distances.Straight distances can be measured using;A pair of dividersThe straight edge of a paper.A rulerACTIVITY: our lives today Bk 8 pg 6-8Measuring distances along a curved line.Curved distances are measured using;A piece of string or threadA straight edge of a piece of paper.Activity : our lives today pg 8-9.Calculation of area on a mapRegular shapesAreas of regular shapes is calculated using mathematical formulaeExamplesArea of a triangle =1/2 base ×heightArea of rectangle =length × widthArea of a circle =A=πr2 ie 22/7×r×rArea of a square = length× lengthNote: To obtain the ground distance you to convert the measurements using th scale given map.Area of iiregular shapes.Identify the featureDraw one centimetre aquares covering the featureCount the complete squares Count the incomplete squares and divide by two.Add the complete squares to the incomplete squaresConverty into kilometresActivity pps Bk 11-12Revisional exercisePps Bk pg 12-13ClimateClimate of an area is shown by ;CropsExamplesCool and wet climateTea PyrethrumCoffeeDairy farmingHot and wet climateShown byMaizeCotton under natural conditionsWheat cocoaClovesHot and dry climateScrubsCotton under irrigationPresence of boleholesAgricultural activitiesShown by;Ginnary – cotton growingJaggery – sugsrcanePoshomill – maize growingTea factory – tea growingCoffee factory – coffee growingTea, coffee,pyrethrum – cash crop farmingEconomic activitiesMining – quarry or a mirram pitLumbering – saw millFishing – fish pond , fish trapsTrading – markets, towns , shopsTourism – game parks, game reservesTransport and communication – roads , railways , airports.Crop farming – any cropLivestock farming – animals, cattle dip , slaughter house.PHYSICAL FEATURESAre natural land forms found om the earths surfaceThey include;Relief featuresMountainsValleysHillsPlateausPlainsDrainage featuresOceansRiversSeasLakes swampsSpringsStreamsEffects of pysical features on human activities.Mountains and hillsPositive effectsCrop farming on the windward sidePastoralism is carried out on the leeward sideMountain slopes have fertile soils for crop growing.Some mountains are rich in mineralsSnow capped mountains attracts touristsAre best places to place setelite dishes to enhance communicationForested mountains and hills are water catchment areas.Negative effectsLand slides resulting to deathHinders the construction of roads and railwaysLakes and riversPositive effectsPromotes fishingProduction of hydro-electric powerProvides water for irrigation Are major sources of mineralsPromotes industralizationEnhances water transport.Negative effectsThey cause floodsBleeding places for mosquitoiesValleysPositive effectsValleys have fertile soils for farmingTourists attractionsCollection of sand in the river valleys for constructionNegative effectsSometimes valleys are floodedHinders the construction of roads and railwaysSwampsPositive effectsPapyrus reeds are used to make ropesDrained to get land for cultivation.Sometimes they act as water reservoirsMangrove trees promote lumberingNegative effectsBleeding places for mosquitoies and snailsHinders the construction of houses.Hinders the construction of roads and railways.PlainsPositive effectsContains pastures for pastoralistsEasy to construct roads and railwaysEasy to build houses Suitable areas for irrigationBest areas for game parks and game reserves Has alluvial soils best growing cropsNegative effectsPlains are sometimes floodedCLIMATETraditional methods of observing weatherCroacking of frogs-rainy seasonExcitement of cattle-rainy seasonMigration of birds and insectsSafari ants-rainy seasonLocusts-dry seasonQuelea birds-rainy seasonsPresence of dew-rainy seasonA sudden rise in temperature-rainy seasonShedding of leaves by some trees-dry seasonMovements of winds(strong winds-rainy season)Change of wind direction-rainy or dry seasonSmell of moist soil-rainy seasonAppearance of toads-rainy seasonWeather,observation and recording instrumentsinstrumentsWhat it measuresUnitsRain gaugerainfallMillimetreWindsockStrength/wind directionAnemometreSpeed of windKnotsThermometreTemperatureDegree celciusBarometreAir pressureMillibarshygrometreHumidityPercentageWindvaneDirection of windSunshine recordersunshineA raingaugeA raingauga is used to measyre rainfall in millimeter(mm)It is sunk 15cm in the ground to reduce the rate of evaporation.It is raised 30cm above the ground to preve nt the rain water that splashes the ground from getting into the funnel.Activity draw the raingauge pg 22.A windvaneIt shows the direction of windThe pointer points the direction the wind is blowing from.The tail shows the direction where the wind is blowing to.Activity diagram of a windvane pg23A windsockIt has a large sock- shaped bagThe sock has a wide mouthIt shows the stength and direction of windThe bag is painted with big bright stripes for easy visibility.It is used in airports and airstripes.Activity diagram on pg 24.AnemometerIt measures the speed of windIt has three to four cupsIt has a metre recorderWhen the wind blows the cups rotatesThe meter recorder reads the speed at which the cups are rotating.The units of measuring the speed of wind are called knots.A mercury barometerIt measures atmospheric pressure.It contains a liquid called mercury.At the sea level the height of the mercury column is 760mm or 76cm.Air pressure is measured in milibars.Activity diagram pps pg 25.Aneroid barometerIt measures air pressure or atmospheric pressureWhen the air pressure is high the rubber tube contracts downwards.The spring goes downwards and moves the chain in aclockwise way.The chain moves the pointer towards the scale and reading is made in millibars.Activity pps draw the diagram on pps bk pg 25A maximum thermometerIt measures the highest temperature in degrees celcius.It contains mercury.It has a metal index.When the temperature is high mercury expandsIt pushes the metal index and the maximum temperature is read.A magnet is used to reset the metal index.A minimum thermometerIt measures the minimum or the lowest temperature in the day.It contains alcoholWhen temperatures are low alcohol contracts.It moves the metal index downwards and minimum temperature is read.A magnet is used to reset the metal index.Activity on pps bk pg 21Climate This is the average weather conditions of a place recorded over a long period of over 30 yrs.Climate changeIt is the change of weather patterns of an area over a given time.Factors affecting climate changeNatural factorsVolcanic eruptions.Human factors Damage of ozone layerDefforestrationIncreased carbon dioxide in the airInterference with water cycleWarming due to green house effectPopulation increaseIrragation farmingAfforestationImpact of climate change on human activities.Harmful rays causes diseases such asskin cancer and eye problems.Heavy rainfall causes floods destroying roads and bridges.High rainfall surports agricultureDesertification results to drying up of rivers.Droughts affects H.E.P. production.Floods destroy roads which affect tradeExcess rainfall destroys cropsRevisional exercise pps bk pg 31-32SOILSoil is the layer of materials on the earth’s surface on which plantd grow.Soil is formed through a process called weathering.Weathering is the process of breakdown of rocks into smaller fine particles.Soil erosionIt is the carrying of the top fertile soil.Agents of soil erosionWindWaterAnimalsHuman beingsMoving ice GlacierCauses of soil erosion.Mining activitiesDefforestationOverstockingOvergrazingRoad constructionHeavy rainfallStrong windMonocroppingCultivation along the slopes.Effects of soil erosion on human activities.Poor crop yieldsSiltation of damsReduction of water in damsPoor pasturesFlooding of riversDisplavement of people by floods.Soil conservation measuresThese are ways of taking care of soil to prevent soil erosionAfforestation programmesMulchingPlanting cover cropsCultivating across the slopesPloughing along the contours.Mixed croppingBuilding of gabbions/check dams/porous dams.Constructing terracesConstructing cut off drains.Avoid burning cover crops.Controlled grazingCrop rotationAgroforestryRevisional exercise pps bk pg 37-39PEOPLE AND POPULATIONTheories of human originCreation theories Mythical theoriesEvolution theoriesEvolution theoryEvolution is the slow and gradual development from an ape like creature to the modern man.ArcheologyThis is the study of fossilsArcheologistsPeople who study fossilsFossilsThey are the remains of animals and human beingsExcavationThis is the digging out to get fossils.NOTE;The scientist who discovered the evolution theory was called Charles Darwin.He wrote a book known as the origin of speciesin 1859.Archeological sites/pre-historical sitesTheses are places where fossils were discovered.HomoMeans man or man like creaturePithecusAn ape like creatureStone ageThis is a period when stones were uesd to make tools.Stages of evolutionRamapithecusAustralopithecus/southern apeHomo habilis/able manHomo erectusHomo sapienHomo sapien sapienRamapithecusWas bi pedal used two legs to walkWas brighter than an apeMade stone stools2. australopithecusAlso kwown as southern ape Developed from the southern apeHad a larger brain than the ramapithecusWalked slightly uprightRemains were discovered in;Olduvai gorgeKoobi foraOmo river valley3.homo habilisAlso known as zinjathropus boiseiMeans able or handy manDeveloped a thumb to hold thingsHad a larger brain than the australopithecusUsed unclear speech for communicationThe remains were discovered in alduvai gorge and Koobi foraHomo erectusWas also known as upright manWalked in an upright mannerHad larger brain than the homo habilisHe invented fireUses of fire`Cooking WarmingScaring wild animalsHad a clear speechStarted painting in cavesPractised hunting and gatheringHomo sa peinsAlso called the inteligent or the thinking manEconomic activitiesFishingHuntingGathering fruitsMade garments from animalsHomo sapein sapeinAlso called the modern man Thinks and makes plans and accurate forecastsThe brain was fully developedCommunicated with very clear speechPre-historical sites in eastern africaKenyaNjoro river caveKanapoiKariandusiOlorgesailieHyrax hillNaiokotomeRusinga islandFort tenan3ChesowanjaEliye springsUgandaMagosi Lohii islandsNtusiNsongeziIshangoMbigoSango bayTanzaniaIsimiliaSongomaraOlduvai gorgeNgoloba KalamboPeninjEthiopiaHadarAwashOmo river valleyDire dawaHararLalibelaAxumSudanNuriDangolaNagaMaroweActivity pupils draw the mapon pps bk pg 44MigrationIt is the movement of people from one place to anotherTypes of migrationInternal migrationExternal migrationInternal migrationRural-rural migrationRural –urbanUrban-ruralUrban-urbanExternal migration(into and out of kenya)ImmigrationEmigrationRural-urban migrationThis is the movement of people from rural areas to townsReasons for rural-urban migrationEmploymentEducationTo settle in townsSearch for marketsBetter medical facilitiesAvailability of goodsBetter living standardsShortage of land in rural areas.Rural- rural migrationThis involves the movement of people from one rural area to another rural area.Reasons for rural-rural migrationSearch for fertile landsSearch for a settlement landSettlement of the landless peopleConstruction of big damsEuropean settlementEstablishment of irrigation schemesEmploymentSeasonal search for pasturesGovernment conservation measuresNew mining activitiesLand transfersPolitical disturbancesNatural disasters Favourable climatesPopulation pressureInsecurityUrban-rural migrationThis is the movement of people from the towns to the rural areasReasons for urban –rural migrationRetirement from employmentDifficulties in getting settled in townsOvercrowding in townsGovernment policyInsecurityDisease outbreakJob transferMarket for goodsUrban-urban migrationIt is the movement of people from one town to anotherReasons for urban-urban migrationEmploymentReligious pilgrimageBusiness opportunitiesJob transfersCheap settlementInsecurityBetter medical careBetter living standardsSource of raw materialsBetter education servicesOverpopulationExternal migrationThis is the movement of people into or out of the countryImmigrationThis is the movement of people into the countryReasons for immigrationEarly migrationEarly tradeMissionary workConstruction of the railwayColonizationEmploymentBusiness opportunitiesIntermarriagesCivil warsNatural calamitiesEmigrationIt involves the movement of people out of the countryReasons for emigrationSlave tradeDesire to live more comfortableDesire to earn higher incomeEducationReligious reasonsBusiness Dual citizenshipNatural calamitiesInvestment in foreign countriesEffects of migrationThe movement of people from one place to another may have some effects to where they move to or fromEffects in urban areasUnemploymentIncreased crimeIncreased immoralityShortage of schools and health facilitiesShortage of proper housingCrowded streetsEnvronmental polutionsChange in cultural practicesIncreased labour supplyReversal of rolesEffects in rural areasReduced pressure on landShortage of labourReversal of rolesImproved economic conditionsImproved agricultural productionPopulation growthThis is change in size of the populationPopulation growth can be positive or negativeFactors that lead to rapid population growthFavourable climateUrbanizationLow mortality rateEarly marriagesPolygamyChange in cultural attitudeAbolation of slave tradeReduced wars among communitiesPreference for either male or female childrenNaming systemMigration by refugeesProblems that result from rapid population growthUnemploymentInadequate housingInadequate socail servicesLand fragmentationOveruse of available landDestruction of the environment A large number of dependantsIncreased povertyFood shortageHigh crime rateOver populationHigh dependancy ratioCongestionFactors that lead to slow population growthRising cost of livingChange of cultural attitudesFew children needed as survival rete is highFamily planning methodsSpread of HIV/AIDSEducation and careerInsecurityLate marriagesEmigrationMonogamyLack of proper medical careHigh infant mortality rateLow birth rateProblems that result from slow population growthSlow growth of industriesInability to develop agricultural resourcesPoor developed infrastructureInvasion of community land by other peopleShortage of labourReduced market for goodsLow agricultural produce.Under utilization of resourcesEffects of HIV/AIDS on population growthLoss of jobsLeads to high mortality rateReduces life expectancyHigh dependancy ratioLeads to low birth rateIncreased number of orphans and street familiesDecreased agricultural produceReduced fertility rateWys of managing slow population growthIncreasing food productionImproving social servicesEncouraging immagrationChild allowancesEstablishing irrigation schemesCreating job oportunitiesDiscourage monogamyDiscourage family planning servicesPromoting securityWays of managing rapid population growthProviding family planning servicesDeveloping a national population policyCreating employment opportunitiesPublic awareness campaignsPenalties for getting too many childrenEncourage monogamyEncourage late marriagesEncourage immagrationDiscourage wife inheritancePopulation of kenyaIs the total number of people living in an areaPopulation censusIt is the counting of peopleTakes place after 10 yrsEnables the government to plan and budget for its peoplePopulation structureThis is the composition of a populationin terms of;GenderAgeSocial statusPopulation structures of kenya and indiaFemales are slightly more in kenyaMajority are youngLife expectancy is low –kenya 55yrs and in india 64 yrsMajority live in rural areas Low living standardsHigh rate of unemploymentHigh infant mortalityUnevenly distributed populationPopulation growth is highMales are slightly more than females in india.Population structure in germanyMajority are oldLow birth rateLow death rateFemales are slightly more than malesImproved medical careHigh life expectancy(80yrs)High living standardsMajority live in townsMajority are employedDependancy ratio is lowSmall familiesPopulation growth is slow.Activity 1Pupils draw the population pyramids of IndiaKenyaGermanyActivity 2Pupils draw the table on the pps bl pg 68(ourlives today).SOCIAL RELATIONS AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES FamilyThis is a group of people related by blood,marriage or adoptionTypes of familiesSingle parent familyNuclear familyExtended familyMarriageThis is an agreement or a covenant between a man and a woman to live together as husband and wife.Marriage systemsCustomary/traditional marriageReligious marriageCivil marriageCustomary marriageConducted according to customsConducted by clan eldersDowry is paidNo certificate is issuedAllows polygamyDivorce is not allowedA ceremony is heldIt unites the family of a man and the woman.Religious marriageConducted according to religious beliefsConducted by religious leadersDowry is paidMarriage certificate is issuedAllows monogamyMuslims allws polygamy i.e.one can marry upto 4 wivesDivorce is not allowedA ceremony is held and there is exchange of vowsIt nites the couples familiesCivil marriageConducted by a government official i.e. the attorney general or the magistrateOne must give a 21 days noticeMarriage banns or announcement are posted in publicAllows monogamyDowry is paidA marriage certificate is givenDivorce is not allowed the couples exchange the vowsRights of spouses in marriagesRight to join a group that will cater for a family welfareRight to be lovedRight to own property Right to workRight to mutual respectRight to be involved in decision makingRight to life Right to know the source of income of your spouseRight to inherit propertyRight to have and live with your childrenRight to security.Responsibilities of spouses in marriagesProviding basic needsMould desirable character to children Provide security to childrenWork hard to meet family needsGive the children quality educationLove and care for childrenAssist one another in family affairsShoe concern for othersRaise the standards of living Take care of family propertySuccession and inheritanceSuccessionThis is taking over position or property of the deceasedDeseasedThe person who has diedInheritance refers to the property and wealth aquired from the deseasedA will This is a document written by the deseased outlining how his/her property wil be shared after deathEstateThe property of the deceasedHeir A person who succeeds or inheritesTwo systems of successionTestate successionIntestate successionTestate successionCarried out when the deceased had written a willSuccession is straight forwardInteatate successionCarried out when the deceasede had not written a willThe dependants apply for a letter of administration from a court of law.Letter of administrationThis is a document giving out the authority to share the property of the deceased.It is issued by a court of lawDependants or successorsChildren i.e. both boys and girls and the disabled Wife or wivesParents but only if they depended on the deceased.Quiz:our lives today pg 75The schoolThis is a place where pupils go to learnThe main function of a school is to prepare pupils for adult life.The school administrationMade up of:mThe headteacherThe deputy headteacherSchool management committee.The school management committee membersThe headteacher-secretaryChairperson-elected by parentsSponsor or a DEB member8 parents to rep 8 classesA member of the local communityNB: The headteacher writes minutes in a school committee meetingThe deputy write minutes in a staff meetingFunctions of the school management committeeManagement of the school fundsPlan for the school physical developmentReceives instructional materials e.g.text books and starionaryOrganises how the school will raise money for developmentSometimes employs additional/support teachersEmploys and can dismiss support staffThey over see pupils enrolmentTo monitor the school performanceMaintains the school traditions and cultureLinks the school and the communityCan recommend the removal of a teacher who not performingRoles of pupils in school managementTaking care of the school propertyObeying the school rulesPromoting respectParticiting in co-curriculum activitiesTaking up leadership rolesEnsure cleanliness in the compoundAttending classes without failCompleting classwork and homeworkPrefects should cordinate other pupilsStriving to achieve the bestRevision questions Questions pg 77-78 our lives todayRESOURCES AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIESResourcesThese are things that are used to create or generate wealthExamplesWaterMineralsForestsSoilCropsWildlifeEconomic activitiesThese are things we do to exploit the resources in order to create wealthExamplesAgricultureMiningLumberingFishingTradingTourismAgricultureThis is the growing of crops and the keeping of animalsSettlers farmingSettlers are the europeans who came and grabbed fertile land for farmingWhite highlandsAlso known as crown landThese are fertile areas that were grabbed from africa nsAfrican native reservesThese were the infertile landsAfricans were congested in reservesThey were agriculturaly less productiveAfricans provided cheap forced labour in the settlers farmSettlers farming areasEastern highlandsNyeriMurang’aEmbuKiambuMeruThikaNanyukiNyandaruaLaikipiaWestern highlands(rift valley)KerichoUasin gishuTrans nzoiaSotikNakuruBometCoastal regionTaita tavetaKilifiVoiMalindiFeatures/characteristics of settlers farmingObtained cheap labour from the africansIntroduced commercial farming i.e.cash crop farmingIntroduced new crop farmingPractised farming in the cool and wet highlands i.e.the white highlandsPractised mixed farming Kept beef cattle in ranches in dry areasGrew sisal and cotton in dry areas.Introduced plantation farmingUsed machines and fertilizersPractised crop rotationIrrigation farming was done in drier areas.Effects of settlers farmingPositive effectsIntroduced cash crop/commercial crops e.g.coffee,tea,pyrthrum,etcIntroduced mechanised farmingIntroduced the use of farm inputs e.g.fertilizers and chemicals.Introduced exotic breed cattleIntroduced plantation or large scale farmingLed to industrialzationLed to development of infrastructure i.e.roads and railways.Led to urbanization e.g kitale and eldoretIntroduced cross breedingLed to formation of cooperativesNegative effectsAfricans lost thier land i.e. became squattersCreation of african native reservesLed to forced labourDisrupted the communal land ownership i.e. land tenure system.Africans were over exploitedLed to increased racism/racial discriminationDevelopment of the wtite highlands onlyIntroduced payment of taxes to africansExotic breed cattleJerseyFresiansGuernseyAryshireExotic beef cattleAberdeen angusHerefordChaloraisExotic dual cattleSahiwalIndegenous cattleZebuBoranSettle quizOur lives today pg 84Settlement schemesThese were areas set aside by the government tothe landless.Ways of acquiring the settlement schemesBuying land from settlersReclamation of hostile areas i.e.Spraying areas infested with tsetse fliesIrrigating arid and semi-arid areasDraining swampsForest excision i.e clearing the forest to settle the squatters.Formation of land buying companies.Reasons for establishment of settlement schemesTo settle the squattersTo boost food productionTo reduce population pressureTo ease congestionTo improve peoples’ living standardsDistribution of settlement schemesMwea irrigation schemesOl kalou salient schemesJomo kenyatta at mpeketoni lamuBura-galolo settlement schemesIsland farms in centralMuguga jet schemes in centralAhero in nyanzaLambwe valley in nyanzaMatunda settlementRavine/sabatiaActivity draw the map on pg 85 our lives todayBenefits of settlement schemesLandless people have been settledWaste land have been put into useHave created employmentHave boosted food productionHave united people in the countryHave led to developmentAgricultural export from schemes earn foreign exchangeHave reduced population pressureProblems facing settlement schemesSoil erosionPopulation pressurePoor means of transportLack of social amenitiesLack of title deedsSometimes there is ethnic hatred in the schemesLack of modern equipmentSometimes farmers are unable to repay loansMismanagement of schemesQuiz pg 87 our live todayIrrigation schemesIrrigation is growing of crops using waterThey include;Mwea irrigation schemesPerkerra irrigation schemesAhero irrigation schemesMwea irrigation schemesIt is in kirinyaga countyIt is the oldest in the countryIt was established in 1954The main reason for establishment was to settle the landlessIt has black cotton soilThis region slopes gently to support flow of water by gravity.Source of waterWater comes from river thiiiiba and nyamindi which are tributaries of river tanaMain crop grownRice (paddy)Other crops grown Water melonSukumawikiMaizeFrench beansMethod of irrigationCanal irrigation methodCanals direct water into the rice field called basinsWater flows by gravityPerkerra irrigation schemeLocated in baringo countyWas established in 1954The main reason for establishment was to bring more land under cultivationWater for irrigation comes from river perkerraCrops grownSeed maize (main crop)ChilliesTomatoesOnionsWatermelonsPawspawsMethod of irrigationUses furrow irrigation methodInvolves construction of furrows and ridgesCrops grown on the ridgesWater directed to the furrowsNB; the main reason why irrigation schemes were established was to boost food production.Contribution of irrigation schemes to the economy of kenyaCreate employmentSource of incomeHave led to indutrializationHave improved people’s living standardsHave led to development of roadsEarn kenya foreign exchangeUnproductive land have been put into useHave led to urbanizationThey are sources of livelihoodProblems facing irrigation schemesPest and diseasesMismanagement of irrigation schemesLong distances to the marketSilting of canalsWater shortagesHigh cost of farm inputs e.g.seeds and fertilizersDelayed paymentLack of agricultural extension officersExhaustion of soilRevision questions our lives today pg 91Horticultural farmingThis is the growth of fruits, flowers, and vegetableViticultureThis is the growth of fruits onlyFloricultureThis is the growth of vegetable only.it is also called market gardeningFeatures/characteristics of horticulturePractised in areas with fertile soilIt is capital intensiveIt is labour intensiveThe farms are intensively cultivatedCrops are grown in green housesPractised in both small and large scaleHigh quality seeds and fertilizers are usedMainly done for saleRegular spraying is doneCrops grown in horticultural farmingVegetableSpinachKalesFrench beansOnionsBaby cornCauliflowerTomatoesCabbagesFruitsBananasMangoesApplesAvocadoesPaws pawsPineapplesOrangesPearsFlowersRosesOrchidsCarnationsGladioliProblems facing horticultural farming to the economy of kenyaDelayed paymentpest and diseasespoor means of transport and communicationhigh transport chargesexpensive farm inputsbad weatherlack of cooperative societieslong distance to the marketlack of capitallack of refrigeration facilitieshorticultural farming in Netherlandsnetherlands is in europealso known as hollandit is a lowlandit grows flowers,fruits,and vegetabledone on reclaimed land called poldersthey reclaim land using special walls called dykesNB they practice farming in polders because the land is scarceThey mostly use green/glass housesThis helps them to practice horticultural farming throughout the yearNetherlands is densely populated and this provides a ready parison of horticultural farming in kenya and netherlands .kenyaNetherlands1.done on natural landDone on polders2.grows flowers fruits and vegetableGrows flowers fruits and vegetable3.few green houses are usedMostly green houses are used4.lack of capital for expansionCapital is available for expansion 5.little mechanizationHighly mechanised6.skilled labour is inadequateGreat ues of skilled labour is required7.poor means of transportWell developed transport8.less scientific method usedUses scientific method of farming9.production is lowProduction is high10.farmers are indequately skilledFarmers are andequately skilledFish farmingThis is the rearing of fish in ponds or tanksIt is also called aquacultureThe best soil to construct a fish pond is clay soilFish kepttrouttilapiamudfishfish farming in kenyasagana-kirinyaga countykabaru-nyeri countykibos-kisumu countyl.jipe-taita taveta countyaruba dam-taita tavetabamburi-mombasa countyborabu-kisii countyhoma bay-homa bayfish farming in japanjapan is in asiait is the leading producer of fish in the worlddone in the sheltered areas along the coastpractised in the four islandshokkaidokyoshuhonshushikokuit has large market for fishfish are sold through cooperativesfish farming is highly mechanizedhighly supported by the governmentfish have high demandfish keptoysterprawnstrout eeelscomparison of fish farming in kenya and japankenyaJapanFish reared are trout,tilapia and mudfishFish reared are oyster, prawns,trout and eelsCapital is inadequateAdequate capitalFew research and training centresMany modern fisheries and research centresFish kept in fish pondsFishing done in the sheltered seaLimited/small marketLarge market for fishLow demand for fishHigh demand for fishCooperatives are not developedCopperatives are well developedNot highly supported by the governmentHighly supported by the governmentMost fish are consumed locallyMost of the fish are exportedActivity our lives today pg 98Revision questions our lives today pg 99.MININGThis is the exxtraction of minerals from the groundMajor minerals in kenyasoda ashlimestone flourspardiatomitemarbles gemstonesaltlimestonefound in areas with sedimentary soil/rocksmining areasbamburi-mombasa countyathi river-machakos countyhoma hills-homa baysultan hamud-makueni countykoru-kisumu countymining methodsopen cast methoduses of limestonemaking cementmaking fertilizermanufacturing paintstreating waterused in road constructionflourspur mined at kimwarer in kerio valle,elgeyo marakwet county.Method usedOpen cast mining methodUses of flourspurmaking toothpastemaking sulphuric acidmaking cementmaking cansstrengthening iron, steel and alluminiumused in oil refineriesdiatomitemined at kariandusi near gilgil in nakuru countymining methodopen cast methoduses of diatomitemaking paintspreserving fertilizermaking water filtersmaking heat insultorsused in dry cleaning industriesused to make plastersmaking soapssaltmined at magadi-kajiado countyngomeni and fundisa in kilifi countyuses of saltflavouring foodpreserving foodmaking soapmaking dyesflavouring animal feedsmanufacturing papersmaking chemicalsmaking drugsmarblesmarble is a hard smooth stonehas white and dark coloursmining methodsquarrying or open castmining areasathi river-machakoskerio valley-marakwet countyuses making ornaments-rings, necklaces, bangles, earringmaking statutesGemstoneAlso called precious stone.Types of gemstonerubies garnetstourmalinesmined in voi and mwatate in taita taveta countyusesmaking banglesmaking earingsmaking necklacesdistribution of minerals in kenyadraw the map on pg 101 our lives todaycontribution of minerals to the economic of kenyacreate employmentearns foreign exchangeit is a source of incomehas led to urbanizationthe government earns revenuehas promoted tradehas improved people’s living standardseffects of mining on the environmentnoise pollutionair pollutionugliness of the landdestruction of vegetationpits left can result to death of people and animalspits become breeding areas for snails and mosquitoiesFORESTRYThis is the planting and taking care of forests.A forest is a group of trees growing together.N/B 3% only of kenyan land is under forest.Types of forestnatural forestplanted forestnatural forestgrows on its ownhardwood trees are grownthey take long time to maturetrees are of different specieshardwood trees are also called indegenous treeshardwood treesobechemeru oakcamphorrosewoodebonymahoganygreenheartirokoplanted forestcultivated and developed by mansoftwood trees are grownsoftwood are also kwown as exotic treestrees are of the same speciesthey mature fastgrown in straight rowssoftwood make paperssoftwood treescedarcypresseucalytuspinewattle treegravilleasprucecategories of natural forestcoastal tropical forestmountain highland forestmangrove foresttropical rainforesthighland forestalso called mountain forestfound in areas with high rainfallfound on slopes of mountainsexamplesmt.kenya forest mt.elgonforestaberdare ranges forestkipkelionmau forestkaoyagat forestmalavangong hillsmangrove forestfound along the salty water in the coastcoastal tropical forestalso called lowland rainforestexamplesarabuko sokokeboniwitutropical rainforestcovered with tall treesa good example is kakamega forest and nandi hills forest.Planted forestainamioi-kericho countyturbo-uasin gishu countymolo-nakuru countykaptagat-nakuru countytimboroa-uasin gishulondiani-kerichokinale-kiambuproblems facing forestspests and diseasesdefforestationdroughtforest fireover exploitation by human beinggovernment policy of degazettment of forestsmismanagement of forestsillegal loggingdamage of wildlifeNB the main problem facing forestry is clearing for agriculture and settlement.Main reason wht we preserve natural forests is to protect the rare/indegenous trees.Main reason why we presreve forest is to protect water catchment areas.DefforestationThis is the illegal cutting down of trees without replacingIt is the main problem facing forestsEffects of defforestationleads to desertificationdestruction of water catchment areasit interferes with the carbon cycleinterferes with water cycleleads to soil erosionsoil erosion leads to dam siltationdam siltation affects the HEP productionspecies of trees become extinct or rare leads to shortage of rainfallsoil conservation measuresthese are ways of protecting,preserving and managing forests.Afforestationreafforestationagroforestryeducating people on the importance of forestsusing alternative source of energygazzetment of forests reservesputting up electric fence around the forestproviding tree seedlingsdiscourage the use charcoaluse of energy saving jikospublic awareness campaigns to conserve forestsquiz questions pg 113-114 our lives todayWILDLIFE AND TOURISMWILDLIFERefers to all the undomesticated plants,animals,birds and insectsIt is the main tourist attraction in kenyaTourismVisiting places for enjoymentTourist attractionThese are things or places that attract touristsTourism in switzerlandbeautiful scenery-main e.g snow capped mountain,waterfalls,glacial lakes.Summer and winter climateGood transport networkVariety of languages spokenSports and games like skiing,ice skating and swimming.Museums of transport and communication and olympic museumsWild animals such as bear and bearded vulturesHighly developed communication networkAdvanced conference tourism in geneva.St.mritz spa has medicinal valueRich swiss cultureNB switzerland is a landlocked country thus no sandy beachesDifferences between tourism in kenys and switzerlandKenyaSwitzerlandWarm climateSummer and winterRift valley lakesGlacial lakesBig five animalsBear and bearded vulturesWildlife is the mainBeautiful sceneryHot springs and geysers for medicinal valueSt.mortiz spa for medicinal valueSporting activities like athletics,surfing,mt climbingSporting activiting like skiing,ice hockey,skating,sailing annd fishingTransport systems not well developedWell developed transport and communicationMore historic sites and museumsNo majorjust museum of transport and olympic museumSandy beachesLandlocked countryCultural activitiesVariety of languagesSimilarities between tourism in kenya and switzerlandIn both there are snow capped mountainsIn both there is good climate attracting touristsIn both countries there is beautiful sceneryIn both there is cultural heritageIn both there are medicinal springsIn bothh there are sporting activitiesN both there are national parks.in switzeerland there is only swiss national parkIn both they have historical sitesBoth country have strategic positionQuiz questions pg 117-118 our live todayINDUSTRIESThis is the production of goods from raw materialsFactory A place where production of goods is doneFactors to consider when locating an industryNearness to raw materialsAvailability of marketGood transport systemAvailability of waterAvailability of labourAvailability of powerSecurityLocation to where we have related industriesAvailability of land for expansionAvailability of capitalGovernment policy of decentralizationTypes of industriesProcessing industriesManufacturing industriesAssembling industriesService industriesProcessing industriesAlso called primary industriesMostly deals with agricultural productsThey produce goods tht are used as raw materials in secondary industries.e.g. farming,mining, fishing, and lumberingCategoeised into twoFood processingNon food processingManufacturing industriesAlso called secondary industriesMakes final goodsUses raw materials from primary industriesAssembling industriesTo assemble is to put togetherInvolves importing spare parts and putting them together to make a complete itemService industriesProvide service to peopleAlso called tertiary industriesActivity draw the table on pg 119-120Jua kali industriesAlso called cottage industriesFeatures/characteristics of jua kaliAre small scale industriesRequires little capitalUses locally available materialsGoods made are cheapGoods made are sold locallyThey use simple equipmentsA lot of human labour is neededReasons for establishmentTo create self employmentTo promote industralizationTo make use of local materialsTo stop rural-urban migrationTo make goods affordable to allTo enable people become self reliantTo improve people’s living standards.NB the main reason for establishment of jua kali industries is to create employment. The mainnnnn problem facing juakali industry is lack of fund.Benefits of jua kali industriesHave created employmentIt is a source of incomeHave raised people’s living standardsHave stopped rural-urban migrationHave made people to be self reliantWhen goods are exported they earn foreign exchangePromote tradeProblems facing jua kali industriesLack of capitalLack of powerHigh taxationCompetition from well established industriesBad weatherInsecurityA lot of human labour is requiredLack of marketsOver production of similar goodsContribution of industries to the economy of kenyaCreates employmentPromotes tradeImproves people’s living standardsEarn foreign exchangeThe government gets revenueIt is a source of incomeHave lead to urbanizationHave lead to development of infrastructureHave lead to good ues of local resource.Problems facing industriesLimited marketsPoor transport networkLack of capital(main)Unskilled workersWorkers strikeUnstable prices for agricultural goodsBad weatherInsecurityHigh taxationEffects of industries to the environmentCauses air pollutionCauses land pollutionCauses water pollutionDestruction of ozone layer causing global warmingPaper industries results to defforestationWater pollution by industries destroys acquatic lifeQuiz ;questions pg 127-128 our lives todayURBANIZATIONThis is the growth and development of urban centresN airobiStarted as a centre for railway builders in 1899.It is a place of cool waters.The railway reached nairobi in 1899It is a flat land located on athi plainsIt became the capital city in 1907.FunctionsIt is an administrative capitalIt is a commercial centreIt is a residential centreIt is an international conference centreIt is industrial centreIt is educational centreIt is a centre for national defenceIt is a diplomatic centre i.e. HQ of UNEPIt is a transport and communication centreIt is a tourists centreMombasaIt is the 2nd largest townRailway started here in 1896It started mainly as a result of arab trade with the coastal bantuIt has a big hinterlannd-a land served by portFunctionsIt is the main sea port townIt is an administrative centreIt is a commercial centreIt is a residential centreIt is an industrial centreIt is an educational centreIt is the HQ of kenya navy (national defence)It is a transport and communication centreIt is a tourists centreKisumu3rd largest cityOriginally called port florenceRailway line reached kisumu in 9101Started as a port centre and a fishing villageFunctionsIt is the main lake port townIt is a fishing centreIt is an administretive centreIt is a residential centreIt is an industrial centreIt is an educational centreIt is a transport and communication centreNakuruSituated on the floor of the rift valleyLocated on rich highlands between lake nakuru and menengaiFunctionsAgricultural collection centreA defence centreIt is an administrative centreIt is tourists centreIt is commercial centreIt is an industrial centreThikaLocated 40km to the north east of nairobiIt is the second most industrialised townStarted as an agricultural collection centreIt is growing rapidly because of industrial activitiesFunctionsIt ia an administrative centreIt is a tourist ccentreIt is a commercial centreIt is an industrial centreIt is an educational centreIt is a transport and communication centreIt is a residential centreMalindiIt is to the north of mombasa along the shores of indian oceanFunctionsIt is a transport centreIt is a tourist centreIt is a fishing centreResidential centreIndustrial centreProblems facing urban centresPollutionHigh cost of livingUnemploymentHiv and aidsTraffic jamsOverpopulationPressure on the existing social aminitiesPoor houses i.e slums Inadequate water supplyHigh crime ratePoor drainage systemsPoor garbage disposal.Efforts to resolve the problems in townsDecentralizationConstruction of by passesPrivatization of garbage collectionImproving the security in townsPutting up street lightsPutting up traffic lightsDeveloping infrustructure in rural areasUpgrading slumsConstructing affordable housesIncreasing social aminitiesActivity draw the map on pg 129Quiz questions pg 137-138TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONTRANSPORTThis is the movement of people and goods from one place to anotherForms of transportRoad transportAir transportRailway transportPipeline transportCable transportWater transportRoad transportIt is the most developedIt is the modt common and widespreadTypes of roadsTarmac roadsMurram roadsDry weather roadsFeeder roadsThese are small roads that joins the major roadsImportance of roadsLink kenya to other countriesMake it easy to transport people and goodsMake it easy to transport mineralsMake it easy to transport raw materials.Make it easy to transport agricultural productsRailway transportIt is the safestIt is the cheapest to transport goodsHas few accidentsKenya-uganda railwayStarted in 1896 in mombasaReached nairobi 1899Reached kisumu in 1901Railway branchesKonza-magadiGilgil-nyahururuNairobi-nanyukiEldoret-kitaleRongai-solaiAdvantages of railway transportCheap to transport bulky goodsOffer commuter servicesReduces accidentsCheaper than roadLinks kenya with other countriesWater transport It is the slowestCategorised into two.i.e.inland and marine water waysInland water ways-lakes and riversMarine water ways –in seas and oceansThe biggest inland waterway is l.victoriaThe biggest inland port is kisumuThe biggest marine waterway is indian oceanThe largest port in eastern africa is kilindini harbour in mombasaAdvantages of water transportIt is the best to transport bulky goods between continentsIt offers commuter servicesPromotes tradeIt promotes tourismProvides passenger transportKilindini harbour services uganda,rwanda and burundiAir transportIt is the fastestIt is the most expensiveCarries perishable goods.eg. flowersCarries valuables goods e.g. gold, diamond and silverTransports relief food and the fliying doctorsInternational airportsJomo kenyatta international airport-nairobiMoi international airport-mombasaEldoret international airport-eldoretKisumu international airport-kisumuPipeline transportMost convinient to transport liquids and gasesIt reduces the cost of transportationThe main commodity transported by pipelines in kenya is waterThe main pipeline is from changamwe to kisumu.Cable transportTransports elecricity and electronic messagesProblems facing transportRoad transportFrequent accidentsExpensive to buy vehiclesLack of funds(main)Roads are expensive to construst and maintainTraffic jamsHijackers and robbersOverloaded vehiclesUnroadworthy vehicles pollutes the airProblems facing railway transportTrains are expensive to buy and to maintainIt is slowAccidents are fatal though rareDoesnt offer door to door servicesOperates on a fixed timetableCompetition from other forms of transportRailway are of different gaugesProblems facing water transportSome rivers are shallowIt is expensive to buy and maintain shipsCompetition from other forms of transportSome parts are small to handle big shipsIn case of accidents it is fatalSome rivers have waterfallInsecurityCapsizing of boats and shipsProblems facing air transportAccidents are fatalHijacking by terroristsIt is expensive to buy and maintain an aeroplaneCarries only light goodsLimited movement in some countries airspaceIt is the most exxpensiveHigh taxes when landing in foreign countriesProblems facing pipeline transportLeakages lead to heavy lossesIt is expensive to install pipesPiphoning of oilTheft cases are commonOnly transports liquid and gassesProblems facing cable transportTheft cases are commonLive cables cause fireIt is expensive to buy and install cablesCatering for people with special needs in transport People with special needsVisually impairedThe hearing impairedThe physically handicappedThe mentally handicappedThe visually impairedHelp them cross the roadGiven special cane to be recognised by motoristPhysically handicappedProviding wheelchairReserved parkingProviding crutchesMaking special vehicles with wide spaceDrivers do not charge wheelchairsThey are adviced not to driveMaking ramps on roads and buildingsLifts to carry them to high buildingTheir offices are located on the 1st floorRoad signsThese are special structures with instructions to road usersTypes of roads signsWarning signsRegulatory signsInformative signsWarning signsThey give warningsEnclosed on a red triangleRegulatory signsThey regulate the road usersEnclosed on a red circleInformative signsEnclosed on a light blue triangleInforms the road usersActivity draw the road signs on pg 147COMMUNICATIONThis is the transmission of information from one place to anotherModern forms of transportin g informationPrint mediaNewspaperMagazinesThe kenya gazetteElectronic mediaRadioTelevisionComputersEmailLaptopsInternetCell phonesPalm topPostal servicesParcel deliveryLetter deliveryCounrier servicesMass communicationThis is the transmission of information to many people at same timeNB the best mass media is radioCatering for people with special needs in communicationProvision of braille machines for the blindGiving assistants to the blind to readInterprete for the hearing impairedProvision of cheap hearing aidsEstablishment of talking computersEstablishment of talking mobile phonesProvision of tactile books read by touchingUsing of sign languages to the hearing impairedMake special telephone booth for the handicappedProblems facing communicationTheft of cablesPoor roadsHigh cost of livingFrequent changes in technologyHigh iileteracy levelCommunication devices are expensiveLack of elecricityLow population densityBreakdown of equipmentsInadequate capitalQuiz; questions on pg 155-157TRADEThis is the exchange of goods and servicesTypes of tradeDomestic trade/local/internalThis is the trade within our countryForeign/international/external tradeTrade with other countriesExportGoods sold to other countriesThe main export is teaThe leading mineral export is soda ashExports earn foreign exchangeTourism is an invisible exportImportsGoods bought from other countriesThe main import is crude oilActivity Write the imports and exports on pg 158Benefits of tradeEarns foreign exchangePromotes national and international unityCreates employmentPromotes urbanizationImproves people living standardsPromotes industrializationDevelopment of infrastructureIt is a source of government revenuePromotes economic growthPeople acquire goods that they do not produceBusiness opportunitiesThis is a chance one gets to buy and sell goods and services at a profitBusiness opportunities in kenyaMiningFarmingTransport and communicationBanking servicesEstablishment of learning instutitionsRoad constructionTourismFishingManufacturing goodsTradingRole of the government in tradeGiving trading licencesGiving loans to tradersBuilding markets in townsKEBS ensures that goods are of the right standardsEnsures that goods are of the right weightFinds markets outside the countryProvision of currencySigns trade agreement with other countriesOffers subsides or tax reliefs to reduce production costProvides quota systems of imported goodsDevelop transport and communicationPOLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SYSTEMSEARLY POLITICAL ASSOCIATION BEFORE 1939Young kikuyu association 1921The east african association 1922The kavirondo taxpayers welfare association 1922The kikuyu central association 1925 NB-they were regionalThey were tribal basedYoung kikuyu associationFormed by harry thuku in 1921Formed by the young kikuyusQuizState the reasons for formation of YKANB in 1922 harry thuku abandoned YKA and formed EAA.East african associationFormed in 1922 by harry thukuIt included all the communities if african originFounder membersHarry thuku – chairmanJoseph kang’etheKibwana komboJesse kariukiAbdala tailalaIm ismaelZ.K. sentongoMolanket ole sampeleNorman mboyaQuiz State the reason for formation or demands of EAA?Kavirondo taxpayers welfare associationFormed in 1922Mainly concerned with workers welfareFounder membersJonathan okwiri – chairmanAwour gumba – secretarySimeon nyende – treasurerGoerge okotraJolmeo okakaReuben omulaLoel ominoEzekiel apindiNB - Most of its supportes were luos and luhyasQUIZState the rasons/demands of kavirondo taxpayers welfare associationKikuyu central associationFormed in 1925 after EAA was bannedMost of its members were agikuyu, ameru, and aembuKenyatta become its secretary general in 1928In 1922 harry thuku was arrested and deported at kismayu in somaliaFoundersJoseph kang’ethe – chairmanJesse kariuki – vice chairpersonJames beauttahQuiz State the reasons/demands of KCADEMANDS/GRIEVANCES BY THE EARLY POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONSReturn of African landAbolition of slave tradeEducation to be provided to AfricanKenya to remain a protectorate but not a colonyBetter wages for AfricansBetter working conditionsAbolitions of taxesEqual representation in the Leg-coAbolition of laws that discriminated AfricansRole of early political associationPresented African grievances to the colonial ruleEducated Africans on injustices committed to themDefended African cultureFought for the rights of the workersCampaigned for the return of African landDemanded better wages and working conditionsMake Africans aware of the political situations in the countryCondemned all forms of injustices.QuizQuestions on pg 172-173LEGCOStands for legislative councilIt was the colonial parliamentIt was established in 1907The chairman was the governor generalMembers were Europeans onlyRepresented the interests of the colonialistIn 1909 the 1st Asian was nominated in the Legco i.e.Alibhai Milla JevanjeeMembership in the legco before 1960It was through;Nomination or appointmentElectionsPoints to noteThe 1st African in the legco was Eliud Mathu in 1944B.A ohanga was the 2nd African in the legco in 1946B.A Ohanga became the 1st African minister in 1954Africans interested in the legco were represented by AfricansNB: before 1957 membership to the legco was through appointmentElection in the LEGCOWas done in 1957Eight representatives were elected to represent 8 regionsThey included;Daniel Moi – rift valleyTom Mboya – NairobiBernard mate – central kenyaRonald Ngala – coastOginga Odinga – central NyanzaMasende Muliro – north NyanzaLawrence Ogunda – south NyanzaJames Muimi – UkambaniThe role of legco in the struggle for independenceDemanded increased representation in the legcoDemanded the release of Jomo KenyattaDemanded fair treatment for AfricansDemanded charges in the constitutionsParticipated in talks held at Lancaster houseDrafted the independence constitutionDemanded the formation of political partiesDemanded self ruleQuizQuestions on pg 175-176Struggle for independence in kenya The second world warStarted in 1939Ende in 1945Main rivals were british and germanyItaly and germany joined japanFrance and USA joined britishBritish recruited africans and called them king african riflesThe war ended in 1945 when the americans solders bombed two japanese citiesi.e.hiroshima and nagasakiUnited nations organization was formed after the war in 1945.Effcts of the second world war on the struggle for independenceAfricans learnt fighting tacticsAfricans learnt that europeans were not superiorPromoted nationalism i.e.desire to rule themselvesUnited nations was formed and advocated for african independenceAfricans were encouraged by the way inhdia got independence after the war.India and pakistan got independence and this encouraged africans to fight for their independenceKenyans learnt that british did not want to be ruled and thus africans also did not want to be ruled.Political parties in kenya between 1945 and 1963Kenya african union- KAUKenya african study union -KASUKenya african national union - KANUKenya african democratic union - KADU Kenya african union KAUFormed in 1944It was the first political party to fight for independenceIts first president was harry thukuSupported the mau mau activities It assisted eliud mathu in the legcoFounder membersHarry thuku – presidentJames gichuruJohn kebasoFrancis khamisiJoseph D otienoAlbert owinoKenya african study union – KASUFormed in 1945Replaced KAUIts president was james gichuruIt studied problems that faced africansNB In 1946 it was renamed KAUIn 1947 kenyatta joined KAUJames gichuru stepped down and kenyatta became its presidentKAU supported an armed struggle for independenceFounder membersJames gichuruJ. KebasoF.khamisiJ.D.otienoH.nguraiF. NgangaS. O josiahJ. JeremiahS. MulandiS.D. jakayH. ThukuAlbert owinoNB KASU changed to KAU in 1946The role of KAU and KASU in the struggle for independenceTo assist eliud mathu understand african interestUniting all africans from all parts to struggle for independenceDemanding for more seats in the legcoDemanded for abolition of kipande systemDemanded for abolition of forced labourDemanded for self governanceDemanded for improving living conditions for africansDemanded better wages for africansTHE MAU MAU MOVEMENTFormed in 1946Formed by ex-solders of the 2nd world warIt was called anake a fortyAdvocated for an armed struggle for independenceMAU MAU LEADERSWaruhiu itote (general china)Field marshal muthoniGeneral musa mwariamaField marshal dedan kimathiGeneral matenjagwoGeneral stanley mathengeNB MAU MAU war broke in 1952It mainly advocated for return of african land and independenceMau mau war ended in 1960Waged guerilla warfareMau mau war led to the declaration of state of emergencySir evalyne berlin declared the emergencyKAU leaders/kapenguria six were arrestedQuiz Name the kapenguria sixKenya african national union – KANUFormed in marsh 1960Catered for the interest of the majorityi.e.the bigger communities kikuyus and the luosIgnored the minority interestAdvocated for the release of jomo kenyattaWanted a unitory governmentWon in 1961 electionsRefused to form the government because kenyatta was still in prisonMembersJames gichuru – acting presidentOginga odinga – vice presidentTom mboya – secretary generalArthur achwadaNB daniel moi and ronald ngala were given posts in their absentiaThey refused the offer because the party catered for the majority Kenyatta was released in 1961 Kenya african democratic union KADUFormed in june 1960Catered for the interest of the minorityWas for the smaller communitiesWanted a federal/majimbo governmentCreated opposition to KANUFormed the government in 1961MembersRonald ngala – presidentMasinde muliroDaniel moiJustus ole tipisJohn keenNB in 1964 KADU dissolved and joined KANU.Events leading to attainment of independence1952 mau mau war broke State of emergencyKapenguria six arrested1960 mau mau war ended1st lancaster houseKenyatta did not attend the 1st lancasterKANU AND KADU formed1961 first general electionsKANU won but refused to form government KADU formed the governmentKenyatta was released1962 2nd lancaster house conferenceIt was attended by KANU an KADU MEMBERSThey drafted the independence contitutionAttainment of madaraka 1st june 1963Kenya got a self internal government (madaraka)Kenyatta became the 1st prime ministerGovorner general was the head of stateNB we celebrate madaraka day every 1st june to remember when kenya got a self internal government.Attainment of independence 12th dec 1963Kenya got full independenceKanyatta renained the prime ministerColonial governor was the head of stateKenya becomes a republic 12th dec 1964Kanya become a republicKenyatta became the 1st president of kenyaThe post of the governor was abolishedThe post of the prime minister was abolishedThe majimbo government was abolishedA unitary government was createdA republican constitution was introducedOginga odinga became the 1st vice presidentThis marked the end of the colonial ruleNB every year on 12th dec we celebrate jamhuri day to remember when kenya became a republicQuiz on pg 185 – 186Muilti party democracyThis is a situation where many parties participate in an electionThe winning party forms the governmentOther parties are called opposition partiesWhen kenya got independence it was a muilti party state.In 1964 APP and KADU dissolved to KANU.Kenya became a muilti party sate in 1991 Section 2A was repealed/removedIn 1992 there was a muilti party elections.Single party democracyOnly one party operatesPeople accept the views of the partyPeolpe’s democracy is limitedIt limits the freedom of expression and associationKenya became a one party state in 1982Section 2A was introducedCoalition governmentFormed when two or more parties agree to work togetherCan be fprmed when parties fail to get the majority MPSCan be formed when parties want to support one presidential candidateCan be formed incase of a disputed electionActivityDraw the table on pg 190-191Points to note4th august 2010 – a referendum 27th august 2010 – promulgation of the new constitutionPromulgation is the official launch of a nwe constitutionby the persidentQuiz on pg 191 – 192Contribution of prominent leaders in kenya Jomo kenyattaBorn in 1889His real name was johnstone kamauJoined KCA in 19251928 – became the secretary general of KCA1928 – wrote muigwithania1929 – presented grievance in london1938 – wrote a book called facing mount kenya1946 – principal at githunguri taechers college1947 – joined KAU1952 – was arrested1961 – was released from prison1962 – attended the 2nd lancaster1st june 1963 – became the 1st prime minister12th dec 1964 – became the 1st president22nd august 1978 – he diedHis achievementLed kenyans to independenceUnited people of kenyaIntroduced free primary educationMade efforts to settle the landlessIntroduced harambee and african socialismSupported liberation movementPresented african grievances to colonial mastersWas a founder of EAC In 1967Expande dtransport and communicationSupported the establishmentof industriesDaniel moiBorn in 1924Trained as a teacher1955 – nominated in the LEGCO1957 – elected to the legco to represent rift valley1960 – elected as vice treasurer of KANU but refused1960 – chairman of KADU1964 – left KADU and joined KANU1967 – became the 3rd vice president1978 – took over as the 2nd president2002 – moi retired from politicsHis achievementsSupported the minority in KADUWas a vice president of kenyaIntroduced free milk programmes in schoolsIntroduced the nyayo philosophyIntroduced the 844 system of educationWas a suppoter of OAUPromoted soil conservation by building gabionsPromoted and supported liberation movementsWas the longest serving presidentWas a peace makerJaramogi oginga odingaBorn in 1911Educated in maranda, maseno, and alliance high school1947 – formed luo thrift and trading cooperationWas a member of KAU1957 – elected in the legco1960 – founder of KANU Attended the 1st lancaster house conference1962 – attended the 2nd lancaster conference1964 – 1st vice president of kenya1966 – resigned as the vice presidentFormed KPU – kenya people’s union1969 – KPU banned1991 – formed FORD – forum for restoration of democracy1992 – became an opposition leader1994 – died in a road accidentHis achievementAdvocated for the release of kenyattaFought for independenceWas a democrat i.e. fought for independenceIn 1997 he advocated for muiltipartismPromoted education by giving youth scholarshipsWrote a book called not yet uhuru and expressw his views on african freedom.Wangari maathaiBorn in 1940 in tetu nyeri county.Fought for women rightsParticipated in the campaigns on the conservation of environmentEstablished the green belt movementDemanded for muiltipartism in 1990Campaigned for the freedom of pressWas an Mp for tetu from 2003 – 2007Was an assistant minister for environment 2003 – 20052004 – won a nobel peace price because of her efferts in conservation of environmentShe died in 2011.THE UNITED NATIONS – UNFormed in 1945Formed after the 2nd world warReplaced the league of nations that had been formed in 1919The main reason for formation was to promote lasting peaceThe headquarters are in nwe york in USAOTHER REASONS FOR FORMATIONTo rebuild countries affected by warTo help those affected by war i.e the refugeeTo stop an out break of another warNB membership to united nations is voluntaryAgencies of the united nationsUNICEF – United nations international childrenseducation fundSupports childreneducationMonitor health of children in the marganised areasUNHCR – UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSION FOR REFUGEESAssist the refugeesProvide them with basic needsResettles refugeesUNESCO – united nations education scientific annd cultural organizationPromotes literacyPromotes scientific researchPromotes exchange and respect of cultureWHO – world health organizationDeals with health Carries on research to cure diseasesProvides medical assistance to the sickControls spread and uoutbreak of diseasesFAO – Food and agricultural organizationPromotes agriculture to boost food productionPromotes research on forestryUNEP –united nations envronment programmePromotes environment conservationEducates people on environment conservationWFP – world food programmesDistributes food to famine striken areasAlso offer food assistance to refugee camps and to poor people.The world bankProvides financial assistance to membersGives grants, loans, and donations to its membersGive money to support development projectsCOMMONWEALTH ORGANIZATIONOriginally was called british commonwealthMost of its members are former british coloniesMembership is voluntaryOfficial language of commonwealth meeting is englishThey meet biannuallyi.e.e after every 2 yearsThe top most organ of commonwealth is the secretariatThe secretariat is headed by the secretary generalThe symbolic head of the commonwealth is the british mornach i.e.e queen of englandHeadquarters of the commonwealth are based in london.Reasons for formationTo promote closer relationship between british and her former coloniesTo promote peace among member statesTo promote tradeTo assist poor nations who are member staetesTo promote good governanceTo promote respect of human rightsFunctions of commonwealth economic functionsPromote tradeProvide financial aid to poor nation for developmentPolitical functionsAdvocates for parliamentary democracyEnsures free and fair elections by sending election observersPromotes internal understanding among the membersOrganizes joint military trainingSocial functionsOrganizes the commonwealth gamesPromotes education exchange programmesReconciles members who have conflictedPromote justice to its members state in case of disagreementsQuizQuestions on pg 203CITIZENSHIPThis is belonging to a countryWays of becoming a kenyan citizenBirth RegistrationCitizenship by birthBorn in kenya by kenyan parentsBorn outside kenya by kenyan parentsWhen one parent is a kenyan citizenA child who is less than 8 years and is found in kenya and his/her nationality and his/her parents not known is assumed to be a kenyan citizenCitizenship by registrationFor one to be registered he must have stayed in kenya continously for 7 yearsA woman married in kenya from a foreign country must be registeredAn adopted child must be registered to be a citizen.Dual citizenshipThis is belonging to two countriesCitizens not entitled to dual citizenshipPresidentDeputy presidentAttorney generalChief justiceMembers of the defence forcesLoss of citizenshipA citizen by registration can loose his/her citizenship if;Reveals secrets of kenya to ita enemiesConducts business with kenya to its enemyAssist a kenyan enemy during warIf he/she uses false documents to registerIf one is convicted of treason i.e. overthrowing the governmentIf one is imprisoned for than three years before five years are over since registration.Quiz Questions on pg 200DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTSIn democracy;The will of the people is respectedThe people elect their leadersPower belongs to citizensMisuse of powers is controlledHuman rights are not abusedTypes of democracyDirect democracyIndirect democracyDirect democracyAlso called participatory democracyEverybody makes decisionEverybody is consultedExamples of direct democracyReferundumElectionsNB a referundum is a popular vote for or against an issue of national importance.Indirect democracyAlso called representative democracyRepresentatives makes decision on our behalfNB kenya uses indirect democracyPolitical partiesKenya has many political partiesKenya became a muiltiparty state in 1991One joins a political party of his/her choiceNB if one is denied from joining a partyof his choice he is denied the freedom of association.Role of political parties in democracyGive people freedom to choose their leadersOpposition party ensures that the government does not abuse powerInform citizens on important issuesPromotes national unityOpposition party pressurize the government to fullfill its promisesOffers citizens a wide range of candidates in an electionEnsures proper inplementation of government policyEnsures respect of human rightOpposition party criticizes the ruling partyThe ruling party advices the government on important issuesBenefits of democracyRight leaders are electedPeople’s will is respectedPromotes respect of human rightsPromotes peace and harmonyControls the misuse of powerCitizens are kept informed on issues affecting themThere is equality before the law promotes the rule of lawPromotes patriotismEnsures equal distribution of resourcesPromotes the freedom of mediaPromotes unity and fairnessPromotes the rule of lawHuman rightsGuaranteed by the constitutionThe section in the constitution that contains the human rights is called the bill of rightsThe bill of rights is in chapter 4 of the constitutionTypes of human rightsCivil and political rightsEconomic rightsSocial rightsCivil and political rightsRelates to liberty and freedomExamplesRight to voteRight to fair trialFreedom of associationFreedom of expressionFreedom from discrimationFreedom of movementFreedom of woeshipRight to privacyRight to join a political partyEconomic rightsRelates to how peolpe work, earn and get moneyExamplesRight to workRight to a pensionRight to own propertyRight to a good payRight to join trade unionRight to do business in any part of kenyaSocial rightsRelates to basic needs and how people live togetherExamplesRight to lifeRight to marry Right to foodRight to shelterRight to clothingRight to get clean water Right to a clean environmentRight to proper housingRight to securityBenefits of bill of rightsPromotes justice and fairnessOutlaws tribalismEnsures no discriminationControls abuse of power by leadersPromotes unityEnsures protection of public propertyPromotes respect of human dignityPromotes patriotismQuiz pg 211LAW, PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTIONSYMBOLS OF NATIONAL UNITYThese are things that unite all kenyansThey are symbols of identity for our countryThey are;The kenyan flagThe kenyan national anthemThe coat of armsThe public sealThe kenyan flagIt is the symbol of kenyans independenceIt has four coloursColours of the flag and their representationBlack – peolpeWhite – peaceRed – blood shed during independenceGreen – vegetation and the land of plentyThe kenyan national anthemIt is our country’s prayerWas first sung in 1963Adopted from a pokomo lullabyIt expresses our hope and wishesIt reminds us to;Practice justiceLive in unityBuild our nationProtect our national heritageEnjon our libertyShare with other kenyansDefend our countryThe coat of armsIt is the national badge/emblemIt represents kenya and its peopleIt is a symbol of authoritySymbols in the coat of armsTwo lions – our rich wildlifeCockerel – symbol of the party that led kenya to independenceAgricultural crops – our land of plentyShield – readiness to defend our independenceTwo spears – readiness to fight external attacksHarambee – our country’s motto of togethernessAreas where coat of arm can be foundCourt of lawParliamentPresident’s officeIdentity cards/passportGovernment publicationKenyan currencyThe public sealThis is the government stamp or signatureHas a coat of arms at the centreSorrounded by crops which are sources of government revenueIt is used approve government documentFactors that promote national unityRespect of rule of lawEducational systemTradeToleranceThe constitutionPolitical stabilityNational languageIntermarriagesGames and sportsRespect of human rightsEqual distribution of resourcesThe national philosophiesHarambee – 1963 – kenyatta – togethernessAfrican socialism – 1965 – kenyatta and tom mboya – minding about other people’s welfareNyayoism – 1978 – moi – emphasis on peace, love and unity.Factors undermining national unityNepotismRacism/apartheidTribalismCorruptionPolitical instabilityIntoleranceUnequal distribution of resourcesAbuse of human rightsPovertyReligious differencesOveruse of mother tongue in publicOveruse of vernacular radio stationsGreed for powerImportances of national unityPromote peaceful co-existencePromote patriotismPromotes equalityPromotes political stabilityPromotes fair distribution of resoursesLeads to development in the countryOutlaws vices such as tribalismPromotes freedom of movementPromotes toleranceEnsures support during disastersQuiz Questions on pg 218 – 219THE GOVRNMENT OF KENYA A govervnment is a body or institution that rules the countryTypes of governmentNational governmentCounty governmentFormation of the national governmentParties nominate presidential candidatesA running mate is appointedElections are heldIEBC chairperson announces the presidential winnerThe president must get more than half of the votes cast that is 50%+1voteMust also get 25% of the votes cast in more than half of the countiesThe chief justice swears in a newly elected presidentThe president appointsThe attorney generalThe chief justiceCabinet secretariesPricipal secretariesSecretary to the cabinetOther senior officialsCabinet secretary is inchharge of a ministry or a state departmentPrincipal secretary is the senior most civil servant in a state departmentAll presidential appointees are approved by the national assemblyArms of the governmentLegislativeExecutiveJudiciaryThe legislativeAlso called the parliamentHas two houses/chambersThe national assemblyThe senateThe national assemblyMembers290elected members12 nominated members – by political parties47 women representatives1 ex-official – speakerTotal 350 membersNB the speaker is elected by the members of parliamentThe senate47 elected senators16 nominated women by political parties2 youth representatives – male and female2 disabled representatives – male and female1 ex-official – speakerTotal 68 membersFunctions of the national assemblyMakes and amends laws(main)Approves presidential appointeesApproves the national budgetChecks on the conduct of other armsApproves presidential declaration of state of emergencyApproves presidential declaration of warElecting speaker and deputy speakerControls the government revenueCan pass a vote of no confidence in the governmentDiscuss important issues affecting the countryFunctions of the senateDebates and approves laws concerning countiesProtect the interest of the countiesOversees the allocation of revenues in the countiesCan impeach the presidentRepresents the county interests at the national levelProtects the interests of the devolved governmentCan take part in the process of law making in the parliamentDiscusses matters affecting countiesThe executiveImplements the government policy and lawsIncharge of daily administration of the countryManages the countryCompositionPresidentDeputy presidentCabinet civil servantsThe presidentHe is the chief executive officer of the countryManages the countryCan only serve for a maximum of ten years. 2 terms of 5 years eachFunctions of the presidentThey are also called presidential prerogativesHead of state Head of governmentCommander – in – chief of KDFCan declare war with another countryChair the cabinet meetingAppoints senior government officersCan forgive or pardon convicted criminals.this is called prerogative of mercyHas the power to declare the state of emergencyOpens and addresses a new parliamentPresides over national celebrations.Cabinet Consists of;President – chairpersonDeputy presidentCabinet secretary – heads ministriesAttoney general – legal advisorSecretary to the cabinetNB Cabinet members are appointed by the president and approved by the national assemblyCabinet secretaries are:14 minimum22 maximumThe main function of the cabinet is to formulate government policiesFunctions of the cabinetFormulates government policiesAdvices the presidentResponds to questions of their ministriesCabinet secretaries head various departmentsEnsures proper international relationsOversees the day to day running of the governmentPublic servantsThese are people emloyed by the governmentThey are under the public serviceTeachers are employed by the teachers service commissionPolice are employed by the national police servicePulic servants are called civil servantsFunctions of the public servantsImplements government policiesCarrying out the government policiesOperates the government officesNB Who swears in the speaker ------------- --------Who elects the speaker -------------------------------Quiz Pg 224The judiciaryAlso called judicatureComprises of the court systemHeaded by the chief justiceThe court systemSupreme courtCourt of appealSuperior courtsHigh courtMagistrate courtsKadhi courtssubodinate courtsCourt martialMembers of judiciaryThe chief justice – headDeputy chief justiceChief registrar of the judiciaryThe judgesMagistratesPoints to noteSupreme court listennns to presidential poll petitionJudges are appointed by the president and approved by the national assemblyChief justice is the head of the court systemMagistrates are appointed by the judicial service commissionsChildren are taken to a juvenile courtChief registrar of the judiciary is the chief accountant and administrative officer of the judiciaryCourt martial tries military officersKadhi court tries muslim cases of;MarriageDivorceInheritanceFunctions of the judiciaryIntepretes the lawAdministers justiceHearing and seettling casesDetermining casesSwearing in senior government officersPunishing law breakersQuiz Pg 226Government revenueThis is the government moneySources of government revenueNational governmentTaxes(main)LoansGrantsDonationsSale of government propertyLand and property rateRent from government housesPetroleum levyProfits/dividends from parastalsSale of government stamps and licencesSale of bonds and treasury billsCounty governmentFunds from the national government – mainLoans from financial institutionsSale of trade licencesLand and property rateRents and rates on county propertyGrantsDonationsService chargesEntertainment taxesGovernment expenditureThis is the way the government uses its revenueThe national governmentPaying salariesConstructing major roadsConstructing major health centresFunding the county governmentRepaying loans and interestPaying for services such as water and electricityFunding its projectsPaying rate and rentsBuying drugsEstablishing schools and universitiesQuiz Differentiate between the development and recurrent expenditureThe county governmentPaying taxes to its workersEstablishing marketsProviding street lightsCollecting garbageEstablishing and managing early childhood education centresCleaning the environmentConstructing access or feeder roadsProvides fire fighting servicesProvides ambulance servicesConstructing dispensaries and health centresQuizQuestions on pg 230The national securityThis involves keeping the country safe from internal and external attacksSecurity agentsThe kenya defence forces – KDFThe national police service – NPSThe national intelligence service – NISThe kenya defence forcesProvides external securityProtects the country from external attacksUnits of kenya defence forcesKenya army – guards the boardersKenya airforce – guards the airspaceKanya navy – guards the water bodiesPoints to noteEach unit is headed by a commanderThe head of KDF is called the chief of the kenya defence forcesThe president is the commander in chief of the armed forcesThe president appoints senior military officers who are then approved by the national assemblyFunctions of the KDFProvides external securityEntertains the public during national holidaysManaging disastersConstructing roads and bridgesCan assist the police to maintain lawRestores peace in areas with warThe national police serviceProvides internal securityHeaded by the inspector generalThe inspector general is appointed by the presidentHas two branchesKenya police serviceAdministration police serviceThe kenya police serviceHeaded by the inspector generalMain function is to maintain law and orderDepartment of the kenya police serviceCriminal investigating departments – investigates crimeGeneral service unit –stops riots and chaosAntistock theft unit(astu)recover stolen animalsTraffic police – enforces traffic rules and patrols highwaysAnti narcotic unit – deals with drug traffickersTourist police unit – provides security to tourists Dog handlers – track down criminals and stolen propertyRegular police – patrols towns and residential areasAdministration police serviceHeaded by the deputy inspector generalProvides security to government officers and propertyMaintains law and order among clitizens seeking services in the government offices.National intelligence serviceHeaded by the director general of the national intelligence serviceThey collect security information and hand them to police for actionThe prison departmentHeaded by the commissioner of prisonsMain work is to help the prisoners reform or to rehabilitate themImplements the court decision and policiesFunctions of the national police serviceMaintain law and order(main)Investigates crimeTrack down criminalsArrest and prosecute law breakersAdministering driving testsPatrols highways, towns and residential areasEnforces the traffick rulesSecures the government officersSecures government building and propertiesControlling crowds in accident scenesQuizQuestions on pg 236 – 238 our lives today. ................
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