Horticulture



COURSE:6841 Horticulture IUnit ALeadership, Careers and SAEESSENTIAL STANDARD:2.0010%C3Examine careers related to horticulture.Objective:2.015%C2Discuss careers and skills necessary for employment in the horticulture industry.HorticultureHorticulture comes from the Latin word meaning “garden cultivation”.Horticulture is the cultivation, processing and marketing of flowers, ornamental plants, vegetables, fruits and nuts.Divisions of HorticulturePomology is the science and practice of growing, harvesting, storing, processing and marketing tree grown fruits.Olericulture is the science and practice of growing, harvesting, storing, processing and marketing vegetables.Floriculture is the science and practice of growing, harvesting, storing, processing and marketing flowering plants.Landscape and nursery industry is the science and practice of propagating, growing, planting, maintaining, and using grasses, annuals, shrubs and trees.Viticulture is the science and practice of growing, maintaining and processing grapes.Horticulture Industry CareersGreenhouse/nursery employee grows vegetables, fruits, flowers including cut flowers, bedding plants, potted plants, hanging baskets and landscaping plants. Employees do both sexual and asexual plant propagation. Garden center employee cares for plants, moves plants and supplies, arranges and displays plants and supplies, and sells plants and supplies. Grounds maintenance employee cares for the land area and plants that surround a business, school, church, industry or other public or private places that have lawns and plants that have to be maintained (includes IPM).Golf course employee is responsible for maintenance of golf courses including turf grass maintenance on fairways, greens, tees, etc. and pest management, irrigation and drainage, sand trap, trees and shrubs, buildings and equipment. Park employee maintains plants, grounds, buildings, facilities, equipment and driveways in national, state, city or privately owned parks.Inspectors check plants and materials for disease, insects and other quality issues.There are also many careers in the field of agricultural biotechnology such as technician, researcher, marketing specialist, and much more! There are also career opportunities in working for USDA, EPA, and the FDA.Sales positions in a variety of wholesale and retail areas. You can work for a seed company or a wholesale growerGreen Industry employees work in jobs that are environmentally friendly and have to do with reusing, recycling and reducing the carbon footprint.Skill, Personal and Educational Qualifications Skills vary from unskilled to highly skilled depending on the career in horticulture. A materials handler needs few skills, but an inspector needs many skills to check for quality, for insects or diseases or for following governmental rules. Personal interests and qualifications include: Working inside or outside or a combination.Working in a group or alone.Working with people or plants. Working at routine tasks or varying tasks.Physical strength to do the job. Educational qualifications vary depending on the careers. High school graduate or less for unskilled entry-level job.Technical education for skilled jobs.Bachelors, masters or doctorial degrees for most professional areas because of required licenses, paper work, research and /or teaching.COURSE:6841 Horticulture IUnit ALeadership, Careers and SAEESSENTIAL STANDARD:2.0010%C3Examine careers related to horticulture.Objective:2.025%C3Implement an SAE.A. SAE (Supervised Agricultural Experience)The purpose of the SAE is to gain work experience in agriculture and build life skills.SAE is a project completed outside of class time that deals with any division of agriculture:PlantsAnimalsAny agriculture businessAgricultural science experimentsSAE is your major project for this class. It counts for 30% of your last quarter grade.B. Six Major Types of SAEEntrepreneurship is planning, implementing, operating and assuming financial risks in an agricultural business or farming activity.Example: raising plants to sell, owning a lawn maintenance business or owning a farm supply store. Record book-type of enterprise, amount of items bought or sold, expenses, income, efficiency factors, etc.Experimental is planning and conducting an agricultural experiment using the scientific process or scientific method.Example: comparing different fertilizer rates on plants.Record Book-review of literature, hypothesis, data log, findings, recommendations, etc. Analytical is identify an agricultural problem that cannot be solved by experiments and designing a plan to investigate and analyze the problem.Example: making a marketing display.Record Book-title of activity, identification of problem, background information, steps to solve problem, project log of what was done, results, and recommendations. Placement is placing students in jobs outside the regular classroom hours. They may be paid or unpaid (volunteer) work.Example: working at a farm supply store, at a greenhouse or for a landscape company. Record Book-training agreement signed by student, teacher, employer and parent or guardian stating which each will do, record of work, hours and income. Exploratory is helping students learn about agriculture and become aware of possible agricultural careers through short times spent observing, shadowing or helping.You may have to combine more than one exploratory experience.Example: attending a career day, interviewing a veterinarian or assisting a horse owner. Record Book-date, activity, observation and comments and hours. Improvement is a series of activities that improves the value or appearance of the place of employment, school, home or community; the efficiency of a business or an enterprise; or the living conditions of the family. Examples include: building a fence, computerizing records, remodeling a building or repairing equipment. Record Book--date started, date completed, improvement activity and steps or tasks involved in the project, hours, costs. Additions to Your SAESupplementary is performing one specific agricultural skill outside of normal class time. This skill is not related to the major SAE but is normally taught in an agricultural program, involves experimental learning and contributes to the development of agricultural skills and knowledge on the part of the student. The activity is accomplished in less than a day and does not require a series of steps.Examples: pruning a tree, staking tomatoes or changing oil. Record Book-date, supplementary activities and comments, hoursWhy Should I Have an SAE?Develop job skills.Earn money.Win FFA Awards.Develop skills to start your own business.Develop skills and knowledge that are helpful in college or work.Learn about careers.Keep accurate records.Improve decision-making skills.SAE Project Requirements (teachers can set the number of hours)An “A” = 10 hours of work. Less than 10 hours will drop you a letter grade.You must keep up with your record book and take before, during and after pictures. Make sure you are in most of the pictures demonstrating your new skills.You must keep up with your time worked in your record book.You must get parent signatures in your book. You parents may be able to give you project ideas.COURSE:6841 Horticulture IUnit BPlant PhysiologyESSENTIAL STANDARD:3.0020%C2Summarize plant anatomy.Objective:3.015%C2Discuss biological terms used to describe plants.Life Cycle of PlantsAnnual is a plant that completes its life cycle in one year.Biennial is a plant that completes its life cycle in two years. It usually grows the first year and flowers the second year.Perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. Some perennials will grow and bloom the first year.Leaf Retention of a PlantDeciduous refers to plants that lose their leaves during the dormant season.Evergreen refers to plants that retain their leaves and remain green year round.Moisture in PlantsTurgid is a plant that is swollen or filled with moisture.Wilted is a plant that is limp because it does not have enough moisture.Plant GrowthDormant is a stage when a plant rests or grows very little.Plants generally go dormant in response to adverse conditions such as extreme heat or cold.Botany is the part of biology that deals with plants.Season Crop TypeCool season plants relish cool temperatures, growing best in spring or fall. Example: pansy.Warm season plants grow best in warm temperatures, growing best in the summer and early fall. Examples: zinnia, marigold, and vinca.COURSE:6841 Horticulture IUnit BPlant PhysiologyESSENTIAL STANDARD:3.0020%C2Summarize plant anatomy.Objective:3.025%C2Discuss the anatomy and functions of plants.Leaves External parts Petiole is the leaf stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem. Midrib is the large center vein.Blade is the large, flat part of the leaf. Veins are the structural framework of the leaf.Margin is the edge of the leaf.Apex is the leaf tip.Internal partsUpper and lower epidermis is the skin of the leaf that prevents the loss of too much moisture.Stomates are the small openings under the leaf for breathing or transpiration.Guard cells surround the stomates and regulate the open and close of the stomates.Chloroplasts are small green particles that contain chlorophyll, give leaves their green color and are necessary for photosynthesis.Functions of the leafPhotosynthesis is a process by which plants capture sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into food.Respiration converts sugars and starches into energy.Transpiration is the release of water vapor from the leaves of plants. It also cools the plant.Leaves additional Sessile describes leaves without a petiole (example zinnia).Bracts are modified leaves (example poinsettia).Needles and scales are modified leaves (example pine tree).Glabrous leaves or stems have a smooth non-hairy feel (example southern magnolia).Pubescent leaves or stems have a hairy feel (example African violet).StemsExternal partsLenticels are breathing pores found on stems and branches.Bud scale scars indicate where terminal buds have been located.Leaf scars indicate where leaves were attached.Terminal bud is a bud on end of stem.Axillary bud is the bud located at the axil of the leaf.Lateral buds are buds on side of stem. Internal partsXylem is the tissue that transports water and nutrients up from the roots to the stems and leaves.Phloem is the tissue that transports food down from leaves to the roots.Cambium is a thin, green, actively growing tissue located between the bark and wood and produces all new stem cells.Bark is old inactive phloem.Heartwood is old inactive xylem.Sapwood is new active xylem.CotyledonsMonocots are plant stems that have vascular bundles each bundle contain both xylem and phloem. They produce one seed leaf. Examples are grasses and corn.Dicots are plant stems that have a phloem layer and a xylem layer separated by cambium. They produce two seed leaves. Examples are trees and many vegetable plants.Functions of the stemTranslocation is the movement of water and minerals through the plant. The phloem moves food down from the leaves to the roots.The xylem moves water and nutrients up from the roots to the leaves.Supports the branches of the plant.Roots External Parts (much different from those of stems)Root cap is located at the tip of the root and is where new cells are produced.Root hairs absorb moisture (water) and minerals. Internal Parts (much like those of stems with phloem, cambium and xylem layers)Phloem is the outer layer of the root and carries food down the root.Xylem is the inner layer and carries water and minerals up to the stem Types of RootsFibrous roots have many branched shallow roots. They are easy to transplant.Tap roots are long roots with few branched ones. They are more difficult to transplant. Functions of the RootsAnchorageAbsorptionAsexual ReproductionStorage Flowers develop into seeds and fruitsExternal partsSepals are the green parts of the flower that cover and protect flower bud before it opens.Petals are really leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination. Internal partsStamens are the male flower parts.The anther is a sac-like structure that contains pollen and the male sex cells.The filament is a short stalk that holds up the anther.Pistil is female parts of the flower.The stigma is the sticky part on top of the style where insects leave pollen.The style holds up the stigma and connects it to the ovary.The ovary if fertilized becomes a fruit.The ovules are the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds if fertilized.Functions of the flower.It attracts insects for pollination.It produces seeds for sexual reproduction.It produces fruit to nourish and protect the seed.Additional flower and fruit informationComplete flower have both male and female parts.Incomplete flowers have only male or female parts.Fertilization is when pollen travels down the style, joining the sperm and the ovule.Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma of one flower to a flower on another plant.Self-pollination is the transfer of the pollen to the stigma of a flower on the same plant.Corolla is all auxiliary parts of the flower not including reproductive organs. The collective term for all petals of a flower.Calyx is the external usually green or leafy part of a flower. It is also the collective term for all sepals of a flower.Receptacle is the enlarged tip of a stem on which a flower is born.The fruit serves as protection for the seeds.The function of the fruit is to help with seed dispersal.COURSE:6841 Horticulture IUnit BPlant PhysiologyESSENTIAL STANDARD:3.0020%C2Summarize plant anatomy.Objective:3.0310%C2Discuss floriculture and landscape plants.Scientific Classification of PlantsTaxonomy is the science of classifying and identifying organisms such as plants. Scientific names are necessary because the same common name is used for different plants in different areas of the world. Latin is the language used for scientific classification. Carlos Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed the binomial system of naming plants using two Latin words to indicate the genus and the species. In the scientific name, the first word is the genus (first letter is capitalized) and the second word is the species. If there are additional words after the species, they indicate the variety or cultivar (variety var. or cultivated variety or cv). Plants in the same genus have similar characteristics. Plants in the same species (sp.) consistently produce plants of the same types. The broadest category of scientific classification is the Kingdom-either plant or animal. The broadcast category of the plant kingdom is Division or Phylum. The four most important divisions of the plant kingdom are:Thallophytes: algae, fungi, and lichens.Bryophytes: true mosses and liverworts.Pteriophytes: ferns, horsetails, and club mosses.Spermatophytes: seed-bearing or flowering plants. The two subdivisions of Spermatophytes Gymnosperms are seeds are not in an ovary (cone). Angiosperms are seeds enclosed in an ovary (flowering plants).Use the FFA Introduction to Horticulture Career Development plant list to identify plants for Horticulture I. Fill in the template in the activities section for plant identification. COURSE:6841 Horticulture IUnit BPlant PhysiologyESSENTIAL STANDARD:4.0010%C3Examine factors relating to plant growth and development.Objective:4.015%C2Explain the growth process of plants.PhotosynthesisThe food manufacturing process in green plant that combine carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light to make sugar and oxygen.Formula: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6+ 6 O2Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen3. The main product of photosynthesis is sugar.4. The by-product of photosynthesis is oxygen.RespirationThe process through which plant leaves, stems and roots consume oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. Plants produce much more oxygen through photosynthesis than they use through respiration.Absorption The process by which plant roots take in water.The process by which plant roots take in air.Transpiration The process by which plants lose water from their leaves through evaporationTranspiration also occurs in the stems.TranslocationThe process by which food moves within a plant from one plant part to another.The process by which nutrients move within a plant from one plant part to another.ReproductionThe plant process that increases plant numbers usually from seeds.The two main methods of reproduction are sexual and asexual.Osmosis The process by which minerals enter the plant through cell walls.The process by which water enters the plant through cell walls.LightPhotoperiodism is the response of plants to different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles.Short day plants require long nights to flower. Examples are poinsettia and azalea.Long day plants require short nights to flower. Examples are African violets and spinach.Phototropism is the tendency for plants to grow toward a light source.Moisture90% of plant tissue is made of mostly water.Water carries nutrients throughout the plant.Stages of plant growthJuvenile is when plants first start to grow from a seed.Vegetative is the second stage of growth that begins after the plant begins photosynthesis and actively grows leaves, stems, and roots prior to floweringReproductive is when plants produce flowers, seeds and fruit.Dormant is when plants rest or grows very little.Hardiness ZonesPlants are categorized by zones based on the average minimum temperature.North Carolina is zones 6-8.Charlotte is zone 7.COURSE:6841 Horticulture IUnit BPlant PhysiologyESSENTIAL STANDARD:4.0010%C3Examine factors relating to plant growth and development.Objective:4.025%C3Use sexual and asexual methods of propagation.Sexual PropagationSexual propagation is starting plants from seeds.Germination rate is the % of seeds that sprouts. 75 of 100 = 75%. Germination rates are affected by temperature and moisture. Germination rates vary depending on type of plant and quality (viability) of the seed.Seed viability is the seed’s capability of growing or developing. Seed viability is affected by temperature and moisture.How deep to plant seeds depends on size of seeds.Plant seeds no more than 1? times the diameter of the seed.Larger seeds are planted deeper.Smaller seeds are planted shallow (ex. petunia seeds are TINY)Water small seeds from by bottom soaking to prevent burying them. Seedlings (small plants).The first sets of leaves are called cotyledons.Monocots produce one seed leaf.Dicots produce two seed leaves.True leaves are the second set of leaves. Transplant seedlings when the first true leaves appear. Before planting in the outdoor environment, reduce humidity and water and make the environment more like the outside to “harden off” plants. Advantages of sexual reproduction. It is fast way to get many plants.It is easy to do.It is economical.Disadvantages of sexual reproduction.Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce true to parents. Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds.Examples of plants started by seed are marigold, impatiens, begonia, coleus, salvia, shasta daisy, and pansy.Asexual PropagationStarting plant by means other than seed.CuttingsStemStart with sterile flats, soil, and tools.Must include a node. A node is a point along a plant stem where leaves or other stems are attached. Internode is the area between two nodes.Cutting is taking a 4-6 inch piece of the plant and forcing roots to grow.Using hormones help speed up rooting.Dipping the cutting in fungicides help prevent rotting.Herbaceous plants are soft-tissue plants.Woody plants are plants that produce woody tissue.Rooting media should be about four inches deep.Examples of plants that can be started by cuttings.Herbaceous cuttings – geranium, impatiens, begonia, and coleus.Woody cuttings – holly, abelia, and rosemary. LeafUsually propagated from herbaceous plants.Midrib vein must be cut in order to make roots form.Examples of plants that can be started by leaf cuttings.African violet and philodendronsnake plant and jade plant.RootShould be spaced three inches apart in rooting area.A sand, vermiculite or perlite mixture is a good medium for root cuttings.Examples of plants that can be started by root cuttings: hosta and daylily.The best time of day to take a stem, leaf or root cutting is early morning because plants have more moisture.LayeringAir layering Making an incision at the node of a branch. Dust with rooting hormone, place sphagnum moss in plastic and wrap around the incision forcing roots to grow on the stem of the plant.Once roots form, remove below the new roots for a new plant.Examples of plants to air layer: Decora rubber plant and weeping fig.Trench layering – new plants form at each along the stem while still attached to the plant. Is cutting a trench and laying a branch in the trench. Types of trench layering are simple, tip and serpentine.Examples of plants for trench layering: grapes and clematis.Mound layeringIs mounding the soil on a branch.An example would be an azalea.Division is cutting apart rhizomes, tubers, runners, stolons, or suckers to get new plants.Division is used on plants that grow in clumps. Examples of plants that can be divided are hostas, daylilies and irises. Also used on some grasses.Separation Separating natural structures of a plant without making a cut. Examples of plants that can be separated: bulbs and corms.GraftingIs joining separate plant parts together so that they form a union and grow together to make one plant.Tools needed are a knife, tape, and wax. Plants must be related to each other and normally in the same genus or family.Scion is the piece of plant at the top of graft.Rootstock is the piece of the plant at the root or bottom of graft.Examples of plants that can be grafted: Maples and fruit trees, sweetgum (fruitless sweetgum), and pecan.Budding Is a form of grafting when a bud is used instead of a scion. Methods of budding:Patch budding. T-budding. Chip budding. Successful budding requires that the scion (top) material have fully-formed, mature, dormant buds and that the rootstock be in a condition of active growth such that the "bark is slipping". This means that the vascular cambium is actively growing, and the bark can be peeled easily from the stock piece with little damage. An example of plant used would be rose.Tissue Culture (or micropropagation)A sterile environment is necessary for micropropagation (biotechnology) It is a good way to get the most plants in a short period of time.It will give you a plant identical to the parent plant.An example would be impatiens and many flower and vegetable plants.Additional Plant Propagation VocabularyCorm is an enlarged, bulb-like, fleshy structure found at the base of a stem. Usually flattened and round. Examples: gladiolus and crocus.Rhizome is a creeping underground stem, usually horizontal, that produces roots and leaves at the nodes. Examples: cannas and bearded Iris.Stolon is a creeping above ground stem that grows horizontally and produces roots and shoots at the nodes. Example: strawberry.Tuber is a swollen, modified stem that grows underground. Example: potato.?Sucker is a shoot or stem that originates from the roots. Advantages of asexual reproduction as a propagation methodIn asexual reproduction or propagation plants mature in shorter time. Budding is faster or quicker than grafting.In trench layering, plant forms at each node on covered stems.Some plants do not produce viable seeds.New plants are same as parent plant. Disadvantages of asexual reproduction as a propagation methodSome require special equipment and skills, such as grafting.Cuttings detach plant parts from water and nutrient source.Some plants are patented making propagation illegal. COURSE:6841 Horticulture IUnit CSoil, Nutrients, and FertilizersESSENTIAL STANDARD:7.0010%C3Apply procedures to plant a garden.Objective:7.015%C3Plan a garden.ResearchLocation of the garden including sun, shade, water and air.Raised beds Raised beds are typically made of wood and are at least twelve inches in height.They are convenient for watering and harvesting.The gardener can create a good quality soil mix.Raised beds allow the gardener to grow more crops in a given area.Raised beds have less soil compaction than flatbed plantings.Raised beds can be set up on any surface such as concrete or porches.Raised beds can be built to make it accessible to elderly or handicapped individuals.Flat bedFlat bed - the most tradition way to plant vegetables is in rows.Usually a two foot gap is left between each row for easy watering and harvesting.One disadvantage of flatbed planting is it consumes a lot of space.ContainerContainer gardens are easy to make, manage and add beauty to any area.Examples of containersWhiskey barrelsWashtubsPlastic or clay potsWooden cratesBasketsMake sure your containers have holes in the bottom for water drainage.Container garden takes up a small amount of space.Roof topRoof top gardens make good use of unused or wasted space.They are expensive to establish.Check local ordinances before you begin for rules and regulations.Enlist the assistance of an architect or landscape contractor.Use as little weight as possible.Incorporate windbreaks into the garden design.Consider ease of watering and harvesting plants from your roof top garden.Vertical gardenVertical gardening saves valuable garden space.Vertical structures have a tendency to cast shadow. Watch the sun’s movement for several days before planting. Examples of vertical gardening structures.TrellisArborsString polesTeepeesCagesSoil needs determined by what plants you select.Soil amendments are determined by what plants you select.Soilless mixes are determined by what plants you select.Soil (natural) is determined by what plants you select.PlanSeasonFallWinterSpringSummerType of plantsAnnualPerennialVegetableFlowerCOURSE:6841 Horticulture IUnit CSoil, Nutrients, and FertilizersESSENTIAL STANDARD:7.0010%C3Apply procedures to plant a garden.Objective:7.025%C3Establish a garden.PlantingSeedsFall vegetable seeds such as lettuce, kale, mustard, broccoli, cabbage, collards, radish and onions are examples of cool season crops.Winter vegetable seeds (mid-February through early March) such as carrots, onions, peas, potatoes, turnip, lettuce and radish are examples of cool season crops.Spring vegetable seeds such as beans, corn, pumpkin (harvest in the fall) and cucumber will are examples of warm season crops.Summer vegetable seeds to plant are brussel sprouts, okra, beans, cucumbers, kale and radish are examples of summer crops.PlantsFall vegetable plants such as broccoli, cabbage, lettuce and onions (sets) are examples of cool season crops.Winter vegetable plants such as lettuce and spinach are examples of cool season crops.Spring vegetable plants such as tomatoes, peppers, squash and cucumbers are examples of warm season crops.Summer vegetable plants such as okra, cauliflower, cucumbers and kale are examples of summer crops.MaintainStake plants as needed in the garden.Control pests Keeping your garden clean of debris and dead plants.Check for pest problems and practice non chemical methods to control pests. Harvest plants as they mature.Do not let plants over ripen or decay on the plant as this will lead to pest issues. ................
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