Texarkana Independent School District



|Scope and Sequence |

|2009-2010 |

|Texarkana Independent School District |

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|I = Introduced P = Practiced M= Mastered |

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| | 111.32 Algebra I Pre-AP (One Credit).   | |

| |Grade 8. Middle School  | |

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| |Grading Period | |

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| |(1)  The student understands that a function represents a dependence of one quantity on another and can be described in a variety of ways. The student is expected to: | |

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| |(A)  describe independent and dependent quantities in functional relationships Including: | |

| |•Linear and quadratic functions | |

| |•Explaining a functional relationship by using one variable to describe another variable. | |

| |•Selecting the independent or dependent quantity in an equation or verbal description and justifying the selection | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(B)  gather and record data and use data sets, to determine functional relationships between quantities Including: | |

| |•Students collecting data that models linear and quadratic functions | |

| |•Writing equations from a table of data | |

| |•Generating a list of data from a functional relationship | |

| |•Using a graphing calculator (specifically using the table function in the calculator). An option would be to teach linear regression using the calculator | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(C)  describe functional relationships for given problem situations and write equations or inequalities to answer questions arising from the situations | |

| |Including: | |

| |•Areas of circles and squares | |

| |•Perimeters of squares, equilateral triangles, and circumference | |

| |•Constant rate of change (i.e. slope) | |

| |•Literal equations (a = lw solve for l) | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(D)  represent relationships among quantities using concrete models, tables, graphs, diagrams, verbal descriptions, equations, and inequalities | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(E)  interpret and make decisions, predictions, and critical judgments from functional relationships Including linear relationships | |

| |(constant rate of change), | |

| |quadratic relationships communicated with concrete models, tables, graphs, diagrams, verbal descriptions, equations, and inequalities. | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(2)  The student uses the properties and attributes of functions. The student is expected to: | |

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| |(A)  identify and sketch the general forms of linear (y = x) and Including : | |

| |•Investigations with and without a graphing calculator | |

| |•Specifically using the terminology “parent functions” | |

| |•Including parent functions that have been altered (for example a parabola turned upside down still belongs to the parent function y=x2) quadratic (y = x2) parent | |

| |functions | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(B)  identify mathematical domains and ranges and determine reasonable domain and range values for given situations, both continuous and discrete | |

| |Including: | |

| |•Values displayed in a table | |

| |•Values displayed by an equation | |

| |•Values displayed in a graph. | |

| |•Values displayed by an inequality. | |

| |•Values from a verbal description of everyday experiences such as temperature, money, height, etc. | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(C)  interpret situations in terms of given graphs or create situations that fit given graphs Including | |

| |interpreting real-world situations in terms of graphs and also describing a real-world situation that fits a graph. | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(D)  collect and organize data, make and interpret scatterplots (including recognizing positive, negative, or no correlation for data approximating linear situations), | |

| |and model, predict, and make decisions and critical judgments in problem situations Including organizing data that demonstrates a positive linear correlation, a | |

| |negative linear correlation, and no correlation with and without a graphing calculator | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(3)  The student understands how algebra can be used to express generalizations and recognizes and uses the power of symbols to represent situations. The student is | |

| |expected to: | |

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| |(A)  use symbols to represent unknowns and variables Including organizing data that demonstrates a positive linear correlation, a negative linear correlation, | |

| |and no correlation with and without a graphing calculator | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(B)  look for patterns and represent generalizations algebraically Including expressions in the form of, but not limited to: | |

| |•an, an±b, a/n, n/a, a/n ± b, n/a ± b, a ±n, n – a | |

| |•geometric sequence | |

| |•arithmetic sequence | |

| |•common ratios and differences | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(4)  The student understands the importance of the skills required to manipulate symbols in order to solve problems and uses the necessary algebraic skills required to| |

| |simplify algebraic expressions and solve equations and inequalities in problem situations. The student is expected to: | |

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| |(A)  find specific function values, simplify polynomial expressions, transform and solve equations, and factor as necessary in problem situations | |

| |Including: | |

| |•Areas of rectangles and squares. | |

| |•Factoring binomials and trinomials. | |

| |•Apply the commutative, associative, and distributive properties to solve equations. | |

| |•Substitute a value for a variable. | |

| |•Use a graphing calculator to find specific function values (e.g. zeros of quadratic functions) | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(B)  use the commutative, associative, and distributive properties to simplify algebraic expressions | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(C)  connect equation notation with function notation, such as y = x + 1 and f(x) = x + 1 | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(5)  The student understands that linear functions can be represented in different ways and translates among their various representations. The student is expected to:| |

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| |(A)  determine whether or not given situations can be represented by linear functions Including: | |

| |•Verbal descriptions that describe a constant rate of change and a rate of change that is not constant | |

| |•A table of values with a constant rate of change and a table of values in which the rate of change is not constant. | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(B)  determine the domain and range for linear functions in given situations Including: | |

| |•Earning a salary and/or commission | |

| |•Speed | |

| |•Temperature, etc… | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(C)  use, translate, and make connections among algebraic, tabular, graphical, or verbal descriptions of linear functions Including: | |

| |•Real-world verbal descriptions of a constant rate of change such as earning an hourly wage or a constant speed. | |

| |•Connecting the graph of a line to a description of a real-world experience. | |

| |•Connecting an algebraic expression to a description of a real-world experience. | |

| |•Using a graphing calculator. | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(6)  The student understands the meaning of the slope and intercepts of the graphs of linear functions and zeros of linear functions and interprets and describes the | |

| |effects of changes in parameters of linear functions in real-world and mathematical situations. The student is expected to: | |

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| |(A)  develop the concept of slope as rate of change and determine slopes from graphs, tables, and algebraic representations Including algebraic equations in which the | |

| |equation is in slope-intercept form, point-slope form, and standard form with and without a graphing calculator. | |

| |Such as: | |

| |•Formulas with a linear relationship (i.e. d = r t) | |

| |•Slope formula | |

| |Sketch of a line on a coordinate plane (given a table) | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(B)  interpret the meaning of slope and intercepts in situations using data, symbolic representations, or graphs Including algebraic equations in | |

| |slope-intercept form, point-slope form, and standard form with and without a graphing calculator. | |

| |Such as: | |

| |•Symbolic representations including use of tables and real world applications | |

| |•Representation of slope as integers, fractions, decimals and mixed numbers | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(C)  investigate, describe, and predict the effects of changes in m and b on the graph of y = mx + b Including algebraic equations in | |

| |which the equation is in slope-intercept form, point-slope form, and standard form with and without a graphing calculator. | |

| |Such as: | |

| |•Transformation | |

| |•Changing slope and/or y intercept | |

| |•Doubling/halving slope | |

| |•Parallel and perpendicular slope | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(D)  graph and write equations of lines given characteristics such as two points, a point and a slope, or a slope and y-intercept Including algebraic equations in | |

| |slope-intercept form, point-slope form, and standard form with and without a graphing calculator. | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(E)  determine the intercepts of the graphs of linear functions and zeros of linear functions from graphs, tables, and algebraic representations | |

| |Including algebraic equations in slope-intercept form, point-slope form, and standard form with and without a graphing calculator. | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(F)  interpret and predict the effects of changing slope and y-intercept in applied situations •Including real-world | |

| |situations that model a constant change such as a salary, commission, a ride in a taxi, renting a car, speed, buying gasoline, etc. | |

| |•Algebraic equations in slope-intercept form, point-slope form, and standard form | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(G)  relate direct variation to linear functions and solve problems involving proportional change Including: | |

| |•Real-world situations that model a constant change such as a salary, commission, a ride in a taxi, renting a car, speed, buying gasoline, etc. | |

| |•Algebraic equations in slope-intercept form, point-slope form, and stand form | |

| |•Using a graphing calculator | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(7)  The student formulates equations and inequalities based on linear functions, uses a variety of methods to solve them, and analyzes the solutions in terms of the | |

| |situation. The student is expected to: | |

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| |(A)  analyze situations involving linear functions and formulate linear equations or inequalities to solve problems Including: | |

| |•Real-world problems involving a constant rate of change where the value of the y-intercept is zero or not zero. | |

| |•Algebraic equations in slope-intercept form, point-slope form, and standard form. | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(B)  investigate methods for solving linear equations and inequalities using concrete models, graphs, and the properties of equality, select a method, and solve the | |

| |equations and inequalities Including: | |

| |•Using information from concrete models to write linear equations and inequalities, plot graphs, and solve equations and inequalities | |

| |•Use graphs to solve linear equations and inequalities | |

| |•Algebraic equations and inequalities in slope-intercept form, point-slope form, and standard form | |

| |•Using a graphing calculator | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(C)  interpret and determine the reasonableness of solutions to linear equations and inequalities Including: | |

| |•Linear relationships in tables, equations, inequalities, and verbal descriptions | |

| |•Algebraic equations and inequalities in slope-intercept form, point-slope form, and standard form | |

| |•Using a graphing calculator | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |The student formulates systems of linear equations from problem situations, uses a variety of methods to solve them, | |

| |and analyzes the solutions in terms of the situation. The | |

| |student is expected to: | |

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| |(A) analyze situations and formulate systems of linear equations in two unknowns to solve problems Including setting up a system given| |

| |a real world situation. | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(B)  solve systems of linear equations using concrete models, graphs, tables, and algebraic methods Including: | |

| |•Using the addition method (aka elimination method or combinations method) to solve a system in which there is no solution, one solution, and infinite solutions | |

| |•Using the substitution method to solve a system in which there is no solution, one solution, and infinite solutions | |

| |•Using a graphing calculator to find the intersection of the system (i.e. the solution) | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(C)  interpret and determine the reasonableness of solutions to systems of linear equations Including: | |

| |•Algebraic equations in slope-intercept form, point- slope form, and standard form. | |

| |•Using the addition method to solve a system in which there is no solution, one solution, and infinite solutions. | |

| |•Using the substitution method to solve a system in which there is no solution, one solution, and infinite solutions. | |

| |•Using graphing calculators | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(9)  The student understands that the graphs of quadratic functions are affected by the parameters of the function and can interpret and describe the effects of changes| |

| |in the parameters of quadratic functions. Following are performance descriptions. | |

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| |(A)  determine the domain and range for quadratic functions in given situations Including graphs, tables, | |

| |verbal descriptions, and equations. | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(B)  investigate, describe, and predict the effects of changes in a on the graph of y = ax2 + c Including: | |

| |•Equations in which is a number less than 0 and greater than 0. | |

| |•Using a graphing calculator. | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(C)  investigate, describe, and predict the effects of changes in c on the graph of y = ax2 + c Including: | |

| |•Equations in which c is a number less than 0 | |

| |•Equations in which c is a number greater than 0 | |

| |•Using a graphing calculator | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(D)  analyze graphs of quadratic functions and draw conclusions Including: | |

| |•Naming the vertex | |

| |•Naming the zeros (roots, solutions, and x-intercepts) | |

| |•Determine whether ‘a’ is positive or negative | |

| |•Finding the domain and range | |

| |•Applying quadratics to real world applications | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(10)  The student understands there is more than one way to solve a quadratic equation and solves them using appropriate methods. The student is expected to: | |

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| |(A)  solve quadratic equations using concrete models, tables, graphs, and algebraic methods Including: | |

| |•Factoring | |

| |•Graphing calculators to find zeros (roots, solutions, and x-intercepts) | |

| |•Other methods such as algebra tiles | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(B)  make connections among the solutions (roots) of quadratic equations, the zeros of their related functions, and the horizontal intercepts (x-intercepts) of the | |

| |graph of the function Including: | |

| |•Using a graphing calculator | |

| |•Factoring | |

| |•Real world problems such as area of a rectangle | |

| |•Other methods such as algebra tiles | |

| |•Use terminology (i.e. solutions, roots, zeros, and x-intercepts) | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(11) The student understands there are situations modeled by functions that are neither linear nor quadratic and models the situations. The student is expected to: | |

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| |(A)  use patterns to generate the laws of exponents and apply them in problem-solving situations Including: | |

| |•Using the terminology dependent and independent events | |

| |•Reviewing fraction, decimal, and % conversions | |

| |•Teaching calculator concepts (i.e. decimal to fraction) | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(B)  analyze data and represent situations involving inverse variation using concrete models, tables, graphs, or algebraic methods | |

| |Including: | |

| |•Teaching difference between theoretical and experimental probability | |

| |•Reviewing fraction, decimal, and % conversions calculator use | |

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| |IPM | |

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| |(C)  analyze data and represent situations involving exponential growth and decay using concrete models, tables, graphs, or algebraic methods | |

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| |IPM | |

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|Additional TEKS |

|111.24  Mathematics, |Grading Period |

|Grade 8.  Middle School | |

| |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |

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|(8.1) The student understands that different forms of numbers are appropriate for different situations. The student is | | | | | | |

|expected to: | | | | | | |

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|((8.3) Patterns, relationships, and algebraic thinking. The student identifies proportional or non-proportional linear relationships | | | | | | |

|in problem situations and solves problems. | | | | | | |

|The student is expected to: | | | | | | |

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| (6)  The student uses transformational geometry to develop spatial sense. The student is expected to: | | | | | | |

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|  |IPM | | | | | |

|(B)  graph dilations, reflections, and translations on a coordinate plane | | | | | | |

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|(8.7)  The student uses geometry to model and describe the physical world. The student is expected to: | | | | | | |

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|  |IPM | | | | | |

|(B)  use geometric concepts and properties to solve problems in fields such as art and architecture | | | | | | |

|Include: | | | | | | |

|•Using the given data to solve for perimeter, circumference, area, | | | | | | |

|volume, or dimension | | | | | | |

|•Various representations of limits of measures | | | | | | |

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|  |IPM | | | | | |

|(C)  use pictures or models to demonstrate the Pythagorean Theorem | | | | | | |

|Including: | | | | | | |

|•When inscribed in a circle or polygon and/or real life pictorial | | | | | | |

|examples | | | | | | |

|•Vocabulary: (i.e. hypotenuse, leg, radius, diameter) | | | | | | |

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|  |IPM | | | | | |

|(D)  locate and name points on a coordinate plane using ordered pairs of rational numbers | | | | | | |

|Including: | | | | | | |

|•Using all four quadrants | | | | | | |

|•Vocabulary (i.e. x-axis, y-axis, x-coordinate, y-coordinate, | | | | | | |

|quadrants, origin) | | | | | | |

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|(8.8) The student uses procedures to determine measures of three-dimensional figures. The student is expected to: | | | | | | |

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|  |IPM | | | | | |

|connect models of prisms, cylinders, pyramids, spheres, and cones | | | | | | |

|to formulas for volume of these objects | | | | | | |

|Including: | | | | | | |

|•Matching nets and models to appropriate formulas to problem | | | | | | |

|solve | | | | | | |

|•Real-life models (i.e. sphere-basketball) | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |

|  |IPM | | | | | |

|estimate measurements and use formulas to solve application | | | | | | |

|problems involving lateral and total surface area and volume | | | | | | |

|Including: | | | | | | |

|•Measurements in metric and standard units for cubes, cylinders, | | | | | | |

|cone, spheres, and prisms | | | | | | |

|•Rounding all dimensions to whole numbers | | | | | | |

|•Using “3” for (pi symbol) | | | | | | |

|•The capital B on the formula chart is the area of the base | | | | | | |

|•Vocabulary: (i.e. surface area, prism, rectangular prism, triangular prism, cylinder, pyramid, lateral surface area, edge, face, | | | | | | |

|vertex, height, base, total | | | | | | |

|surface area, net, volume) | | | | | | |

|•Real-life models (i.e. rectangular prism = a present or a shoe box) | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |

|  | | | | | | |

|(8.9) The student uses indirect measurement to solve problems. The student is expected to: | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |

|  |IPM | | | | | |

|(B)  use proportional relationships in similar two-dimensional figures or similar three-dimensional figures to find missing | | | | | | |

|measurements | | | | | | |

|Including: | | | | | | |

|•Setting up proportions or using a scale factor | | | | | | |

|•Identifying the corresponding sides of similar figures when the | | | | | | |

|figure is rotated and/or not rotated | | | | | | |

|•Vocabulary: (i.e. similar, corresponding, scale factor, dimensions, | | | | | | |

|rotation, proportional and two- and three-dimensional figures) | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |

|  | | | | | | |

|(8.10) The student describes how changes in dimensions affect linear, area, and volume measures. The student is expected to: | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |

|  |IPM | | | | | |

|describe the resulting effect on volume when dimensions of a solid | | | | | | |

|are changed proportionally | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |

|  | | | | | | |

|(8.11) The student applies concepts of theoretical and experimental probability to make predictions. The student is expected to: | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |

|  |IPM | | | | | |

|use theoretical probabilities and experimental results to make | | | | | | |

|predictions and decisions | | | | | | |

|Including: | | | | | | |

|•Displaying the results as a fraction or a decimal or percent | | | | | | |

|•Working the problem from a verbal description | | | | | | |

|•Analyzing data from a table or graph | | | | | | |

|•Using experimental results and comparing those results with the | | | | | | |

|theoretical results. | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | |

|(8.12) The student uses statistical procedures to describe data. The student is expected to: | | | | | | |

|select and use an appropriate representation for presenting and displaying relationships among collected data, including line |IPM | | | | | |

|plots, line graphs, stem and leaf plots, circle graphs, bar graphs, box and whisker plots, histograms, and Venn diagrams, with and | | | | | | |

|without the use of technology | | | | | | |

|Including: | | | | | | |

|•Frequency tables | | | | | | |

|•Vocabulary (i.e. intervals, scale) | | | | | | |

|(8.13)The student evaluates predictions and conclusions based on | | | | | | |

|statistical data. The student is expected to: | | | | | | |

|(8.14) The student applies Grade 8 mathematics to solve | | | | | | |

|problems connected to everyday experiences, investigations | | | | | | |

|in other disciplines, and activities in and outside of school. | | | | | | |

|The student is expected to: | | | | | | |

|use a problem-solving model that incorporates understanding |IPM | | | | | |

|the problem, making a plan, carrying out the plan, and evaluating the solution for reasonableness | | | | | | |

|This student expectation can be tested in every strand including | | | | | | |

|one or more than one TEKS at a time | | | | | | |

|(C)  select or develop an appropriate problem-solving strategy from |IPM | | | | | |

|a variety of different types, including drawing a picture, looking | | | | | | |

|for a pattern, systematic guessing and checking, acting it out, | | | | | | |

|making a table, working a simpler problem, or working | | | | | | |

|backwards to solve a problem | | | | | | |

|This student expectation can be tested in every strand including | | | | | | |

|one or more than one TEKS at a time. | | | | | | |

|(8.15)The student communicates about Grade 8 mathematics | | | | | | |

|through informal and mathematical language, representations, and models. The student is expected to: | | | | | | |

|(8.16) The student uses logical reasoning to make conjectures | | | | | | |

|and verify conclusions. The student is expected to: | | | | | | |

A) validate his/her conclusions using mathematical properties and relationships

This one or more than one TEKS at a time.

|I IPM | | | | | | |

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