“Medical Lessons from History”



“Medical Lessons from History” Endnotes by CRW 221 students Fall 2009 McCarthy

“empiricism” (Thomas 159) The practice of medicine that disregards scientific theory and relies solely on practical experience. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved October 21, 2009, from website: . Thomas uses the term, “empiricism” in connection with the history of medicine based on trial and error experimentation. According to Nissani (1995) interdisciplinary research combines distinctive components of two or more disciplines in the search or creation of new knowledge, operational procedures, or artistic expressions (pp1) Lattuca (2001) contends that interdisciplinary research refers to research teams in which the effort is integrated into a unified whole (pp12),” with reference to page 167 of article, ”Medical Lessons from History.

--Charles Amanfo

“Pharmacopeia” (Thomas, Medical Lessons from History pg. 158) “1. a book describing drugs, chemicals, and medicinal preparations; especially: one issued by an officially recognized authority and serving as a standard- compares DIPENSATORY 1” (noun): (Merriam-Webster’s Medical Dictionary. 2002 Merriam-Webster, Inc.) Thomas is saying that modern medicine has been used since the 1930s. It has been documented in the pharmacopeia that Sulfonamides and Penicillin have been used since that time; by documenting these we are able to see the force of a revolution in medical practice. Thomas explains this in his writing of medicine and History.

--Kathleen Spencer

“millennia” (Thomas 159) A hoped-for period of joy, serenity, prosperity, and justice The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Retrieved October 22, 2009, from website: . Thomas uses the term “millennia” as quoted in page 166 that “the scientists who do research on cardiovascular system are entirely confident that they will soon be working close to the center of things, and they no longer regard the mechanisms of heart disease as impenetrable mysteries”. Lattuca (2001) states, indisciplinary research refers to research teams in which the effort is integrated into unified whole (pp.12)

--Charles Amanfo

“Frivolous” (Thomas, pg 159) (adj.), “1. Unworthy of serious attention; trivial. 2. Inappropriately silly. [Prob. < Lat. Frῑvolus.]” (The American Heritage, pg 343) Thomas used this metaphor to describe the human experimentation in retrospect. The author used this example to show that there was unworthy serious attention and irresponsible kind of human experiment happened in the pharmacy discipline.

--Jagruti Amin

“Fomentations” (Thomas, 160), “Fomentations differ from compresses in that they are local applications of hot and cold given alternately. Compresses are either hot or cold, but not given alternately. Either infusions or decoctions are used for fomentations, depending on which part of the plant is used. Fomentations stimulate circulation, aid in decongestion, draw abscesses, and are soothing to external tissue and warm stiff joints. They can be used for acute inflammations, local pains and congestion, neuralgia, toothache, and pleurisy.” (. paragraph 1) Thomas used this reference to show the many different ways that people have tried to cure illnesses, through trial and error.

--Lynn Riley

“Montaigne” (Thomas, pg 160), “Michel Eyquem de. 1533-92. French essayist.” (The American Heritage, pg 549) Thomas throughout the article talked about pharmacy, so he just uses the example to prove his point. Montaigne wrote about illnesses caused by doctoring countries in the pharmacy discipline. Montaigne wrote before Ivan Illich had effect of it. The author is trying to say that in the pharmacy discipline many times in the past, researchers created the illnesses instead of researching the cure other serious illnesses. First time, Montaigne wrote about it to tell the people what it is happening in the research lab.

--Jagruti Amin

“Flamboyant Therapy” (Thomas 161) “Flamboyant- marked by or given to strikingly elaborate or colorful display or behavior. Therapy- treatment of bodily, mental or behavior disorders. This term means a type of therapy that outstands from other therapies either by providing a unique way to help the behavior, the mental disorder or the injured body. (The Merriam Webster Dictionary page 274 and 741). Thomas uses this term to explain to the reader that when diagnosis became the central purpose for medicine and as the methods for diagnosis improved, accurate prognosis also became possible, patients will now know the name of the illness so physicians will have the responsibilities to provide the patient with the correct therapy or supportive treatment such as good nursing care, appropriate bed rest diet so that the patient can cure from the illness. Interdisciplinary- Physical Therapy

---Nayline Carrion

“Pathogenic Organisms” (Thomas, 162) “ Pathogenic- a specific bacteria causing a disease. Organism- an individual living thing as a person, animal or plant, term means a living thing carrying certain bacteria causing a disease or illness.” (The Merriam Webster Dictionary page 510 and 528.) Thomas uses this term to help the reader recognize the major bacteria and disease in the human body that was found in a research. He is explaining some science and biology in the paragraph where he uses this term.

----Nayline Carrion

“Poliomyelitis” (Thomas, Medical Lessons from History pg. 163) “: n. A highly infectious viral disease that chiefly affects children and, in it’s acute forms, causes inflammation of motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem, leading to paralysis, muscular atrophy, and often deformity. Through vaccination, the disease is preventable, also called infantile paralysis.” (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Forth Edition copyright 2009 by Houghton Miffin Company) Thomas is saying that Virus diseases such as poliomyelitis and measles became under control by making new vaccines. Thomas explains this through the history of medicine.

--Kathleen Spencer

“Lobar pneumonia” (Thomas, 164), also known as lung infection or bronchial pneumonia” ( paragraph 1) “inflammation of the lungs caused by a bacteria or virus” (Webster’s New World Dictionary p496) Thomas used lobar pneumonia as one of the infections that could be treated with antibiotics.

--Lynn Riley

“elucidating” (Thomas 166), “to render lucid; now only fig. to throw light upon, clear up, or explain” (Oxford English Dictionary Online). Thomas used the word “elucidating” to show how bacterial cells help explain other mechanisms. Thomas relates disciplines such as science, medicine, and neurobiology.

-Paul Kustka

Term: “paradoxical” (Thomas, 166), “a seemingly contradictory statement that may nonetheless be true. 2. One exhibiting inexplicable or contradictory aspects. Par’a•dox’ical adj.” American Heritage Dictionary (pg. #612). “Paradoxical,” in spite a situation is an inconsistent statement. Thomas used the term by saying, “At the same time, and this will have a paradoxical sound, there has never been a period in medicine when the future has looked so bright” (pg. # 166).

-Jennifer Jimenez

“Circuitry” (Thomas, p. 167) “The design or a detailed plan for an electric circuit, Electric circuit consider electric group” (American Heritage College Dictionary) Thomas used this term to compare the different ways in the neurobiologists saw the brain twenty five years ago as a mass of electric system, and how they are able to see each reaction or the internal traffic of the nerves in the brain today with technological devices.

--Felicia Guerrero

“Biochemical Activators” (Thomas, 167) “Bio: Indicating or involving life or living organisms, Chemical: of or pertaining to chemistry and Activators: to set in motion; make active.”(The American Heritage Dictionary, Second College Edition pgs. 180, 263, 177) Thomas uses this term in his interdisciplinary writing to talk about two different disciplines. The disciplines that he is talking about are the electronic circuitry theory and biochemical activators and their suppressors which are human physiology and the endocrine system.

--Lakia Small

“Multiorgan” ( Thomas, pg 168) Multi:“comb form [ME, fr. MF or L., fr. Multus much, many-more at MELORATE] 1 a: many: multiple: much b: more than two c: than than one 2: many times over ” ( Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary pg 779) Organ: “ 2 a: a differentiated structure (as a heart, kidney, leaf, or stem) consisting of cells and tissues and performing some specific function in an organism b: bodily parts performing a function or cooperating in an activity”( Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary pg 831) There are many involvements with how different things work together. When different parts combine and work together, it unifies as whole.

--Phung Vuong

“Pathologic Mechanisms” (Thomas, 169) “Pathologic: pertaining to or caused by disease and Mechanisms: a machine or mechanical appliance.” (The American Heritage Dictionary, Second Edition pgs. 910, 776) Thomas uses this term in his interdisciplinary writing to refer to the disciplines of genetics and the environment. He is saying that with genetics we can stop or turn off the organs that are involved in the carrying of the different diseases that may or may not be related. He is saying that turning off one of them can turn them all off.

--Lakia Small

“Solvable” (Thomas, p.169) Adj. “Possible to solved. eg. solvable problem” (American Heritage College Dictionary) Thomas used this term to describe how he thinks that the changes in the medicine has been able to find cure for major diseases and if it continues like that the future medicine might turn into a society free of disease: facts that were totally ignored around fifty years ago.

--Felicia Guerrero

Term “diphtheria” (Thomas, 170), “an acute infectious bacterial disease marked by high, fever, weakness, and the formation of a false membrane in the throat and other respiratory passages, causing difficulty in breathing.” American Heritage Dictionary (pg. #244). “Diphtheria” is a contagious bacterial infection that causes a high fever, weakness and difficult breathing when a false membrane is formed in the throat. Thomas used the term by saying, “By the late 1930s this research has already paid off; the techniques of active and passive immunization had been worked out for diphtheria, tetanus, lobar pneumonia, and a few other bacterial infection; the taxonomy for infectious disease had become an orderly discipline; and the time was ready was ready for sulfanilamide, penicillin, streptomycin, and all the rest” (pg. #162).

-Jennifer Jimenez

morbidity (Thomas, 170). "The condition or state of being diseased, or being caused by disease, physical or mental illness" (Oxford English Dictionary online paragraph 1) having a disease or physical or mental illness. Thomas uses this term to describe how public health officials tell us about our health and how at times we can not seem to accept the news. Thomas uses morbidity and the quote to talk about health sciences and health professions.

-- Ashley Montgomery

“ionosphere” (Thomas, 171), “a region of the outer atmosphere, beginning at a height of 50-80 km. (30-50 miles), which contains many ions and free electrons and is capable of reflecting radio waves; also, a corresponding region above other planets” (Oxford English Dictionary Online). Thomas was using ionosphere as a metaphor to describe how large the cost of medical expenses could exceed to explain economics and medicine.

-Paul Kustka

“Life expectancy” (Thomas, 171) “[compare German Lebenserwartung (1837 or earlier)] the average period that a person (of a specified age, state of health, etc.) may be expected to live, esp. as derived from statistics of the population at large” (Oxford Dictionary Online, dictionary.) Thomas is explaining the higher life expectancy is a process from emerging technologies and new knowledge that applied from prior experiences of medicine.

--Phung Vuong

inscrutability (Thomas, 175). "The quality of being inscrutable, can not be searched or found out by searching impenetrable or unfathomable to investigation, quite unintelligible, entirely mysterious (Oxford English Dictionary online paragraph 1), not able to be looked up; hard to find. Thomas uses this term to describe how health problems are sometimes a mystery to us and at the times we never seem to know what is going on. We should always stay on top of our health so we know if we are healthy or not. Thomas uses the term inscrutability to discuss pre-med and nutrition to help people stay healthy and know about their health.

-- Ashley Montgomery

**The following notes need revision:

**Delirium Tremens- (Thomas Lewis pg.160) Merriam Webster Dictionary online Pronunciation: \-tre-menz, \Function: Noun Etymology: New Latin, literally, trembling delirium Date: 1827: A severe form of alcohol withdrawal that involves sudden and severe mental or neurological changes. Delirium Tremens is a severe reaction from which alcoholics are withdrawn and become violent. Thomas uses this term in the reading- to explain how if scientific studies wasn’t done many patients with Delirium Tremens, would have died without getting the Medical treatment to help with this disorder which causes violent and or fatal reactions.

--Harriette Rose

**Serological- (Thomas Lewis 164) Merriam Webster Dictionary online Pronunciation: \sir-e-la-ji-kel\ Function: Adjective Etymology: International Scientific Vocabulary Date: 1909 1. The science that deals with the properties and reaction of serums,, especially blood serum 2. The characteristics of a disease or organism shown by study of blood serums: the serology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome, the serology of mammals. A serological test most commonly referred to a laboratory test done by blood serum to measure antibodies to prevent infections. Serological types are many different types of test that are done on the blood. To help doctors come up with cures for many different diseases found in the human body. Thomas uses this term to explain the interdisciplinary of biology and chemistry which is combined to help doctors come up with many different treatments and cures for the human body.

--Harriette Rose

**WordNetSearch pneumococcus(noun): Diplococcus pneumoniae(bacterium causing pneumonia in mice and humans.) Page: 168 (Medical Lessons) “The record of the past half century has established, I think two general principles about human disease. First it is necessary to know a great deal about underlying mechanisms before one can really act effectively; one had to know that the pneumococcus causes lobar pneumonia before one could begin thinking about antibiotics.

--Denise Stubbs

**poliomyelitis (noun): polio, infantile paralysis, acute anterior poliomyelitis(an acute viral disease marked by inflammation of nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord. Page:170 (Medical Lessons) “No new disease, so far as I know, has come in to take the place of diphtheria, or smallpox, or whooping cough, or poliomyelitis. Nature being inventive, we will probably always have the odd new illness turning up, but not in order to fill our some ordained, predestined quota of human maladies.

--Denise Stubbs

**Schizophernia - noun pg.165 Definitions: A mental disorder whose symtoms include a withdrawal from reality into fantasy.“Oxford Dictionary Thesarus an wordpower guide” Thomas used this term Schizophrenia that do not have a cure.

--Agnes Webster

**Unapproachabliity -noun pg.167 Definition: not capable of being approached; remote; unreachable Webster’s new world college dictionary Thomas used this term unapproachability to get us to understand that nothing complicated to figure out , for example “ that we can never find out how the brain works”

--Agnes Webster

 

**Fomentations- “are local applications of hot and cold given alternately and are made from different parts of plants; for example ginger root. Fomentations are used to stimulate circulation, aid in decongestion, draw abscesses, and are soothing to external tissue and warm stiff joints. They can be used to sooth inflammations, local pains and congestion, and toothaches.” (health/herbs/modeuse) Thomas used this reference to show the many different ways that people have tried to cure illnesses, through trial and error.

--Lynn Riley

**Lobar pneumonia- “also known as lung infection or bronchial pneumonia” () “inflammation of the lungs caused by a bacteria or virus” (Webster’s New World Dictionary p496) Thomas used lobar pneumonia as one of the infections that could be treated with antibiotics.

--Lynn Riley

** “Circuitry (Thomas P. 167) American Heritage College Dictionary Definition: The design or a detailed plan for an electric circuit. Electric circuit consider electric group. Synonyms: Electrical System, Electrical structure Thomas used this term to compare the different ways in the neurobiologists saw the brain twenty five years ago as a mass of electric system, and how they are able to see each reaction or the internal traffic of the nerves in the brain today with the technology help.

--Felicia Guerrero

**Solvable: (Thomas, 169) Adj. American Heritage College Dictionary Possible to solved. eg. solvable problem Definition Encarta Dictionary: able to be solved, capable to be solved Thomas used this term to describe how he thinks that the changes in the medicine has been able to find cure for major diseases and if it continues like that the future medicine might turn into a society free of disease: facts that were totally no ignored around fifty years ago.

--Felicia Guerrero

** “Newtonian Physics” (Thomas, page 172) “Physics” Oxford English Dictionary, Draft Revision Mar. 2009 () 1. a. “Natural science in general; esp. the Aristotelian system of natural science. Also: a treatise on natural science. Now hist.” b. “The branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of non-living matter and energy, in so far as they are not dealt with by chemistry or biology; the science whose subject matter includes mechanics, heat, light and other radiation, sound, electricity, magnetism, gravity, the structure of atoms, the nature of subatomic particles, and the fundamental laws of the material universe. Also: the physical properties and phenomena of a thing” Thomas Lewis is using this term to explain how early surprising science methods use before will be useful today, the base of the foundation of what was use before that has progressed today. “There is a very high probability that whatever astonishes us in biology today will turn out to be usable, and useful, tomorrow.” “This, I think, is the established record of science itself, over the past two hundred years, and we ought to have more confidence in the progress. (Thomas, page 172)

--Nancy Caban

** “Astonishments” “Astonished” (Thomas, page 173) () 4. Amazed, full of surprised wonder. Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition 1989 “The state of being astonished, 2) A cause of amazement or wonder. Astonish- To strike with sudden wonder; surprise greatly.” Webster’s New Explorer, College Dictionary New Edition, page 58 Thomas Lewis is using this term to explain the knowledge of evolution and genetics, the living development and life process. For example: “Using surprise as guide, we progressed” (Thomas, page 172) “We progressed from Newtonian physics to electromagnetism, to quantum mechanics and contemporary geophysics and cosmology” (Thomas, page 173)

--Nancy Caban

**St Matthew Passion (Bach) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search

"St Matthew Passion" redirects here. For other musical works of that name, see St. Matthew Passion (disambiguation). The St. Matthew Passion, BWV 244, also known as Matthæus Passion (German: Matthäuspassion), is a musical composition written by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1727 for solo voices, double choir and double orchestra, with libretto by Picander (Christian Friedrich Henrici). It sets chapters 26 and 27 of the Gospel of Matthew to music, with interspersed chorales and arias.

Only two of the four (or five) settings of the Passion which Bach wrote have survived; the other is the St. John Passion. The St. Matthew Passion was probably first performed on Good Friday (11 April) 1727[1] in the Thomaskirche in Leipzig, where Bach was the Kapellmeister. He revised it by 1736, performing it again on March 30, 1736, this time including two organs in the instrumentation.

The St. Matthew Passion was not heard outside of Leipzig until 1829, when Felix Mendelssohn performed an abbreviated and modified version of it in Berlin to great acclaim. Mendelssohn's revival of the St. Matthew Passion brought the music of Bach, particularly the large-scale works, to a public and scholarly attention that has persisted into the present era. Sims Reeves claimed that he had sung the tenor music in the first complete performance of the work in England, at St James's Hall under William Sterndale Bennett, in around 1854 with Helen Lemmens-Sherrington, Charlotte Sainton-Dolby and Willoughby Weiss. Reeves modified some of the difficult intervals for the tenor part.[2]

Contents

[hide]• 1 Structure • 2 Interpolated texts• 3 Compositional style • 4 Notable recordings • 5 References • 6 Sources • 7 External links

**Brownian Movement. The act or process the activities of a group toward the achievement of a goal.

Small round structures. (page 467 Webster's new basic dictionary, copyright 2007 by Houghton Mifflin Company).

--Hilda Tetzaguic

**Nihilism: Thomas 162 The Merrimac Webster Dictionary Page # 488 A viewpoint that traditional values and beliefs are unfounded and that existence is senseless and useless 2: anarchism. Nihilism: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing) is the philosophical doctrine suggesting the negation of one or more aspects of life or the world in general. Most commonly, nihilism is presented in the form of existential nihilism which argues that life is without objective meaning, purpose, or intrinsic value. Moral nihilists asserts that morality does not exist, and subsequently there are no moral values with which to uphold a rule or logically prefer one action over another. Nihilism can also take epistemological, metaphysical, or ontological forms. The term nihilism is sometimes used in association with anomie to explain the general mood of despair at a perceived pointlessness of existence that one may develop upon realizing there are no necessary norms, rules, or laws. Movements such as Futurism and deconstructionism, among others, have been identified by commentators as "nihilistic" at various times in various contexts. Often this means or is meant to imply that the beliefs of the accuser are more substantial or truthful, whereas the beliefs of the accused are nihilistic, and thereby comparatively amount to nothing (or are simply claimed to be destructively amoralistic. Nihilism is also a characteristic that has been ascribed to time periods: for example, Jean Baudrillard and others have called postmodernity a nihilistic epoch, and some Christian theologians and figures of religious authority have asserted that postmodernity and many aspects of modernity represent a rejection of theism, and that such a rejection entails some form of nihilism.

--Isabel Blanco

**Brucellae: Thomas 164 Random House Webster College Dictionary Page 170. Infection with bacteria of the brucellosis genus frequently causing spontaneous abortions in animals and remittent fever in humans. Also called undulant fever. (1925-30: WL Brucell (a) (after D. Bruce; see-ella) + -osis. Brucellae: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mediterranean fever, rock fever, or undulant fever, is a highly contagious zoonosis caused by ingestion of unsterilized milk or meat from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions. Brucella spp. are small, Gram-negative, non-motile-spore-forming rods, which function as facultative intracellular parasites that cause chronic disease, which usually persists for life. Symptoms includes profuse sweating and joint and muscle pain. Brucellosis has been recognized in animals including humans since the 19th century. History and nomenclatureThe disease now called brucellosis, under the name "Mediterranean fever" first came to the attention of British medical officers in Malta during the Crimean War in the 1850s. the causal relationship between organism and disease was first established by Dr. David Bruce in 1887. In 1897 Danish veterinarian Bernhard Bang isolated Brucella abortus as the agent and the additional name "Bang's disease" was assigned. In modern usage "Bang's disease" is often shortened to just "Bangs" when ranchers discuss the disease or vaccine. Maltese doctor and archaeologist Sir Temi Zammit identified unpasteurized milk as the major source of the pathogen in 1905, and it has since become known as Malta fever, or deni rqiq locally. In cattle his disease is also known as contagious abortion and infectious abortion. The popular name "undulant fever" originates from the characteristics undulance (or "wave-like nature) of the fever which rises and falls over weeks in untreated patients. In the 20th century, this name, along with "brucellosis" (after Brucella named for Dr. Bruce), gradually replaced the 19th century names Mediterranean fever and "Malta fever" Thomas was using nihilism in the sense that sometimes we almost give up in our research thinking that is no hope in what we are doing, but we see thru his writing that sometimes the answer comes unexpectedly from a different approach. Thomas was using the word brucella to refer a bacteria to cause abortion in animals and remittent fever in humans and how the role of the research in pneumococci help in cure this bacteria and others kind of infectious disease. This means that the only way to understand something is thru the analysis of the different parts that form it, even thought if it takes long time to document and research a large information.

--Isabel Blanco

**“Medical Lessons From history” (Thomas Lewis, 173) “In biology, evolution and genetics were the earliest big astonishments, but what has been going on in the past quarter century is simply flabbergasting.” (Yourdictionary, Online) Thomas was using astonishments, to describe that amazing genetic was in the earlier time and how surprising it is now and it will in the future.

--Soma Zangiband

** “Medical Lessons from history” (Thomas Lewis, 169) “ I think that schizophrenia will turn out to be a neurochemical disorder, with some central, single chemical event gone wrong..” (Your dictionary, online, Part #1) the definition of schizophrenia a major mental disorder of unknown cause typically characterized by a separation between the thought processes and the emotions, a distortion of reality accompanied by delusions and hallucinations, a fragmentation of the personality, motor disturbances, bizarre behavior, etc., often with no loss of basic intellectual functions: this term has largely replaced dementia praecox, since it does not always result in deterioration (dementia) or always develop in adolescence or before maturity (praecox). What Thomas means is that very disease has their own symptoms and they will always turn to be something different. Therefore, for most of the disease there is not treatment or if there is, they always have some cause. For instant, one of my friends’ mothers took the medicine that her doctor gave her recently. She took the medication with out knowing anything about the causes of the medication. Once, she took the medicine for the first time, she got the heart attach because her body show the reaction to what she took. So, there details that need to underline but unfortunately nor pharmacy and doctor are telling the details about it.

--Soma Zangiband

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