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LATIN DECLINATION TABLES
In Latin, there are five declinations. For knowing the declination of a noun, we have to see the nominative and genitive.
1st declination: the form is a-ae. E.g.:fabula, fabulae.
2nd declination: the form is us-i. E.g.:populus, populi
3rd declination: here we have:
nouns with pair sylabals, nouns with impair sylabals, false pair sylabals, and false impair sylabals.
The false of pair sylabals are only seven, all have something to do with the family.
The false of impair sylabals are the one that have impair sylabals, but before the ending of the declination there is there are two consonants. The false pair sylabals and the impair sylabals are declinated in the same way. And the false impair sylabals and the pair sylabals are declinated in the same way.
This declination has the genitive in is.
4th declination: the form is us-us. E.g.:aditus, aditus
5th declination: the form has i in the genitive. E.g.: dies, diei.
If you look a world in a Latin dictionary, the nominative and genitive of the word will be provided.
| |1st DECLINATION |
| |SINGULAR |PLURAL |
|NOMINATIVO |fabula |fabulae |
|VOCATIVO |fabula |fabulae |
|ACUSATIVO |fabulam |fabulas |
|GENITIVO |fabulae |fabularum |
|DATIVO |fabula |fabulis |
|ABLATIVO |fabula |fabulis |
| |2nd DECLINATION |
| |M/F |NEUTRALS |
| |SINGULAR |PLURAL |SINGULAR |PLURAL |
|NOMINATIVO |populus |populi |augurium |auguria |
|VOCATIVO |popule |populi |augurium |auguria |
|ACUSATIVO |populum |populos |augurium |auguria |
|GENITIVO |populi |populorum |augurii |auguriorum |
|DATIVO |populo |populis |augurio |auguriis |
|ABLATIVO |populo |populis |augurio |auguriis |
| |3rd DECLINATION |
| |IMPAIR SYLABALS |FALSE PAIR SYLABALS |
| |M/F |NEUTRALS |M/F |
| |SINGULAR |PLURAL |SINGULAR |PLURAL |SINGULAR |PLURAL |
|NOMINATIVO |homo |homines |nomen |nomina |pater |patres |
|VOCATIVO |homo |homines |nomen |nomina |pater |patres |
|ACUSATIVO |hominem |homines |nomen |nomina |patrem |patres |
|GENITIVO |hominis |hominum |nominis |nominum |patris |patrum |
|DATIVO |homini |hominibus |nomini |nominibus |patri |patribus |
|ABLATIVO |homine |hominibus |nomine |nominibus |patre |patribus |
| |3rd DECLINATION |
| |PAIR SYLABALS |FALSE IMPAIR SYLABALS |
| |M/F |NEUTRALS |M/F |
| |SINGULAR |PLURAL |SINGULAR |PLURAL |SINGULAR |PLURAL |
|NOMINATIVO |hostis |hostes |mare |maria |gens |gentes |
|VOCATIVO |hostis |hostes |mare |maria |gens |gentes |
|ACUSATIVO |hostem |hostes |mare |maria |gentem |gentes |
|GENITIVO |hostis |hostium |maris |marium |gentis |gentium |
|DATIVO |hosti |hostibus |mari |maribus |genti |gentibus |
|ABLATIVO |hoste |hostibus |mari |maribus |gente |gentibus |
| | |4th DECLINATION |
| | |M/F |NEUTRALS |
| | |SINGULAR |PLURAL |SINGULAR |PLURAL |
| |NOMINATIVO |aditus |aditus |cornu |cornua |
| |VOCATIVO |aditus |aditus |cornu |cornua |
| |ACUSATIVO |aditum |aditus |cornu |cornua |
| |GENITIVO |aditus |adituum |cornus |cornuum |
| |DATIVO |aditui |aditibus |cornui |cornibus |
| |ABLATIVO |aditu |aditibus |cornu |cornibus |
| |5TH DECLINATION |
| |SINGULAR |PLURAL |
|NOMINATIVO |dies |dies |
|VOCATIVO |dies |dies |
|ACUSATIVO |diem |dies |
|GENITIVO |diei |dierum |
|DATIVO |diei |diebus |
|ABLATIVO |die |diebus |
Noun Declension Paradigms
Basic endings in the various declensions
|Singular |
|Case |1 f. |2 m. |2 n. |3 mf |3 n. |4 m. |4 n. |5 f. |
|Nominative |-a |-us |-um | | |-us |-u |-es |
|Genitive |-ae |-i |-i |-is |-is |-us |-us |-ei |
|Dative |-ae |-o |-o |-i |-i |-ui |-u |-ei |
|Accusative |-am |-um |-um |-em | |-um |-u |-em |
|Ablative |-a |-o |-o |-e |-e, -i |-u |-u |-e |
|Locative |-ae |-i |-i |-i, -e |-i, -e |-i |? |? |
|Vocative |-a |-e |-um | | |-us |-u |-es |
|Plural | | | | | | | | |
|Case |1 f. |2 m. |2 n. |3 mf |3 n. |4 m. |4 n. |5 f. |
|Nom/Voc |-ae |-i |-a |-es |-a |-us |-ua |-es |
|Genitive |-arum |-orum |-orum |-um |-um |-uum |-uum |-erum |
|Dat/Abl/Loc |-is |-is |-is |-ibus |-ibus |-ibus, -ubus |-ibus |-ebus |
|Accusative |-as |-os |-a |-es |-a |-us |-ua |-es |
Technical Disclaimers on the Locative Case
The listed sources are inconsistent on how the locative is formed, so the above table might not agree with your textbook. There is agreement among my textbooks that in the first and second declension, the locative singular is identical with the genitive form, and that in plurals it is always the same as the dative-ablative form. Where they differ is in the locative forms for the singulars of the third, fourth and fifth declension. (It probably never occurs in the fifth declension!) For third declension singular, some say that it may take either the dative or the ablative form, while others say it takes the dative form. (Most of the examples they give seem to be the same as the dative in form.) For fourth declension singular, one says the dative forms are used, but the only actual example seems to be the fourth declension word domus whose locative is domi. But domus affords other problems since it was moving from fourth to second declension in classical times, and this form is consistent with its second declension paradigm.
Principal parts of nouns
The principal parts of a noun are its nominative and genitive singular forms, for example:
matella, matellae. nf. chamber pot.
From the genitive ending -ae, the noun matella is identified as a first declension noun. Dropping the genitive ending gives the base matell- to which endings are added.
Some nouns have plural forms only. For these nouns, the principal parts are the nominative and genitive plural forms. For example:
castra, castrorum. nn. camp.
Again the genitive identifies the declension, in this case second declension, as well as the base castr- to which endings are added.
Basic usages of the various cases
• Nominative: Subject of a sentence, predicate nominatives
The boat is anchored to the shore.
When the silly clowns visit Rome, the emperor's sense of humor is a surprising sight to behold.
Venus, your new hairdo is a pathetic mess.
• Genitive: Possession or attachment. The genitive case was disappearing from colloquial Latin (the Latin of everyday speech, usually called Vulgar Latin) and was often replaced by the preposition de followed by the ablative case.
When the silly clowns visit Rome, the emperor's sense of humor is a surprising sight to behold.
• Dative: Indirect object. Like the genitive case, the dative case was also disappearing from colloquial Latin. The preposition ad followed by the accusative case was sometimes used as a substitute in colloquial Latin.
The silly clowns sometimes give the emperor a hard time.
The silly clowns sometimes give a hard time to the emperor.
• Accusative: Direct object, object of prepositions of motion towards
When the silly clowns visit Rome, the emperor's sense of humor is a surprising sight to behold.
The silly clowns sometimes give the emperor a hard time.
The hen-pecked emperor is travelling to Rome by boat.
• Ablative: Means (instrument), object of prepositions of position and of motion away
The boat is anchored to the shore.
The hen-pecked emperor is travelling to Rome by boat.
• Locative: Location or position. In Latin, this case is a remnant of the old Indo-European Locative case. It is used primarily with place names and a handful of nouns denoting classes of places like domus (home). For most purposes it has been superseded by the use of the prepositions in or ad followed by the ablative case.
We bake our own cookies at home.
The emperor lives in Rome.
If the fountain of Tivoli isn't in Copenhagen, then maybe it was moved to Belgium.
• Vocative: Personal address
Venus, your new hairdo is a pathetic mess.
Yo dude! Get a haircut!
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Wed Jun 21 20:39:35 EDT 2006
Latin First Declension Nouns
Basic paradigm
matella, matellae. nf., chamber pot.
|Case |Singular |Plural |Rough translation |
|Nominative |matella |matellae |the chamber pot(s) |
|Genitive |matellae |matellarum |of the chamber pot(s) |
|Dative |matellae |matellis |to the chamber pot(s) |
|Accusative |matellam |matellas |the chamber pot(s) |
|Ablative |matella |matellis |by means of the chamber pot(s) |
|Locative |matellae |matellis |at/in the chamber pot(s) (obsolete) |
|Vocative |matella |matellae |O Chamber Pot(s)! (rare) |
Irregularities
The Dative/Ablative/Locative plurals for dea and filia are deabus and filiabus, respectively.
First declension nouns of Greek origin have a mix of Greek first declension and Latin first and and fifth declension inflections. (In short, they get hopelessly slaughtered. Some examples appear below.)
Some first declension nouns
1. feminine nouns
o barba, -ae. nf., beard.
o betula, -ae. nf., birch tree.
o braccae, -arum. nf. pl., pants, trousers, breetches.
o bruma, -ae. nf., winter, winter solstice.
o clepsydra, -ae. nf., water clock.
o casa, -ae. nf., cottage, hut. pl. barracks.
o causa, -ae. nf., cause, reason.
o dea, -ae. nf., goddess.
o fama, -ae. nf., report.
o femina, -ae. nf., woman.
o fenestra, -ae. nf., window.
o filia, -ae. nf., daughter.
o formula, -ae. nf., nice shape, beauty, (math.) formula, equation, identity.
o fortuna, -ae. nf., fortune, luck.
o fossa, -ae. nf., ditch.
o fuga, -ae. nf., flight.
o gloria, -ae. nf., fame, glory.
o hora, -ae. nf., hour.
o ira, -ae. nf., anger, wrath.
o lingua, -ae. nf., tongue, language.
o matella, -ae. nf., chamber pot.
o poena, -ae. nf., punishment.
o puella, -ae. nf., girl.
o spelunca, -ae. nf., cave.
o tuba, -ae. nf., trumpet.
2. feminine abstract nouns ending in -ia
o amicitia, -ae. nf., friendship. (from amicus, -a, -um. adj. friendly.)
o audacia, -ae. nf., boldness. (from auda, audacis. adj. bold.)
o elegantia, -ae. nf., elegance, refinement. (from elegans, -antis. adj. elegant, refined.)
o copia, -ae. nf., supply. (from cops, copis. adj. bold.)
o gratia, -ae. nf., favor. (from gratus, -a, -um. adj. pleasant, agreeable, thankful.)
o iniuria, -ae. nf., wrong, injustice. (from iniurus, -a, -um. adj. wrong, unjust.)
o inopia, -ae. nf., lack. (from inops, inopis. adj. poor, destitute.)
o prudentia, -ae. nf., discretion. (from prudens, prudentis. adj. aware, experienced, discreet.)
o scientia, -ae. nf., knowledge. (from sciens, scientis. participial adj., aware, cognizant.)
3. feminine abstract nouns denoting fields of study
o alchimia, -ae. nf., alchemy. (Practitioner: alchemista, -ae. nm., alchemist.) [Medieval? From Greek via Arabic?]
o chemia, -ae. nf., chemistry. (Practioner: peritus chemiae, periti chemiae, [or chemista, -ae?]. nm., chemist.)
o mathematica, -ae. nf., mathematics. (Practitioner: mathematicus, -i. nm., mathematician.)
o medicina, -ae. nf., medicine. (Related to medicus, -i. nm., doctor, physician.) medicinam exercêre. to practice medicine.
o physicae, -arum. nf. pl., physics. (Related to physicus, -i. nm., physicist.)
4. Greek scientific and mathematical vocabulary
Those in this list are common enough typically to appear with standard Latin inflections. The Greek accusative ending -an will sometimes be used in place of Latin -am.
o theoria, -ae. nf., (sci.) theory.
5. masculine nouns
o agricola, -ae. nm., farmer.
o incola, -ae. nm., inhabitant.
o nauta, -ae. nm., sailor.
o pirata, -ae. nm., pirate.
o poeta, -ae. nm., poet.
more first declension masculine nouns
6. Greek first declension nouns
As mentioned before, these are a mess. This class includes proper Greek names and Greek loan words.
| |Aeneas |Anchises |Aphrodite |Athens |
|Case |m. sing. |m. sing. |f. sing. |f. pl. |
|Nominative |Aene-as |Anchises |Aphrodite |Athenae |
|Genitive |-ae |-ae |-es |-arum; |
|Dative |-ae |-ae |-ae |-is |
|Accusative |-an, -am |-en, -am |-en |-as |
|Ablative |-a |-a, -e |-e |-is |
|Locative |(-ae) |(-ae) |(-e) |-is |
Proper Nouns
o Aeneas, -ae. nm. Aeneas.
o Anchises, -ae. nm. Anchises.
o Aphrodite, -es. nf. Aphrodite.
o Athenae, -arum. nf. pl. Athens.
o Circe, -es. nf. Circe.
o Penelope, -es. nf. Penelope.
Greek Loan Words
o cerastes, -ae. nm. horned snake.
o dioecetes, -ae. nm. revenue official, treasurer.
o geometres, -ae. nm. geometer, mathematician.
o xiphias, -ae. nm. swordfish.
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last update: Thursday, February 25, 2010.
Latin Second Declension Nouns
There are several major classes of nouns in this declension. Each of the following is considered in turn:
1. Masculine and (a few) feminine nouns ending in -us
2. Masculine and (a few) feminine nouns ending in -ius
3. Strong nouns ending in -er or -ir
4. Weak nouns ending in -er
5. Neuter nouns ending in -um
6. Neuter nouns ending in -ium
[pic]
Masculine and feminine nouns ending in -us
Basic paradigm
somnus, somni. nm., sleep.
|Case |Singular |Plural |
|Nominative |somnus |somni |
|Genitive |somni |somnorum |
|Dative |somno |somnis |
|Accusative |somnum |somnos |
|Ablative |somno |somnis |
|Locative |somni |somnis |
|Vocative |somne |somni |
Some examples
• amicus, -i. nm., friend.
• animus, -i. nm., mind, spirit.
• campus, -i. nm., plain, field.
• caseus, -i. nm., cheese.
• cervus, -i. nm., deer.
• cibus, -i. nm., food.
• deus, -i. nm., god.
• domus, -us (-i). nf., house, home. (irreg.: Usually fourth declension, but sometimes it is declined as a second declension noun.)
• equus, -i. nm., horse.
• fagus, -i. nf., beech tree.
• fraxinus, -i. nf., ash tree.
• locus, -i. nm., place.
• modus, -i. nm., manner, means.
• mundus, -i. nm., world.
• oculus, -i. nm., eye.
• pinus, -i. nf., pine tree.
• servus, -i. nm., servant.
• sinus, -i. nm., large drinking cup, stein. (Not to be confused with sinus, -us. nm. indentation, curve.)
• somnus, -i. nm., sleep.
• ventus, -i. nm., wind.
Occupational nouns ending in -icus
• mathematicus, -i. nm., mathematician.
• medicinus, -i. nm., doctor, physician.
• physicus, -i. nm., physicist.
[pic]
Masculine and feminine nouns ending in -ius
Basic paradigm
gladius, gladi. nm., sword.
|Case |Singular |Plural |
|Nominative |gladius |gladii |
|Genitive |gladi |gladiorum |
|Dative |gladio |gladiis |
|Accusative |gladium |gladios |
|Ablative |gladio |gladiis |
|Locative |gladi |gladiis |
|Vocative |gladi |gladii |
In the genitive and locative singular, the ending -ii is contracted to -i. In the vocative singular, the ending -ie is also contracted to -i.
Some examples
• filius, fili. nm., son.
• gladius, gladi. nm., sword.
• socius, soci. nm., ally.
[pic]
Strong nouns ending in -er or -ir
Basic paradigm
vesper, vesperi. nm., evening.
|Case |Singular |Plural |
|Nominative |vesper |vesperi |
|Genitive |vesperi |vesperorum |
|Dative |vespero |vesperis |
|Accusative |vesperum |vesperos |
|Ablative |vespero |vesperis |
|Locative |vesperi |vesperis |
|Vocative |vesper |vesperi |
The vocative singular takes the form of the nominative. For all but nominative and vocative singular, endings are added to the base or nominative singular form.
Some examples
• adulter, -i. nm., adulterer.
• miser, -i. nm., wretch, (figurative slang) poor boy.
• puer, -i. nm., boy.
• socer, -i. nm., father-in-law.
• vesper, -i. nm., evening. (Also sometimes third declension: vesper, vesperis.)
• vir, -i. nm., man.
[pic]
Weak nouns ending in -er
Basic paradigm
cancer, cancri. nm., crab.
|Case |Singular |Plural |
|Nominative |cancer |cancri |
|Genitive |cancri |cancrorum |
|Dative |cancro |cancris |
|Accusative |cancrum |cancros |
|Ablative |cancro |cancris |
|Locative |cancri |cancris |
|Vocative |cancer |cancri |
The vocative singular takes the form of the nominative. For all but nominative and vocative singular, endings are added to the base.
Some examples
• ag-er, -ri. nm., field.
• canc-er, -ri. nm., crab.
• lib-er, -ri. nm., book.
• magist-er, -ri. nm., teacher.
[pic]
Neuter nouns ending in -um
Basic paradigm
pabulum, pabuli. nn., fodder.
|Case |Singular |Plural |
|Nominative |pabulum |pabula |
|Genitive |pabuli |pabulorum |
|Dative |pabulo |pabulis |
|Accusative |pabulum |pabula |
|Ablative |pabulo |pabulis |
|Locative |pabuli |pabulis |
|Vocative |pabulum |pabula |
Some examples
• adiectivum, -i. nn., adjective.
• arithmetica, -orum. nn. pl., arithmetic.
• bellum, -i. nn., war.
• castrum, -i. nn., fort. pl., camp.
• chemicum, -i. nm., chemical.
• crustulum, -i. nn., cookie.
• hiberna, -orum. n. pl., winter quarters.
• oppidum, -i. nn., (fortified) town, city.
• pabulum, -i. nn., fodder.
• quadratum, -i. nn., square.
• simulacrum, -i. nn., image.
• triangulum, -i. nn., triangle.
• venenum, -i. nn., poison.
• verbum, -i. nn., verb.
Neuter abstract nouns ending in -mentum
• impedimentum, -i. nn., hindrance.
• medicamentum, -i. nn., drug, medicine. Modo medicamentis negate. Just say no to drugs. Modo medicamentis assentite. Just say yes to drugs.
• tormentum, -i. nn., anguish, torment.
[pic]
Neuter nouns ending in -ium
Basic paradigm
adverbium, adverbi. nn., adverb.
|Case |Singular |Plural |
|Nominative |adverbium |adverbia |
|Genitive |adverbi |adverbiorum |
|Dative |adverbio |adverbiis |
|Accusative |adverbium |adverbia |
|Ablative |adverbio |adverbiis |
|Locative |adverbi |adverbiis |
|Vocative |adverbium |adverbia |
In the genitive and locative singular, the ending -ii is contracted to -i.
Some examples
• adverbium, adverbi. nn., adverb.
• convivium, convivi. nn., banquet.
• labia, labiorum. nn. pl., lips.
Neuter abstract nouns ending in -ium
• augerium, augeri. nn., augery, interpretation of omens.
• concilium, concili. nn., assembly.
• hospitium, hospiti. nn., hospitality.
• magisterium, magisteri. nn., governance, presidency, political control.
• sacrificium, sacrifici. nn., sacrifice.
• servitium, serviti. nn., slavery.
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Monday, March 15, 2010.
Latin Third Declension Nouns
These are divided into several classes:
1. Consonantal stems
1. masculine and feminine
2. neuter
2. i-stems
1. masculine and feminine
2. neuter
[pic]
Consonantal stems
Basic paradigm
rex, regis. nm., king.
opus, operis. nn., work.
| |rex | | |opus | |
|Case |Singular |Plural | |Singular |Plural |
|Nominative |rex |reges | |opus |opera |
|Genitive |regis |regum | |operis |operum |
|Dative |regi |regibus | |operi |operibus |
|Accusative |regem |reges | |opus |opera |
|Ablative |rege |regibus | |opere |operibus |
|Locative |regi, rege |regibus | |operi, opere |operibus |
|Vocative |rex |reges | |opus |opera |
Some examples
1. Masculine and feminine
o anser, anseris. nm., goose.
o canis (or rarely: canes), canis. nm., 1. dog, hound, mutt. 2. subordinate. 3. Sirius, Alpha Canis Majoris, the Dog Star (i.e. the brightest star in the night sky, known also as "the Dog Star" because it is the brightest star in the constellation Canis Major [= the Big Dog]).
o cervix, cervicis. nf., neck.
o custos, custodis. nm., guard.
o feles (or rarely: felis), felis. nf., cat, mouser, marten, ferret, polecat, tomcat. (Note: English cat, French chat and Italian gatto come from an unrelated second declension noun: catus, -i. nm., 1. wildcat, male cat. 2. catfish. 3. a kind of siege engine.)
o frater, fratris. nm., brother.
o leo, leonis. nm., lion.
o mater, matris. nf., mother.
o miles, militis. nm., soldier.
o mulier, mulieris. nf., woman.
o nemo, neminis. nm. or nf. or pronoun, nobody, no one, inconsequential person.
o iuglans, iuglandis. nf., walnut.
o fons, fontis. nm., spring, fountain, origin, source.
o mons, montis. nm., mountain.
o nox, noctis. nf., night. loc. noctu, by night.
o ops, opis. nf., power, help.
o pars, partis. nf., part, share.
o pater, patris. nm., father.
o plebs (or pleps), plebis. nf., commoners, plebeians, common people, masses, (in George Orwell's 1984) plebs. (Also there is a pre-Augustan fifth declension form plebes, plebei.)
o radix, radicis. nf., root, foot of a mountain, foundation, origin. (math.) root.
o rex, regis. nm., king.
o soror, sororis. nf., sister.
o uxor, uxoris. nf., wife.
o vigil, vigilis. nm., fireman.
Feminine abstract nouns ending in -io(n)
These are formed from perfect passive participles:
+ -io
For example:
|verb |incanto (1). vt. (to) enchant, cast a spell (on). |
| | (from canto (1). vt. (to) sing, recite.) |
|passive participle |incantatus |
|participle stem |incantat- + -io |
|+ ending | |
|abstract noun |incantatio. nf. incantation, spell, enchantment. |
This was commonly used for word creation in scientific Latin, and I believe it is still in common use in contemporary ecclesiastical Latin.
Some English neologisms also make use of this form of creation, not always consistently, e.g., verbification (modelled after clarification [from medieval Latin clarifico (1) from Latin clarus + facio, facere, feci, factus] and glorification [from medieval Latin glorifico (1) from Latin gloria + facio, facere, feci, factus]). Verbification can refer to new word creation in a language, or t can refer to a process of constructing verbs from nouns (for example, "to book a suspect".)
o aequatio, -ionis. nf., (math.) equation, identity. (from aequo (1). vt. make equal, match.)
o declaratio, -ionis. nf., statement. (from declaro (1). vt., clarify.)
o evolutio, -ionis. nf., unrolling a scroll, reading, (sci.) development, (math.) expansion (e.g. into series or products). (from evolvo, -vêre -vi, -utus. vt., unroll, unfold, spread, expand.)
o fluctuatio, -ionis. nf., wavering, fluctuation. (from fluctuo (1). vt. waver, fluctuate.)
o fractio, -ionis. nf., (math.) fraction. (from frango, -ere, fregi, fractus. vt. smash, shatter, break.)
o functio, -ionis. nf., performance, (math) function. (from fungor, fungi, functus sum. vi. perform.)
o occasio, -ionis. nf., occasion, opportunity.
o incantatio, -ionis. nf., spell, enchantment. (from incantatus, pp. of incanto (1). vt., enchant, cast a spell on.)
o oratio, orationis. nf., speech, language, expression. (from oratus, pp. of oro (1). vt., beg for, plead.)
Masculine nouns of agency ending in -or, -oris
These are formed from perfect passive participles:
+ -or
o doctor, -oris, nm., teacher. (from doceo (2ui), vt. teach.)
o gladiator, -oris, nm., gladiator. (from gladius, nm. sword.)
o imperator, -oris, nm., general, commander, emperor. (from impero (1), vt. order, command.)
o monitor, -oris, nm., advisor. (from moneo (2), vt. warn, advise.)
o vector, -oris, nm., rider, passenger. (from veho, vehere, vexi, vectus (3), vt. carry, transport. The modern mathematical term vector is from the Latin word. There is also a related Latin verb vecto (1), also transitive, and very similar in meaning -- its past participle vectatus clearly does not give the stem for vector.)
Feminine abstract nouns ending in -tas, -tatis
These are formed from adjectives:
+ -(i)tas
o aequalitas, -tatis. nf., equality. (from aequal, adj., equal. from aequus, adj., level, even.)
o fraternitas, -tatis. nf., brotherhood. (from fraternus, adj., brotherly. from frater. nm., brother.)
o libertas, -tatis. nf., freedom. (from liber. adj., freedom.)
o maiestas, -tatis. nf., majesty.
o maioritas, -tatis. nf., majority. (from maior. adj., larger, more important.)
Feminine abstract nouns ending in -tudo(n)
These are formed from adjectives:
+ -(i)tudo
o magnitudo, magnitudinis. nf., size, importance, extent. (from magnus. adj., large, important.)
o multitudo, multitudinis. nf., great number, crowd, mob, rabble. (from multus. adj., much, many, large, tedious.)
1. Neuter
o caput, capitis. nn., head.
o cor, cordis. nn., heart.
o genus, generis. nn., gender.
o iter, itineris. nn., road.
o lemma, lemmatis. nn. (Greek), theme, matter or subject for consideration. Math: a subsidiary theorem used primarily to prove a main result, lemma.
o opus, operis. nn., work.
o theorema, theorematis. nn. (Greek), proposition to be proved, theorem.
Neuter nouns ending in -men, -minis
(These don't appear to have any common means of formation, but appearances are often deceiving. If you know details of how these are formed, please share your knowledge with me.)
o crimen, -minis. nn., accusation, charge, guilt, crime. (source [not cause!] of English crime, criminal.)
o flumen, -minis. nn., flow, river, stream. (probably related to fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluctus. flow, emanate, proceed from.)
o limen, -minis. nn., threshold, doorway, border. (source of English subliminal, eliminate.)
o nomen, -minis. nn., name, noun.
▪ pronomen, -minis. nn., pronoun.
o stamen, -minis. nn., thread.
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i-stem
These differ from other third declension nouns in that they take the ending -ium in the genitive plural. They may sometimes also take the endings -im, -i, -îs instead of the endings -em, -e, -es in the accusative singular, ablative singular, and the accusative plural, respectively.
Basic paradigm
hostis, hostis. nm., enemy.
animal, animalis. nn., animal.
| |hostis | | |animal | |
|Case |Singular |Plural | |Singular |Plural |
|Nominative |hostis |hostes, hostis | |animal |animalia |
|Genitive |hostis |hostium | |animalis |animalium |
|Dative |hosti |hostibus | |animali |animalibus |
|Accusative |hostem, hostim |hostes, hostis | |animal |animalia |
|Ablative |hoste, hosti |hostibus | |animale, animali |animalibus |
|Locative |hosti, hoste |hostibus | |animali, animale |animalibus |
|Vocative |hostis |hostes, hostis | |animal |animalia |
Some examples
• animal, animalis. nn., animal.
• hostis, hostis. nm., enemy.
• mare, maris. nn., sea.
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Last updated: Friday September 17, 2010
[pic]
Haec pagina cum editoribus Mozilla Seamonkey et Vim factus est. (This page was made using the Mozilla Seamonkey and Vim editors.)
Latin Fourth Declension Nouns
There are two major classes of nouns in this declension, the masculine/feminine and the neuter classes. This declension was declining in use, with a number of masculine and feminine nouns moving to the second declension.
[pic]
Masculine and feminine fourth declension nouns
Basic paradigm
manus, manus. nf., hand.
|Case |Singular |Plural |
|Nominative |manus |manus |
|Genitive |manus |manuum |
|Dative |manui, manu |manibus, (manubus) |
|Accusative |manum |manus |
|Ablative |manu |manibus, (manubus) |
|Locative |mani |manibus, (manubus) |
|Vocative |manus |manus |
The -ubus endings in the dative, ablative and locative plurals are used for acus, arcus, quercus, tribus, and usually for lacus and portus. The -ibus ending is used for most other fourth declension nouns.
Some examples
o acus, -us. nf., needle.
o aestus, -us. nm., heat.
o anus, -us. nf., crone, hag, old woman. (Not to be unintentionally confused with anus, -i which means something entirely different.)
o arcus, -us. nm., bow.
o artus, -us. nm., joint, limb.
o cantus, -us. nm., song.
o condus, -us. nm., shopkeeper.
o cultus, -us. nm., civilization.
o domus, -us (-i). nf., house, home. (Usually declension 4, but sometimes declension 2.)
o exercitus, -us. nm., army.
o fructus, -us. nm., enjoyment, profit, fruit produce.
o gradus, -us. nm., step, pace.
o Idus, -uum. nf. pl., Ides. (as in ``Beware the Ides of March!'')
o lacus, -us. nm., lake.
o magistratus, -us. nm., magistrate.
o manus, -us. nf., hand.
o metus, -us. nf., fear, dread.
o porticus, -us. nf., colonnade.
o portus, -us. nm., harbor.
o quercus, -us. nf., oak.
o senatus, -us. nm., senate.
o sexus, -us. nm., sex, gender.
o sinus, -us. nm., indentation, fold, curve, (math.) sine. (This noun should not be confused with sinus, -i which refers to a large drinking cup.)
▪ cosinus, -us. nm., (math.) cosine.
o tonsus, -us. nm., haircut.
o tribus, -us. nf., tribe.
Borrowed words of dubious origin and usage
When Latin borrows nouns, say from Greek, or perhaps through a time warp from English, these nouns may have somewhat creative declensions. Humez and Humez give the following:
o bozo, bozus. nm., clown.
By the way, both Webster's New World Dictionary and the American Heritage Dictionary indicate that the English slang word ``bozo'' is of obscure origin. (In short, Humez and Humez were probably being very creative!)
Masculine abstract nouns (Supines)
These are are all verbal nouns called supines. Generally in Latin, the supine is restricted to accusative and ablative fourth declension forms. A few supines exist in other cases as well. In the nominative, these take the form of the perfect passive participle, but they are present active in meaning.
o adventus, -us. nm., approach, arrival. (from advenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. arrive.)
o casus, -us. nm., chance, case, falling. (from cado, -ere, cecidi, casurus. fall.)
o census, -us. nm., census. (from censeo, -êre, -ui, -us. expect, tax, register.)
o coitus, -us. nm., sexual intercourse. (from coeo, -ire, -ii, -iturus. (irreg.) meet, mate.)
o cruciatus, -us. nm., torture. (from crucio (1). torture.)
o flatus, -us. nm., wind. (from flo (1). blow.)
o fletus, -us. nm., weeping. (from fleo, flêre, flexi, fletus. weep.)
o fremitus, -us. nm., (loud) grumbling, muttering. (from fremo, -ere, -ui, -itus.. complain loudly about.)
o motus, -us. nm., motion. (from moveo, -êre, movi, motus.. move.)
o prospectus, -us. nm., view, prospect. (from prospicio, -spicere, spexi, -spectus. contemplate.)
o reditus, -us. nm., return. (from redeo, redire, redi(v)i, rediturus. return.)
o sensus, -us. nm., sensation, feeling. (from sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus. sense, perceive.)
o sonitus, -us. nm., sound, noise, din. (from sono, sonare, sonui, sonitus. sound.)
o spiritus, -us. nm., breath, soul, enthusiasm. (from an older form of spiro (1). breathe.)
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Neuter fourth declension nouns
Basic paradigm
cornu, cornus. nn., horn.
|Case |Singular |Plural |
|Nominative |cornu |cornua |
|Genitive |cornus |cornuum |
|Dative |cornu |cornibus |
|Accusative |cornu |cornua |
|Ablative |cornu |cornibus |
|Locative |? |cornibus |
|Vocative |cornu |cornua |
Some examples
o cornu, -us. nn., horn.
o genu, -us. nn., knee.
[pic]
Mail comments to ( econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Last updated: Monday, February 22, 2010.
Latin Fifth Declension Nouns
Basic paradigms
res, rei. nf., thing.
dies, diei (die). m. or f., day.
|Case |Singular |Plural |Singular |Plural |
|Nominative |res |res |dies |dies |
|Genitive |rei |rerum |diei, die |dierum |
|Dative |rei |rebus |diei, die |diebus |
|Accusative |rem |res |diem |dies |
|Ablative |re |rebus |die |diebus |
|Locative |? |rebus |? |diebus |
|Vocative |res |res |dies |dies |
Some fifth declension nouns
• dies, diei (die). m. or f., day.
o meridies, -diei (-die). nm., midday.
• effigies, effigiei. nf., effigy, likeness, statue.
• fides, fidei. nf., faith.
• res, rei. nf., thing.
• plebes, plebei. nf., commoners. (Later in third declension plebs, plebis. [q.v.])
• spes, spei. nf., hope.
• species, speciei (specie). nf., appearance.
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Last updated: Mon May 12 11:37:52 EDT 2008
Latin Fifth Declension Nouns
Basic paradigms
res, rei. nf., thing.
dies, diei (die). m. or f., day.
|Case |Singular |Plural |Singular |Plural |
|Nominative |res |res |dies |dies |
|Genitive |rei |rerum |diei, die |dierum |
|Dative |rei |rebus |diei, die |diebus |
|Accusative |rem |res |diem |dies |
|Ablative |re |rebus |die |diebus |
|Locative |? |rebus |? |diebus |
|Vocative |res |res |dies |dies |
Some fifth declension nouns
• dies, diei (die). m. or f., day.
o meridies, -diei (-die). nm., midday.
• effigies, effigiei. nf., effigy, likeness, statue.
• fides, fidei. nf., faith.
• res, rei. nf., thing.
• plebes, plebei. nf., commoners. (Later in third declension plebs, plebis. [q.v.])
• spes, spei. nf., hope.
• species, speciei (specie). nf., appearance.
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Last updated: Mon May 12 11:37:52 EDT 2008
Latin Reflexive Pronouns
Basic paradigm
| | |Person |
|Number |Case |1 |2 |3 |
|Singular | |myself |yourself (þyself) |himself, herself, itself |
| |Genitive |mei |tui |sui |
| |Dative |mihi |tibi |sibi |
| |Accusative |me |te |se, sese |
| |Ablative |me |te |se, sese |
|Plural | |ourselves |yourselves |themselves |
| |Genitive |nostri |vestri |sui |
| |Dative |nobis |vobis |sibi |
| |Accusative |nos |vos |se, sese |
| |Ablative |nobis |vobis |se, sese |
When used with cum
The preposition cum is attached as an enclitic to the reflexive pronouns (mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum).
Direct usage
When used in the main clause, the reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the main clause.
Indirect usage
When used in a subordinate clause, the reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the main clause. When followed by the appropriate form of ipse, the reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the subordinate clause in question. (This differs from normal English usage!)
• Claudia baked some cookies for Julia whenever Eleanor ordered some from her (se = Claudia).
• Claudia baked some cookies for Julia whenever Eleanor ordered some from herself (se ipsa = Eleanor).
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Last updated: Monday, 15 September, 1997. with a Minor correction: Fri May 19 20:26:25 EDT 2006
Latin Demonstrative Pronouns
The demonstratives hic, ille and iste
These are used both as pronouns which act as slightly emphatic versions of the English third person personal pronouns and as adjectives corresponding roughly to English this and that. Frequently in later Latin, and occasionally in Classical Latin, they also function as a definite article.
1. hic, haec, hoc. dem. adj. this. pnn. he (emph.), this.
| |Singular | | | |Plural | | |
|base |cel- |hab- |reg- |cap- |fer- |aud- |infinitive - ending |
|present stem |cela- |habe- |rege- |cape- |fer- |audi- |infinitive - -re |
|perfect stem |celav- |habu- |rex- |cep- |tul- |audiv- |perfect - -i |
|participial stem |celat- |habit- |rect- |capt- |lat- |audit- |participle - -us |
Endings
|Present Active |Imperfect |Perfect |Passive |
| | | | |
|Sing. |Sing. |Sing. |Sing. |
|Plur. |Plur. |Plur. |Plur. |
| | | | |
|1 |1 |1 |1 |
|-o |-m |-i |-r |
|-mus |-mus |-imus |-mur |
| | | | |
|2 |2 |2 |2 |
|-s |-s |-isti |-ris |
|-tis |-tis |-istis |-mini |
| | | | |
|3 |3 |3 |3 |
|-t |-t |-it |-tur |
|-nt |-nt |-erunt |-ntur |
| | | | |
When attaching endings to the stem, the stem vowel will sometimes undergo a strengthening or a weakening. This results in some irregularities — especially in the third conjugation.
Indicative
• Active voice:
o Present: Present stem + present endings
o Imperfect: Present stem + -ba- + imperfect endings
o Future:
I,II: Present stem + -bi- + present endings
III,IV: Present stem + -e- + past endings
o Perfect: Perfect stem + perfect endings
o Pluperfect: Perfect stem + -era- + past endings
o Future perfect: Perfect stem + -eri- + present endings
• Passive voice:
o Present: Present stem + passive endings
o Imperfect: Present stem + -ba- + passive endings
o Future:
I,II: Present stem + -bi- + passive endings
III,IV: Present stem + -e- + passive endings
o Perfect: Perfect passive participle + sum
o Pluperfect: Perfect passive participle + eram
o Future perfect: Perfect passive participle + ero
Subjunctive
The subjunctive stem is obtained from the base as follows:
|I |II |III |III-io |III-Ø |IV |
|Base + e |Base + ea |Base + a |Base + ia |Base + a |Base + ia |
• Active voice:
o Present: Subjunctive stem + past endings
o Imperfect: Present infinitive + past endings
o Perfect: Perfect stem + -eri- + past endings
o Pluperfect: Perfect stem + -isse- + past endings
• Passive voice:
o Present: Subjunctive stem + passive endings
o Imperfect: Present infinitive + passive endings
o Perfect: Perfect passive participle + sim
o Pluperfect: Perfect passive participle + essem
Because we don't mark vowels, the future indicative and the present subjunctive for the third conjugation look pretty much the same. They differ in the length of vowels, but you don't see that distinction in written texts. According to Latino pro populo the similarity is not accidental.
The future perfect indicative and the past subjunctive also often look the same when vowels are not marked.
Imperative
• Present Active: Present stem + {Ø, -te}
• Present Passive: Present stem + {-re, -mini}
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Last updated: Thu Sep 13 17:00:09 EDT 2007
Latin First Conjugation Paradigm
Principal parts for celare, to hide, to conceal
celo, celare, celavi, celatus.
Infinitives
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Active Voice |celare |celavisse |celaturus esse |
|Passive Voice |celari |celatus esse |celatum iri |
Participles
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Active Voice |celans |----- |celaturus |
|Passive Voice |----- |celatus |celandus |
Indicative Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|celo |celabam |celabo |
|celamus |celabamus |celabimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|celas |celabas |celabis |
|celatis |celabatis |celabitis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|celat |celabat |celabit |
|celant |celabant |celabunt |
| | | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |Future Perfect Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|celavi |celaveram |celavero |
|celavimus |celaveramus |celaverimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|celavisti |celaveras |celaveris |
|celavistis |celaveratis |celaveritis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|celavit |celaverat |celaverit |
|celaverunt |celaverant |celaverint |
| | | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|celor |celabar |celabor |
|celamur |celabamur |celabimur |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|celaris |celabaris |celaberis |
|celamini |celabamini |celabimini |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|celatur |celabatur |celabitur |
|celantur |celabantur |celabuntur |
| | | |
The perfect passives of celare are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse.
Perfect passive: celatus sum
Pluperfect passive: celatus eram
Future perfect passive: celatus ero
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|celem |celarem |
|celemus |celaremus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|celes |celares |
|celetis |celaretis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|celet |celaret |
|celent |celarent |
| | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|celaverim |celavissem |
|celaverimus |celavissemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|celaveris |celavisses |
|celaveritis |celavissetis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|celaverit |celavisset |
|celaverint |celavissent |
| | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|celer |celarer |
|celemur |celaremur |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|celeris |celareris |
|celemini |celaremini |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|celetur |celaretur |
|celentur |celarentur |
| | |
The perfect passive subjunctives of celare are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse.
Perfect passive subjunctive: celatus sim
Pluperfect passive subjunctive: celatus essem
The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Imperative Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|cela |celato |
|celate |celatote |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |celato |
|----- |celanto |
| | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|celare |celator |
|celamini |----- |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |celator |
|----- |celantor |
| | |
Gerund and Supine
| |Genitive |Dative |Accusative |Ablative |
|Gerund |celandi |celando |celandum |celando |
|Supine |----- |----- |celatum |celatu |
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Examples of First Conjugation Verbs
The four principal parts of almost all first conjugation verbs can be obtained from the stem of first person present indicative form by adding the endings -o, -a, -avi, and -atus. Rather than write out all four principal parts, I mark the regular verbs as (1). For example, the entry:
ambulo (1). vt. traverse, travel. vi. walk.
is short for the entry:
ambul-o, -are, -avi, -atus. (transitive verb) traverse, travel. (intransitive verb) walk.
[pic]
• addigito (1). vt. (late Latin) to point [something] out
• aequo (1). vt. make level, match, (math) make equal.
• ambulo (1). vt. traverse, travel. vi. walk.
o ambulo (1). vi. walk beside.
o debulo (1). vi. take a walk.
• amo (1). vt. love, like.
o adamo (1). vt. fall in love with.
• celo (1). vt. hide, conceal.
o concelo (1). vt. hide, conceal.
• clamo (1). vt. shout.
o acclamo (1). vt. hail, acclaim. vi. shout.
o conclamo (1). vt. shout, yell.
o declamo (1). vt. recite. vi. declaim.
o exclamo (1). vt. shout, yell, exclaim.
o proclamo (1). vt. proclaim, yell out.
o reclamo (1). vt. protest. vi. shout objections.
• claro (1). vt. clarify, explain.
o acclaro (1). vt. clarify.
o declaro (1). vt. make clear, make evident, disclose, declare.
• crucio (1). vt. torture.
• cogito (1). vt. think, ponder, consider.
o excogito (1). vt. think up, contrive.
• corono (1). vt. crown.
• damno (1). vt. condemn, sentence.
• dono (1). vt. give, present, reward.
• dubito (1). vt. doubt. vi. hesitate.
o addubito (1). vt. call into doubt. vi. begin to doubt.
• flo (1). vt. blow.
• habito(1). vt. live, dwell.
• hortor, hortari, hortatus sum. vi. encourage, cheer, incite, urge, exhort.
• iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutus. vt. help, assist, aid.
• laboro (1). vt. work at, produce. vi. work.
o elaboro (1). vt. exert oneself at, work out, elaborate on.
• loco (1). vt. place, put.
o colloco (1). vt. place, station (troops).
• monstro (1). vt. show, point out, demonstrate.
o demonstro (1). vt. show, demonstrate.
• muto (1). vt. change, exchange.
o commuto (1). vt. change, exchange.
o permuto (1). vt. completely change, transform.
• neco (1). vt. kill.
• nego (1). vt. deny. vi. refuse, say no to (+ dat.)
• nuntio (1). vt. announce.
• opto (1). vt. choose, desire, wish for.
o coöpto (1). vt. coöpt.
o adopto, (1). vt. adopt, select.
• oro (1). vt. beg for. vi. beg.
o adoro (1). vt. adore, revere.
o exoro (1). vt. persuade.
• paro (1). vt. prepare, provide, get, procure.
o praeparo (1). vt. get ready, prepare.
• porto (1). vt. carry.
o asporto (1). vt. carry off, remove.
o comporto (1). vt. accumulate, collect.
o deporto (1). vt. banish, carry down.
o reporto (1). vt. bring back, report.
o transporto (1). vt. transport.
• pugno (1). vt. fight.
o expugno (1). vt. storm.
o oppugno (1). vt. attack.
o repugno (1). vt. fight back, resist.
• sono, -are, -ui, -itus. vt. sound.
• specto (1). vt. look at.
o Related to the third conjugation verb specio
o aspecto (1). vt. face, look forward (to).
o conspicor, conspicari, conspicatus sum. vt. catch sight of.
o ex(s)pecto (1). vt. look out for, await.
o respecto (1). vt. look back (on), respect.
o suspicor, suspicari, suspicatus sum. vt. suspect.
• spiro (1). vt. breathe.
• sto, stare, steti, staturus. vi. stand.
o absto, abstare, abstiti, abstaturus. vi. stand afar, stand aloof.
o asto, astare, astiti, astatum. vi. stand up, stand erect. vi. assist (+ dat.).
o circumsto, -stare, -steti, -status. vt. stand around, encircle, surround.
o insto, -stare, -stiti, -status. vt. pursue. vi. stand on, insist.
o obsto, -stare, -stiti, -statum. vt. hinder (+ dat.).
o Changing to third conjugation: sisto, -stere, -stiti, -status. vt. hinder.
• vasto (1). vt. lay waste to, destroy.
• voco (1). vt. call, invite.
o convoco (1). vt. summon, call together.
Irregular verb dare
The a in the infinitive is short, rather than long. Most of the conjugation is regular except for the length of the a in the present stem before some of the endings. In addition, some forms have alternate irregular forms (e.g.: Third person plural present indicative dant or danunt.) Like stare, some compounds of dare drift into third declension (e.g.: trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus. vt. handover, betray.)
• do, dare, dedi, datus. irr. vt. give, grant, allow.
o circumdo, circumdare, circumdedi, circumdatus. irr. vt. surround.
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Last updated: Wednesday, May 14, 2008.
Latin Second Conjugation Paradigm
Principal parts for habere, to have, to hold, to possess
habeo, habere, habui, habitus.
Infinitives
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Active Voice |habere |habuisse |habiturus esse |
|Passive Voice |haberi |habitus esse |habitum iri |
Participles
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Active Voice |habens |----- |habiturus |
|Passive Voice |----- |habitus |habendus |
Indicative Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|habeo |habebam |habebo |
|habemus |habebamus |habebimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|habes |habebas |habebis |
|habetis |habebatis |habebitis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|habet |habebat |habebit |
|habent |habebant |habebunt |
| | | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |Future Perfect Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|habui |habueram |habuero |
|habuimus |habueramus |habuerimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|habuisti |habueras |habueris |
|habuistis |habueratis |habueritis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|habuit |habuerat |habuerit |
|habuerunt |habuerant |habuerint |
| | | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|habeor |habebar |habebor |
|habemur |habebamur |habebimur |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|haberis |habebaris |habeberis |
|habemini |habebamini |habebimini |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|habetur |habebatur |habebitur |
|habentur |habebantur |habebuntur |
| | | |
The perfect passives of habere are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse.
Perfect passive: habitus sum
Pluperfect passive: habitus eram
Future perfect passive: habitus ero
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|habeam |haberem |
|habeamus |haberemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|habeas |haberes |
|habeatis |haberetis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|habeat |haberet |
|habeant |haberent |
| | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|habuerim |habuissem |
|habuerimus |habuissemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|habueris |habuisses |
|habueritis |habuissetis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|habuerit |habuisset |
|habuerint |habuissent |
| | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|habear |haberer |
|habeamur |haberemur |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|habearis |habereris |
|habeamini |haberemini |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|habeatur |haberetur |
|habeantur |haberentur |
| | |
The perfect passive subjunctives of habere are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse.
Perfect passive subjunctive: habitus sim
Pluperfect passive subjunctive: habitus essem
The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Imperative Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|habe |habeto |
|habete |habetote |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |habeto |
|----- |habento |
| | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|habere |habetor |
|habemini |----- |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |habetor |
|----- |habentor |
| | |
Gerund and Supine
| |Genitive |Dative |Accusative |Ablative |
|Gerund |habendi |habendo |habendum |habendo |
|Supine |----- |----- |habitum |habitu |
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Last updated: Wed Aug 27 20:22:03 EDT 1997
Examples of Second Conjugation Verbs
The second conjugation has some irregularities not found in the first conjugation. In particular, the four principal parts do not follow in a single standard way from the first person present indicative form. However, some regular patterns occur. I have grouped this list according to the third principal part or first person perfect indicative form.
Second conjugation -evi verbs
The endings of the principal parts are -eo, -ere, -evi, and -etus. Verbs that follow this pattern are marked (2evi) for short.
• deleo (2evi). vt. destroy.
• pleo (2evi). vt. fill.
o expleo (2evi). vt. fill up, satisfy.
o compleo (2evi). vt. fill up, supply.
o impleo (2evi). vt. fill.
o repleo (2evi). vt. refill, replenish.
Second conjugation -ui verbs
The endings of the principal parts are -eo, -ere, -ui, and -itus. I mark these verbs as (2ui) for short.
• appareo (2ui). vi. appear.
• careo (2ui). vi. lack, be without (+ gen. or abl.). (Sometimes used impersonally.)
• censeo, -ere, -ui, -us. vt. expect, assess, tax, register, propose.
• exerceo (2ui). vt., keep busy, supervise, train, practice.
• habeo (2ui). vt. have, hold, possess.
It is not surprising that the Latin verb habere (to have) and derivative words have a number of English descendents. Among them are:
o habit [< habitus, -us (custom) a supine (=abstract noun, gerundive) form];
o debit [< debitus < de(hi)beo],
o exhibit, exhibition [< exhibitus < exhibeo],
o inhibit, inhibition [< inhibitus < inhibeo],
o prohibit, prohibition [< prohibitus < prohibeo],
English to have is unrelated despite its superficial similarity. The American Heritage Dictionary list the Proto-Indo-European root ghabh- for Latin habere and kap- for English to have.
o adhibeo (2ui). vt. apply, cite.
o cohibeo (2ui). vt. restrain, confine, repress.
In case you happen to be suspicious of the vowel change from habeo to cohibeo, note that the risquée English verb to cohabit comes instead from the stem cohabit- of the first conjugation Latin verb cohabitare [< cum (with) + habitare (to live in, dwell)] and not from cohibit-, the stem of the fourth principal part of cohibeo. Curiously habitare does come from the supine form habitus, so cohibeo is a great uncle of cohabitare.
o debeo (2ui). vt. ought, owe. (contraction of dehibeo.)
o exhibeo (2ui). vt. display, exhibit.
o inhibeo (2ui). vt. restrain, control.
o perhibeo (2ui). vt. assert.
o praebeo (2ui). vt. offer, hold out. (contraction of praehibeo.)
o prohibeo (2ui). vt. hinder, prevent.
• liceor, liceri, licitus sum. vi. make an offer for, bid on.
licet, licere, licuit (licitum est). impers. it is permitted, one may. (A subject can be given in the dative, e.g., mihi licet, I may.
• misereor, misereri, miseritus sum. vi. pity (+ gen.).
miseret, miserere, miseruit, miseritum. impers. be a pity.
• moneo (2ui). vt. warn, remind.
o admoneo (2ui). vt. suggest.
The past participle admonitus yields English admonish and admonition.
• pareo (2ui). vi. obey.
• pateo (2ui). vi. spread, extend, lie open.
• placeo (2ui). vi. please (+ dat.).
• taceo (2ui). vi. keep silent.
• teneo, -ere, -ui, tentus. vt. hold, keep, posses.
o attineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tentus. vt. hold on to, reach for, attain.
o detineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tentus. vt. hold up, detain, occupy.
o obtineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tentus. vt. keep up, hold on to, persist.
o pertineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tenturus. vi. reach, extend, pertain.
o retineo, -tinere, -tenui, -tentus. vt. hold back, restrain, retain.
• terreo (2ui). vt. frighten, alarm, terrify.
o absterreo (2ui). vt. scare away.
o deterreo (2ui). vt. scare away.
o exterreo (2ui). vt. scare thoroughly.
o perterreo (2ui). vt. frighten.
• timeo (2ui). vi. fear, be afraid (of).
Second conjugation -i verbs
• moveo, -ere, movi, motus. vt. move.
o removeo, -ere, removi, remotus. vt. move back, remove.
• sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessurus intr, sit.
o insideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessurus. vi. sit on (+ dat.).
• spondeo, -ere, spospondi, sponsus. vt. pledge, affirm, swear, vow.
o despondeo, -dere, -di, -sus. vt. pledge, affirm, swear.
o respondeo, -dere, -di, -sus. vt. answer.
• video, -ere, vidi, visus. vt. see. passive seem, be seen.
o invideo, -ere, -vidi, -visus. vt. hate.
o provideo, -ere, -vidi, -visus. vt. foresee.
Other second conjugation verbs
• ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsus. vt. burn.
• fleo, -ere, flexi, fletus. vt. weep.
• maneo, -ere, mansi, mansus. vt. remain.
o remaneo, -ere, remansi, remansus. vt. remain.
English remain is a descendant.
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Last updated: Thu Aug 12 12:54:08 EDT 2010
Latin Third Conjugation e-stem Paradigm
Principal parts for gerere, to conduct, manage
gero, gerere, gessi, gestus.
Infinitives
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Active Voice |gerere |gessisse |gesturus esse |
|Passive Voice |geri |gestus esse |gestum iri |
Participles
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Active Voice |gerens |----- |gesturus |
|Passive Voice |----- |gestus |gerendus |
Indicative Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|gero |gerebam |geram |
|gerimus |gerebamus |geremus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|geris |gerebas |geres |
|geritis |gerebatis |geretis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|gerit |gerebat |geret |
|gerunt |gerebant |gerent |
| | | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |Future Perfect Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|gessi |gesseram |gessero |
|gessimus |gesseramus |gesserimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|gessisti |gesseras |gesseris |
|gessistis |gesseratis |gesseritis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|gessit |gesserat |gesserit |
|gesserunt |gesserant |gesserint |
| | | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|geror |gerebar |gerar |
|gerimur |gerebamur |geremur |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|gereris |gerebaris |gereris |
|gerimini |gerebamini |geremini |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|geritur |gerebatur |geretur |
|geruntur |gerebantur |gerentur |
| | | |
The perfect passives of gerere are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse.
Perfect passive: gestus sum
Pluperfect passive: gestus eram
Future perfect passive: gestus ero
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|geram |gererem |
|geramus |gereremus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|geras |gereres |
|geratis |gereretis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|gerat |gereret |
|gerant |gererent |
| | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|gesserim |gessissem |
|gesserimus |gessissemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|gesseris |gessisses |
|gesseritis |gessissetis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|gesserit |gessisset |
|gesserint |gessissent |
| | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|gerar |gererer |
|geramur |gereremur |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|geraris |gerereris |
|geramini |gereremini |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|geratur |gereretur |
|gerantur |gererentur |
| | |
The perfect passive subjunctives of gerere are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse.
Perfect passive subjunctive: gestus sim
Pluperfect passive subjunctive: gestus essem
The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Imperative Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|gere |gerito |
|gerite |geritote |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |gerito |
|----- |gerunto |
| | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|gerere |geritor |
|gerimini |----- |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |geritor |
|----- |geruntor |
| | |
Gerund and Supine
| |Genitive |Dative |Accusative |Ablative |
|Gerund |gerendi |gerendo |gerendum |gerendo |
|Supine |----- |----- |gestum |gestu |
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Last updated: Thu Aug 28 14:06:08 EDT 1997
Latin Third Conjugation i-stem Paradigm
Principal parts for iacere, to throw, hurl
iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus.
Infinitives
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Active Voice |iacere |iecisse |iacturus esse |
|Passive Voice |iaceri |iactus esse |iactum iri |
Participles
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Active Voice |iaciens |----- |iacturus |
|Passive Voice |----- |iactus |iaciendus |
Indicative Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|iacio |iaciebam |iaciam |
|iacimus |iaciebamus |iaciemus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|iacis |iaciebas |iacies |
|iacitis |iaciebatis |iacietis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|iacit |iaciebat |iaciet |
|iaciunt |iaciebant |iacient |
| | | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |Future Perfect Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|ieci |ieceram |iecero |
|iecimus |ieceramus |iecerimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|iecisti |ieceras |ieceris |
|iecistis |ieceratis |ieceritis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|iecit |iecerat |iecerit |
|iecerunt |iecerant |iecerint |
| | | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|iacior |iaciebar |iaciar |
|iacimur |iaciebamur |iaciemur |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|iaceris |iaciebaris |iacieris |
|iacimini |iaciebamini |iaciemini |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|iacitur |iaciebatur |iacietur |
|iaciuntur |iaciebantur |iacientur |
| | | |
The perfect passives of iacere are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse.
Perfect passive: iactus sum
Pluperfect passive: iactus eram
Future perfect passive: iactus ero
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|iaciam |iacerem |
|iaciamus |iaceremus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|iacias |iaceres |
|iaciatis |iaceretis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|iaciat |iaceret |
|iaciant |iacerent |
| | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|iecerim |iecissem |
|iecerimus |iecissemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|ieceris |iecisses |
|ieceritis |iecissetis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|iecerit |iecisset |
|iecerint |iecissent |
| | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|iaciar |iacerer |
|iaciamur |iaceremur |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|iaciaris |iacereris |
|iaciamini |iaceremini |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|iaciatur |iaceretur |
|iaciantur |iacerentur |
| | |
The perfect passive subjunctives of iacere are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse.
Perfect passive subjunctive: iactus sim
Pluperfect passive subjunctive: iactus essem
The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Imperative Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|iace |iacito |
|iacite |iacitote |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |iacito |
|----- |iaciunto |
| | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|iacere |iacitor |
|iacimini |----- |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |iacitor |
|----- |iaciuntor |
| | |
Gerund and Supine
| |Genitive |Dative |Accusative |Ablative |
|Gerund |iaciendi |iaciendo |iaciendum |iaciendo |
|Supine |----- |----- |iactum |iactu |
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Last updated: Wed Aug 27 21:01:38 EDT 1997
Latin Third Conjugation Ø-stem Paradigm
Principal parts for ferre, to carry, bear
fero, ferre, tuli, latus.
Infinitives
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Active Voice |ferre |tulisse |laturus esse |
|Passive Voice |ferri |latus esse |latum iri |
Participles
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Active Voice |ferens |----- |laturus |
|Passive Voice |----- |latus |ferendus |
Indicative Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|fero |ferebam |feram |
|ferimus |ferebamus |feremus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|fers |ferebas |feres |
|fertis |ferebatis |feretis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|fert |ferebat |feret |
|ferunt |ferebant |ferent |
| | | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |Future Perfect Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|tuli |tuleram |tulero |
|tulimus |tuleramus |tulerimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|tulisti |tuleras |tuleris |
|tulistis |tuleratis |tuleritis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|tulit |tulerat |tulerit |
|tulerunt |tulerant |tulerint |
| | | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|feror |ferebar |ferar |
|ferimur |ferebamur |feremur |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|ferris |ferebaris |fereris |
|ferimini |ferebamini |feremini |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|fertur |ferebatur |feretur |
|feruntur |ferebantur |ferentur |
| | | |
The perfect passives of ferre are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse.
Perfect passive: latus sum
Pluperfect passive: latus eram
Future perfect passive: latus ero
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|feram |ferrem |
|feramus |ferremus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|feras |ferres |
|feratis |ferretis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|ferat |ferret |
|ferant |ferrent |
| | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|tulerim |tulissem |
|tulerimus |tulissemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|tuleris |tulisses |
|tuleritis |tulissetis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|tulerit |tulisset |
|tulerint |tulissent |
| | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|ferar |ferrer |
|feramur |ferremur |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|feraris |ferreris |
|feramini |ferremini |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|feratur |ferretur |
|ferantur |ferrentur |
| | |
The perfect passive subjunctives of ferre are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse.
Perfect passive subjunctive: latus sim
Pluperfect passive subjunctive: latus essem
The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Imperative Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|fer |ferto |
|ferte |fertote |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |ferto |
|----- |ferunto |
| | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|ferre |fertor |
|ferimini |----- |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |fertor |
|----- |feruntor |
| | |
Gerund and Supine
| |Genitive |Dative |Accusative |Ablative |
|Gerund |ferendi |ferendo |ferendum |ferendo |
|Supine |----- |----- |latum |latu |
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
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Last updated: Wed Aug 27 21:15:14 EDT 1997
Examples of Third Conjugation Verbs
I have divided the third conjugation verbs into three major classes, namely the e-stems, the i-stems and the Ø-stems. The class of Ø-stems consists of ferre and its common and is usually treated as an irregular verb. I don't really see any reason to do this -- at least it isn't any more irregular than the average third conjugation verb (except maybe that its present, perfect and participle stems are so ridiculously different).
[pic]
e-stems
• ago, -ere, egi, actus. vt. do, discuss, spend (time).
o cogo, -ere, -egi, -actus. vt. collect, compel.
• cano, -ere, cecini, cantus. vt. sing (of).
• cado, -ere, cecidi, casurus. vt. fall.
• cedo, -ere, cessi, cessus. vt. grant, yield, submit to, go, proceed.
o accedo, -deri, -ssi, -ssus. vt. go to, approach.
o discedo, -deri, -ssi, -ssus. vt. go from, leave.
o excedo, -deri, -ssi, -ssus. vt. go from, leave.
o recedo, -deri, -ssi, -ssus. vt. go back to, return.
• cresco, -ere, crevi, creturus. vi. grow, increase.
o decresco, -crescere, -crevi, -creturus. vi. decrease.
• curro, -ere, cucurri, cursus. vt. run.
• do, dare, dedi, datus. vt. give. (1st conjugation irregular).
o dedo, -dere, -didi, -ditus. vt. surrender.
o perdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus. vt. destroy, lose, waste.
o reddo, -dere, -didi, -ditus. vt. give back, return.
o trado, -dere, -didi, -ditus. vt. hand over, betray.
• duco, -ere, duxi, ductus. vt. lead, consider.
o deduco, -cere, -xi, -ctus. vt. deduce, deduct, subtract.
o reduco, -cere, -xi, -ctus. vt. revive, restore, withdraw.
• eruo, -uere, -ui, -itus. vt. uproot, elicit, destroy.
• figo, -gere, -xi, -xus (-ctus) vt. fix, attach. cruci figere crucify.
o praefigo, -gere, -xi, -xus (-ctus) vt. fix, fasten, prefix, impale.
• frango, -ere, fregi, fractus. vt. break, shatter, smash.
• fremo, -ere, ui, -itus. vt. grumble at, complain loudly about.
• fungor, -i, functus sum. vi. perform.
• gero, -ere, gessi, gestus. vt. conduct, manage. bellum gerere. wage war.
• incolo, -ere, -ui. vi. inhabit.
• induo, -ere, -ui, -utus. vt. cover, wrap, assume.
• lego, -ere, lexi, lectus. vt. choose, select, read.
o intellego, -legere, -lexi, -lectus. vt. understand.
• mitto, -ere, misi, missus. vt. send.
• pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsus. vt. push, drive off.
o expello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus. vt. push out, drive out, expel.
o repello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus. vt. push back, drive back, repel.
• peto, -ere, petivi, petitus. vt. seek, ask for.
• pono, -ere, posui, positus. vt. put, place, set aside.
o appono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. serve (food), put near, put beside.
o compono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. put together, compose.
o depono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. deposit, lay aside, bring down.
o dispono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. arrange, decribe, dispose.
o expono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. explain, expose.
o impono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. place, deceive.
o interpono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. place between, interpose, intervene.
o oppono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. oppose.
o postpono, -nere, -sui, -s(i)tus. vt. put after.
o praepono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. put ahead of, prefer.
o propono, -nere, -sui, -situs. vt. propose, publish, display.
o repono, -nere, -sui, -s(i)tus. vt. put back, replace, restore.
o superpono, -nere, -sui, -s(i)tus. vt. place (something) upon (+ dative). (Classical physicists are fond of superposition [superpositio, -ionis].)
• posco, -ere, poposci. vi. beg, demand.
• quaero, -rere, -sivi or -sii, -situs. vt. look for, search for, obtain.
• rego, -ere, rexi, rectus. vt. set up, erect, raise.
o derigo, -ere, derexi, derectus. vt. set straight, direct.
o erigo, -ere, erexi, erectus. vt. govern, rule, guide.
o pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectus. vt. continue, proceed, go on with.
o surrigo, -ere, surrexi, surrectus. vt. raise, lift up.
• repo, -ere, repsi. vi. creep, crawl.
o surrepo, -ere, surrepsi, surreptum. vt. creep under. vi. creep up, (with dative) creep up on.
• scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptus. vt. write.
o inscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptus. vt. write on, inscribe.
o rescribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptus. vt. write back, rewrite.
• sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus. vt. take, assume.
• tego, -ere, texi, tectus. vt. cover, conceal.
o contego, -gere, -xi, -ctus. vt. shield, protect.
o detego, -gere, -xi, -ctus. vt. uncover, detect, expose.
o intego, -gere, -xi, -ctus. vt. cover up, protect.
o protego, -gere, -xi, -ctus. vt. protect.
• vivo, -ere, vixi, victurus. vi. be alive, survive; (with ablative, or with de followed by ablative:) subsist on. vive. adv. in a lively manner.
• volvo, -vere, -vi, -utus. vt. roll, turn about.
o evolvo, -vere, -vi, -utus. vt. unroll, unfold, spread, expand.
[pic]
i-stems
• capio, -ere, cepi, captus. vt. take, capture.
o accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. receive.
o excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. take out.
o incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. begin.
o recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. take back, receive.
o suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus. vt. undertake, begin.
• facio, -ere, feci, factus. vt. make, do. For passive forms, use the irregular verb fio, fieri, factus sum, be made, become.
o afficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. affect.
o conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. complete, accomplish.
o inficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. stain, poison, corrupt.
o interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. consider, kill.
o perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. complete, finish.
o praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. place in charge.
o reficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. repair, renew.
o sufficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus. vt. suffice, afford.
• fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitus. vt. flee, escape from. vi. flee, escape.
• iacio, -ere, ieci, iactus. vt. throw, hurl.
o abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. throw down, weaken.
o conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. hurl, throw together, put together, conjecture.
o deicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. throw down.
o inicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. throw on, don, put on.
o proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. fling, abandon.
o subicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus. vt. subordinate, put down.
• specio, -ere, spexi, spectus. vt. look at.
o aspicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. inspect, consider.
o despicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. look down upon, despise.
o inspicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. look into, examine.
o prospicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. contemplate.
o respicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. look back, consider, respect.
o suspicio, -icere, -exi, -ectus. vt. esteem, look up to, suspect.
Ø-stems
• fero, ferre, tuli, latus. vt. carry, bear.
o confero, -ferre, -tuli, collatus. vt. collect, confer.
o defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus. vt. carry away, hand over. nomen deferre. to accuse.
o infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. vi. carry in, place on, infer (+ dat.).
o praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus. vt. hurry past.
o refero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus. vt. bring back, refer, restore, repeat.
o transfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus. vt. convey, transfer.
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Thu Nov 8 11:07:15 EST 2007
Latin Fourth Conjugation Paradigm
Principal parts for scire, to know:
scio, scire, scivi, scitus.
Infinitives
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Active Voice |scire |scivisse |sciturus esse |
|Passive Voice |sciri |scitus esse |scitum iri |
Participles
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Active Voice |sciens |----- |sciturus |
|Passive Voice |----- |scitus |sciendus |
Indicative Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|scio |sciebam |sciam |
|scimus |sciebamus |sciemus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|scis |sciebas |scies |
|scitis |sciebatis |scietis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|scit |sciebat |sciet |
|sciunt |sciebant |scient |
| | | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |Future Perfect Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|scivi |sciveram |scivero |
|scivimus |sciveramus |sciverimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|scivisti |sciveras |sciveris |
|scivistis |sciveratis |sciveritis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|scivit |sciverat |sciverit |
|sciverunt |sciverant |sciverint |
| | | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|scior |sciebar |sciar |
|scimur |sciebamur |sciemur |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|sciris |sciebaris |scieris |
|scimini |sciebamini |sciemini |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|scitur |sciebatur |scietur |
|sciuntur |sciebantur |scientur |
| | | |
The perfect passives of scire are formed from the passive participle and the present, past or future tense of esse.
Perfect passive: scitus sum
Pluperfect passive: scitus eram
Future perfect passive: scitus ero
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) and the ending -is in the present, past and future passive (2 sing) are sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|sciam |scirem |
|sciamus |sciremus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|scias |scires |
|sciatis |sciretis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|sciat |sciret |
|sciant |scirent |
| | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|sciverim |scivissem |
|sciverimus |scivissemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|sciveris |scivisses |
|sciveritis |scivissetis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|sciverit |scivisset |
|sciverint |scivissent |
| | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|sciar |scirer |
|sciamur |sciremur |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|sciaris |scireris |
|sciamini |sciremini |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|sciatur |sciretur |
|sciantur |scirentur |
| | |
The perfect passive subjunctives of scire are formed from the passive participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse.
Perfect passive subjunctive: scitus sim
Pluperfect passive subjunctive: scitus essem
The ending -is in the present and past passive subjunctive (2 sing) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Imperative Mood
Active Voice
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|sci |scito |
|scite |scitote |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |scito |
|----- |sciunto |
| | |
Passive Voice
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|scire |scitor |
|scimini |----- |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |scitor |
|----- |sciuntor |
| | |
Gerund and Supine
| |Genitive |Dative |Accusative |Ablative |
|Gerund |sciendi |sciendo |sciendum |sciendo |
|Supine |----- |----- |scitum |scitu |
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Thu Jan 22 11:08:30 EST 1998. Typo correction: subjunctive `sciatis' was listed incorrectly as `scietis'. (Thanks to Marcella for pointing me to it!)
Examples of Fourth Conjugation Verbs
The four principal parts of many fourth conjugation verbs can be obtained from the stem of fourth person present indicative form by adding the endings -io, -ire, -ivi, and -itus. Rather than write out all four principal parts of such verbs, I mark these very regular verbs as (4). For example, the entry:
scio (4). vt. know.
is short for the entry:
scio, scire, scivi, scitus. (transitive verb) know.
[pic]
• aperio, aperire, aperui, apertus. vt. open.
• audio (4). vt. hear, listen (to).
• dormio (4). vi. sleep.
• orior, -iri, ortus sum. vi. rise, appear, originate.
• scio (4). vt. know.
• sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus. vt. sense, feel, perceive.
o assentio, -tire, -si, -sum. vi. assent to (+ dat.).
o assentior, -tiri, -sum sum. vt. assent to (+ dat.).
o consentio, -tire, -si, -sus. vt. agree, assent.
o dissentio, -tire, -si, -sus. vt. disagree, oppose.
o subsentio, -tire, -si, -sus. vt. notice secretly
• venio, venire, veni, venturus. vi. come.
o advenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. arrive.
o convenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. meet, assemble.
o evenio, evenire, eveni, eventum. vi. result, happen, occur.
o invenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. discover, invent.
o intervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. delay. vi. come between, intervene, interrupt (+ dat.).
o pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. arrive, reach.
o praevenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus. vt. anticipate, come before.
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Wed Sep 25 11:36:08 EDT 2002
Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (esse)
Principal parts for esse, to be
sum, esse, fui, (futurus).
Infinitives and Participles
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Infinitive |esse |fuisse |futurus esse |
|Participle |----- |----- |futurus |
Indicative Mood
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|sum |eram |ero |
|sumus |eramus |erimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|es |eras |eris |
|estis |eratis |eritis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|est |erat |erit |
|sunt |erant |erunt |
| | | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |Future Perfect Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|fui |fueram |fuero |
|fuimus |fueramus |fuerimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|fuisti |fueras |fueris |
|fuistis |fueratis |fueritis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|fuit |fuerat |fuerit |
|fuerunt |fuerant |fuerint |
| | | |
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|sim |essem |
|simus |essemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|sis |esses |
|sitis |essetis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|sit |esset |
|sint |essent |
| | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|fuerim |fuissem |
|fuerimus |fuissemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|fueris |fuisses |
|fueritis |fuissetis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|fuerit |fuisset |
|fuerint |fuissent |
| | |
For the past subjective, the following forms are also found: forem, fores, ...
Imperative Mood
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|es |esto |
|este |estote |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |esto |
|----- |sunto |
| | |
Compounds
• absum. be absent.
• adsum. be present.
• desum. fail at (+ dat.ve).
• insum. be in.
• intersum. be among (+ dat.ve).
• obsum. be against (+ dat.ve).
• possum, posse, potui. be able, can. (from pot- + esse.)
• praesum. be in charge of, preside over (+ dat.ve).
• prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus. be useful for, be good for (+ dat.ve).
• subsum. be near (+ dat.ve).
• supersum. to survive (+ dat.ve).
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Tue Aug 26 14:53:04 EDT 1997
Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (fieri)
Principal parts for fieri, to become, to be made
fio, fieri, factus sum.
In addition to its meaning "to become", this verb is also used as the passive of facio, facere (to make)
Infinitives and Participles
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Infinitive |fieri |factus esse |factum ire |
|Participle |----- |factus, gen. euntis |faciendus |
Indicative Mood
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|fio |fiebam |fiam |
|fimus |fiebamus |fiemus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|fis |fiebas |fies |
|fitis |fiebatis |fietis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|fit |fiebat |fiet |
|fiunt |fiebant |fient |
| | | |
The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect forms are constructed from the perfect participle and the present, past or future tense of esse.
Perfect: factus sum
Pluperfect: factus eram
Future perfect: factus ero
Subjunctive Mood
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|fiam |fierem |
|fiamus |fieremus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|fias |fieres |
|fiatis |fieretis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|fiat |fieret |
|fiant |fierent |
| | |
The perfect and pluperfect forms are constructed from the perfect participle and the present or past subjunctive of esse.
Perfect: factus sim
Pluperfect: factus essem
Imperative Mood
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|fi |----- |
|fite |----- |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |----- |
|----- |----- |
| | |
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Wed Sep 1 11:03:25 EDT 2004
Thanks to Celia K for the corrections to the severely typo-ridden Future Active Indicative!
Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (ire)
Principal parts for ire, to go
eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum.
Although ire is intransitive, it does have impersonal passive forms.
Infinitives and Participles
Active Voice
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Infinitive |ire |ivisse, isse |iturus esse |
|Participle |iens, gen. euntis |----- |iturus |
Passive Voice
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Infinitive |iri |itum esse |----- |
|Participle |----- |----- |eundum |
Indicative Mood
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|eo |ibam |ibo |
|imus |ibamus |ibimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|is |ibas |ibis |
|itis |ibatis |ibitis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|it |ibat |ibit |
|eunt |ibant |ibunt |
| | | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |Future Perfect Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|ivi |iveram |ivero |
|ivimus |iveramus |iverimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|ivisti |iveras |iveris |
|ivistis |iveratis |iveritis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|ivit |iverat |iverit |
|iverunt |iverant |iverint |
| | | |
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e.
The perfect, pluperfect and future perfect forms are sometimes contracted from iv- to i-.
Passive Voice (Impersonal)
Present: itur
Imperfect: ibatur
Future: ibitur
Perfect: itum est
Imperfect: itum erat
Future: itum erit
Subjunctive Mood
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|eam |irem |
|eamus |iremus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|eas |ires |
|eatis |iretis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|eat |iret |
|eant |irent |
| | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|iverim |ivissem |
|iverimus |ivissemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|iveris |ivisses |
|iveritis |ivissetis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|iverit |ivisset |
|iverint |ivissent |
| | |
The perfect, pluperfect and future perfect forms are sometimes contracted from iv- to i-.
Imperative Mood
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|i |ito |
|ite |itote |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |ito |
|----- |eunto |
| | |
Gerund and Supine
| |Genitive |Dative |Accusative |Ablative |
|Gerund |eundi |eundo |eundum |eundo |
|Supine |----- |----- |itum |itu |
[pic]
Compounds
• abeo. vi. go away, leave.
• adeo. vt. go toward, approach, attack, visit.
• ambio. vt. go around, encircle.
• circumeo. vt. go around, visit, cheat.
• coeo. vi. meet, mate, copulate.
• depereo. vt. be hopelessly in love with. vi. perish.
• exeo. vt. ward off. vi. leave.
• ineo. vt. enter.
• intereo. vi. perish.
• obeo. vt. travel to, review. vi. die, fade away.
• pereo. vi. perish.
• praeeo. vt. lead.
• prodeo. vi. advance.
• redeo. vi. return.
• subeo. vt. approach.
• transeo. vt. cross.
• veneo. vi. be for sale.
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Fri Dec 13 15:31:06 EST 2002
Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (malle)
Principal parts for malle, to prefer
malo, malle, malui.
Infinitives and Participles
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Infinitive |malle |maluisse |----- |
|Participle |----- |----- |----- |
Indicative Mood
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|malo |malebam |malam |
|malumus |malebamus |malemus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|mavis |malebas |males |
|mavultis |malebatis |maletis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|mavult |malebat |malet |
|malunt |malebant |malent |
| | | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |Future Perfect Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|malui |malueram |maluero |
|maluimus |malueramus |maluerimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|maluisti |malueras |malueris |
|maluistis |malueratis |malueritis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|maluit |maluerat |maluerit |
|maluerunt |maluerant |maluerint |
| | | |
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|malim |mallem |
|malimus |mallemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|malis |malles |
|malitis |malletis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|malit |mallet |
|malint |mallent |
| | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|maluerim |maluissem |
|maluerimus |maluissemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|malueris |maluisses |
|malueritis |maluissetis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|maluerit |maluisset |
|maluerint |maluissent |
| | |
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Mon Aug 25 12:22:48 EDT 1997
Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (nolle)
Principal parts for nolle, to be unwilling
nolo, nolle, nolui.
Infinitives and Participles
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Infinitive |nolle |noluisse |----- |
|Participle |nolens |----- |----- |
Indicative Mood
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|nolo |nolebam |nolam |
|nolumus |nolebamus |nolemus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|non vis |nolebas |noles |
|non vultis |nolebatis |noletis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|non vult |nolebat |nolet |
|nolunt |nolebant |nolent |
| | | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |Future Perfect Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|nolui |nolueram |noluero |
|noluimus |nolueramus |noluerimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|noluisti |nolueras |nolueris |
|noluistis |nolueratis |nolueritis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|noluit |noluerat |noluerit |
|noluerunt |noluerant |noluerint |
| | | |
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|nolim |nollem |
|nolimus |nollemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|nolis |nolles |
|nolitis |nolletis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|nolit |nollet |
|nolint |nollent |
| | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|noluerim |noluissem |
|noluerimus |noluissemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|nolueris |noluisses |
|nolueritis |noluissetis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|noluerit |noluisset |
|noluerint |noluissent |
| | |
Imperative Mood
|Present Tense |Future Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|noli |nolito |
|nolite |nolitote |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|----- |nolito |
|----- |noluntote |
| | |
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Mon Aug 25 12:26:47 EDT 1997
Latin Irregular Conjugation Paradigm (velle)
Principal parts for velle, to wish
volo, velle, volui.
Infinitives and Participles
| |Present |Perfect |Future |
|Infinitive |velle |voluisse |----- |
|Participle |volens |----- |----- |
Indicative Mood
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |Future Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|volo |volebam |volam |
|volumus |volebamus |volemus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|vis |volebas |voles |
|vultis |volebatis |voletis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|vult |volebat |volet |
|volunt |volebant |volent |
| | | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |Future Perfect Tense |
| | | |
|Singular |Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |Plural |
| | | |
|1 |1 |1 |
|volui |volueram |voluero |
|voluimus |volueramus |voluerimus |
| | | |
|2 |2 |2 |
|voluisti |volueras |volueris |
|voluistis |volueratis |volueritis |
| | | |
|3 |3 |3 |
|voluit |voluerat |voluerit |
|voluerunt |voluerant |voluerint |
| | | |
The ending -unt in the perfect active (3 pl) is sometimes contracted to -e.
Subjunctive Mood
|Present Tense |Imperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|velim |vellem |
|velimus |vellemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|velis |velles |
|velitis |velletis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|velit |vellet |
|velint |vellent |
| | |
|Perfect Tense |Pluperfect Tense |
| | |
|Singular |Singular |
|Plural |Plural |
| | |
|1 |1 |
|voluerim |voluissem |
|voluerimus |voluissemus |
| | |
|2 |2 |
|volueris |voluisses |
|volueritis |voluissetis |
| | |
|3 |3 |
|voluerit |voluisset |
|voluerint |voluissent |
| | |
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Mon Aug 25 12:30:08 EDT 1997
Conjunctions
Conjunctions come in two flavors, coördinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. Coördinating conjunctions join two expressions or two clauses at the same level. Subordinating conjunctions connect a clause at a lower level to a clause one level deeper.
In addition, a number of adverbs are often used like conjunctions. These include a number of Latin equivalents of English words like therefore, moreover and however.
[pic]
Coördinating Conjunctions
These connect two grammatical units at an equal level, such as:
• two nouns or noun phrases
the green bird and the hungry cat
• two independent clauses
Purple cows don't exist, but Descartes claims to exist because he thinks.
Simple conjunctions
• ac. and.
• at. but. (This is more emphatic than sed.)
• atque. and, and also, moreover.
• aut. or.
• et. and.
• nec non. and besides.
• sed. but.
• vel. or.
Paired conjunctions
• atque...atque. both...and.
• aut...aut. either...or.
• et...et. both...and.
• nec...et. not only...but also.
Note: the meaning of the first conjoined expression is affirmative rather than negative not only in Latin but also in English (nec in lingua Latina classica et in lingua Anglisca moderna)!
• nec...nec. neither...or.
• ut...ita. Although...nevertheless.
Adverbial conjunctions
ergo, idcirco, itaque, unde. hence, thus, therefore, then, whence.
etiam, insuper, porro, praeterea. and besides, furthermore, and in addition, moreover.
tamen, autem. however, nevertheless, nonetheless.
[pic]
Subordinating Conjunctions
These connect a clause of one level to a clause of a deeper level:
Purple cows don't exist, but Descartes claims to exist because he thinks.
For a number of subordinating conjunctions, the meaning may depend significantly on the mood (indicative or subjunctive) of the verb in the subordinate clause. The indicative mood typically has a factual meaning, whereas the subjunctive frequently denotes possibility or obligation.
• cum. when, whenever, since, because.
o cum-temporal clauses (when, whenever). The subordinate clause takes the subjunctive mode.
o cum-causal clauses (since, because). The subordinate clause takes the indicative mode if the time is present, future or definite past. The subordinate clause takes the subjunctive mode for indefinite past time.
• si. if.
o Statements of fact take the indicative mode.
o Statements of possibility take the subjunctive mode.
Some subordinating conjunctions
• antequam. before.
• cum. when, whenever, since, because.
• dum. while, if only, so long as, until.
• si. if.
• usque. until.
• ut. while, as.
[pic]
Mathematical equations and fit
In mathematical German, formulas (equations and inequalities) are treated as expressions rather than as sentences. However, in mathematical English, they are more commonly treated as sentences. Since symbolic expressions of the kind used in nineteenth and twentieth century mathematics only go back to the Renaissance period, treatment of these symbolic expressions may vary a bit. A writer handling formulas as expressions is apt to make heavy use of fit, the third person singular present indicative of the irregular verb fieri. In English, this is apt to be translated as therefore rather than more literally as it becomes. The following example should clarify the issue:
|Latin |Literal |English |
|Sit: |Let it be: |Let: |
| f(x)=x². | f(x)=x². | f(x)=x². |
|Mutando x in x+h, |Changing x into x+h, |Then, |
|fit: |it becomes: |changing x into x+h, |
| f(x)=x²+2hx+h². | f(x)=x²+2hx+h². | f(x)=x²+2hx+h². |
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Sun Sep 14 14:38:18 EDT 1997
Prepositions
Take these examples with a grain of salt. The classical Latin system of prepositions does not coincide neatly with the English system. Accordingly, some of the examples may reflect my prejudices as an English speaker more than they reflect classical Latin usage. Of course if you find such an example, please do send me email (polite or inflammatory). I would like this to be as accurate as possible.
Prepositions governing the accusative
|ad |motion |to |ad senatum ambulare |
| | | |to walk to the Senate |
|adversus | |against | |
|ante |position |in front of, |carrum ante equum ponere |
| | |before |to put the cart before the horse |
|apud |position |at, among | |
|circiter | |about | |
|circum | |around |milites circum transfugam stabant |
| | | |the soldiers stood around the deserter |
|cis, citra |position |on this side of | |
|contra | |against |contra condus pugnare |
| | | |to fight with the shopkeepers |
|erga |motion |toward | |
|extra |position |outside |extra casam pugnaverunt |
| | | |they fought outside the house |
|in |motion |into, onto, on |saxum in casam iacere |
| | | |to throw the rock into the house |
|infra |position |below | |
|inter |position |between, |inter amicos sto |
| | |among |I stand among friends |
|intra |position |within | |
|juxta |position |near | |
|ob |cause |because of | |
|per |motion |through | |
|post |position |behind, after |equum post carrum ponere |
| | | |to put the horse after the cart |
|praeter | |beyond, past | |
|prope |position |near | |
|propter |cause |because of |post hoc ergo propter hoc |
| | | |after it thus because of it (logical fallacy) |
|secundum |position |next to | |
|sub |motion |under | |
|super |position |over | |
|supra |position |above, over |pontis supra aquam territum |
| | | |a bridge over fearful water |
|trans |motion |across |ventus trans flumen flat |
| | | |the wind blows across the stream |
|versus |motion |toward | |
|ultra | |beyond | |
As Latin was losing its case system, prepositions started to move in to fill the void. In colloquial Latin, the preposition ad followed by the accusative was sometimes used as a substitute for the dative case.
Classical Latin: Iacobus geometrae librum donat James is giving the geometer the book.
Vulgar Latin: Iacobus librum ad geometrem donat James is giving the book to the geometer.
Modern French: Jacques donne le livre au géomètre James is giving the book to the geometer.
Prepositions governing the ablative
|a, ab, abs |agent |by |ab Aenea esus |
| | | |eaten by Aeneas |
| |time |since, after |a censu natus |
| | | |born after the census |
| |motion from |from |a domu veniens |
| | | |coming from home |
| |cause |from, out of |ab augerio territus |
| | | |frightened by augury |
|cum |accompaniment |with |cum Marco edi |
| | | |I ate with Mark |
|de |motion from |down from |de caelo descendere |
| | | |to fall from the sky |
| |subject |about, |liber de Caesare |
| | |concerning |a book about Caesar |
|e, ex |source |from, out of |de danista ex infernis affligi |
| | | |to be injured by the money lender from hell |
|in |position |in, on |in saxo sto |
| | | |I am standing on the rock |
|prae |position |before |cum prae Caesare Clintone steti, mihi ad Texam ablegavit |
| | | |because I stood before President Clinton, he banished me to Texas |
|pro |position |in front of, for |pro vobis venio, ut post vos sto |
| | | |I come before you to stand behind you |
|sine |accompaniment |without |amor sine spe |
| | | |love without hope |
|sub |position |below, under |aqua sub ponte |
| | | |water under the bridge |
Just as in the disappearing dative case, colloquial Latin sometimes replaced the disappearing genitive case with the preposition de followed by the ablative.
Classical Latin: Iacobus mihi librum geometrae donat. James is giving me the geometer's book.
Vulgar Latin: Iacobus mihi librum de geometre donat. James is giving me the book of (belonging to) the geometer.
Vulgar Latin: Iacobus librum de geometre ad me donat. James is giving the book of (belonging to) the geometer to me.
Modern French: Jacques me donne le livre du géomètre. James is giving me the book of (belonging to) the geometer.
Modern French: Jacques donne le livre du géomètre à moi. James is giving the book of (belonging to) the geometer to me.
[pic]
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Wed Jan 20 12:46 EDT 2010
Latin Interjections
An interjections is a word or phrase which doesn't have much grammatical connection to the rest of a sentence. In some cases, an interjection may serve as an entire sentence. Some relatively clean examples in English -- the interjection is in boldface:
1. Egad! August, to think that even Brutus would join the rebels.
2. The sum of these two power series yields well uh an analytic continuation of Riemann's zeta function.
3. Doh!
4. Darn it!
5. Oh!
Latin also has interjections. Some indicate emotion, some derive from invocations of members of the Roman or Greek pantheon, some are Greek borrowings, while others are taken from other parts of speech. (Translations in italics are guesses by me.) G-rated examples:
• age (imperative of ago, agere (III), egi, actus to drive, to urge, to conduct) Come! Well!
• ecce (astonishment) behold!
• ehem (pleasant surprise) wow!
• eheu (pain) ow! oh!
• eho (rebuke) see here!
• ehodum (rebuke) now see here!
• ei, hei (fear or dismay)
• eia, heia (praise) good! (haste) quick!
• eia age (haste) quickly now! come quick!
• em, hem (probably from imperative eme of emo, emere (III), emi, emptus to aquire, to buy) (1) Here you are! (2) There you are! (followed by a dative indicating something that is being given.)
• eu (ironic) great! (Great! Now it will take a mere two hundred years for me to finish.)
• euge (praise) terrific!
• euhoe, evoe, evae (cry of ecstasy at a Bacchanal) eeyow!
• Hercle By Hercules!
• heu, eheu, vae (sorrow) alas!
• heus (drawing attention) hey!
• io (joy!) ho!
• Iove By Jove!
• lo (from Greek?) Lo! (as in "Lo, how a rose e'er blooming...")
• o (astonishment) oh!
• Pol Pollux! Polydeuces!
• papae (delight!) wonderful!
• pro oh!
• pro pudor fie! for shame
• pro di immortales heavens above! heavens to betsy! (literally: for the immortal gods!)
• st shhh!
• vae woe! (with dative) woe to (e.g. vae mihi Woe is me!)
(Sources for the initial version of this page: Allen & Greenough New Latin Grammar [referenced on main page], The New College Latin & English Dictionary [also referenced on main page], and William Whitaker's Words
Mail comments to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Sursum adeamus! (Back to the Latin home page)
Domum Erici adeamus! (Back to Eric's home page)
Last updated: Thu Jul 31 13:51:47 EDT 2003
Latin Examples
Introduction (Prooemium)
This is a collection in progress of snippets of Latin. In this section, I have not bothered to mark long vowels.
If you'd like to contribute a few sentences to this modest collection, then feel free to email your submission to me at the the email address below. I will acknowledge any submissions that I decide to use.
If you're looking for online Latin texts or English translations, please check out the links to other Latin resources.
PS: I'm sure there are mistakes here. Don't hesitate to offer any corrections.
[pic]
Elementary examples (Exempla facilia)
1. Lingua latina demortua est. Romanos occidit etenim me necat. -- schoolboy taunt
Latin is dead. It killed the Romans and it's killing me too.
2. Venus, tuus tonsus novus est squalor flebilis!
Venus, your new hairdo is a pathetic mess!
Public service warning: Gentlemen, avoid the temptation to try this sentence out on your girlfriend -- even in your best bedroom voice (vox amatoria). After all, if you can find this web site, so can she.
3. Vir honeste, tonsum affer.
Yo dude! get a haircut.
(60's nostalgia version) Vir transitori, tonsum affer.
Get a haircut, hippie.
4. Quae sufficiat addigitasse. -- C. G. Jacobi. in § 46 of Fundamenta Nova Theoriae Functionum Ellipticarum
May it suffice to have pointed out these things.
Let it suffice to have pointed out these things.
(fig.) The details are left as an exercise.
Notes: addigitasse is a contraction of addigitavisse, the perfect infinitive of a Late Latin verb addigitare, to point out. This verb is listed in Latham's list of Latin words from medieval British and Irish sources. According to Latham, the first word shows up in one of his sources dating back to approximately 1180 CE. It is a compound ad + digit- where digitus is Latin for finger. Question: Is the modern Italian verb additare a cognate?
5. Ave Caesar, morituri te salutant.
Hail Caesar, those who are about to die salute you.
[pic]
Folk songs
I've butchered several American folk songs, both traditional and revisionist, and partially (and whimsically!) translated them into folksy Latin. Some of these might be singable. Win virtual prizes for correctly identifying the songs and finding all the errors!
• E canto in ventulus flare auctore Roberto Dylano:
De quot viis viro ambulandum est, dum virum appelatur.
• E canto de Thoma Dulio cantoribus trinionis Regioppidi:
Caput demitte, Thomas Duli!
Caput demitte fleque.
Caput demitte, Thomas Duli!
Miser! iussum est, ut mori deberere.
• E canto traditionale de bella Pollia:
Pollia! bella Pollia! veni et mecum i.
Pollia! bella Pollia! veni et mecum i,
ut videamus gaudios, antequam maramur.
• E canto traditionale Pauper barbarus errans:
Sum pauper barbarus errans,
Qui per terram miserandam,
Et est nec morbus nec labor nec periculum
In terra alba ad quam eo.
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Mail comments and contributions to Eric Conrad (econrad@math.ohio-state.edu).
Domum Erici adeamus!
Sursum adeamus!
Last updated: Tue Sep 25 16:42:26 EDT 2007
(If you're looking for a favorite phrase that you suggested in Spring or Summer of 2007, please don't despair yet. I do have several good suggestions that I still plan to add to this list.)
|Latin phrases used in English |
|Latin Phrase |Abbrev. |Literal English |Translation |Examples |
|ad nauseam | |to the point of disgust |and so on and on and on and on | |
|amicus curiae | |a friend of the court |an interested third party |The American Civil Liberties Union filed an amicus curiae brief supporting Jerry Falwell's |
| | | | |suit against the city of Lynchburg. |
|causa sine qua non | |a reason swithout which not |an indispensible condition | |
|cave canem! | | |Beware of the dog! | |
|caveat emptor! | | |Let the buyer beware! |"Caveat emptor" applies to many phishing schemes on the internet. |
| | | |Let the customer beware! | |
|de facto | |from deed |existing, in actuality |"De facto segregration" arises from daily living rather than legal sanction. |
|de jure | |according to law |legally |"De jure segregration" is sanctioned or demanded by law. |
|de minimis | |about smallest (things) |about trivia | |
| | | |about trivialities | |
|et alii |et al. |and others |and others |The Interminable Tome by Joshua Longworth, Mary Longworth, et al. |
|et cetera |etc. |and the rest |and so on | |
|ex post facto | |after the deed |retroactive |The U.S. Constitution prohibits ex post facto laws. (An ex post facto law makes a crime out |
| | | | |of an act committed before the enactment of the law.) |
|exempli gratia |e.g. |for the sake of an example |for example |The mayors of some cities, e.g. Columbus, are directly elected by the miserabile vulgus |
| | | | |(q.v.), while others are appointed by the city council. |
|habeas corpus (ad | |You may have the body (to be |a legal petition challenging | |
|subjiciendum) | |submitted [for examination]). |detention or imprisonment [Wikipedia| |
| | | |article] | |
|id est |i.e. |it is, that is |that is | |
|in actu | | |in practice |While I see no reason in theory why bread should fall jelly-side down, in actu it seems to |
| | | | |happen more often than not. |
|In hoc signo vinces. | |In this sign thou wilt conquer. |In this sign you will conquer. |(This motto was supposedly adopted by the emperor [Imperator] Constantine. It also appears on|
| | | | |Pall Mall cigarette packs.) |
| | | | |Wikipedia reference. |
|inter alia | |among others |among other things |The boat is not seaworthy because, inter alia, it has a leaky bottom. |
|mea culpa | |my fault |Woops! | |
|miserabile vulgus | |the pathetic masses |the wretched rabble | |
|Nota bene |n.b. |Note well! |Note carefully! | |
|Novus ordo saeculorum | | |A new order for the ages |(See the back of a $1.00 bill.) |
|Novus ordo seclorum | | | | |
|post hoc ergo propter hoc |post hoc |after this therefore because of |It happened before and it is thus |Post hoc fallacy: |
| | |this |the cause. (a logical fallacy) |I did five pushups and my cold went away three days later. Therefore pushups cured my cold. |
| | | | | |
| | | | |Extreme post hoc fallacy: |
| | | | |I did five pushups and my cold went away three days later. Therefore five pushups is a cure |
| | | | |for the common cold. |
|prima facie | |by first look |self-evident from the facts | |
|qui nucleum vult nucem | | |[link to translation] | |
|frangat | | | | |
|quid pro quo | |something for something |tit for tat |He hung the pictures as a gesture of friendship; there was no quid pro quo. |
| | | | |(See also: a transcript of the Senate trial of the Clinton impeachment.) |
|quod vide |q.v. |which see |(a reference to another part of a | |
| | | |published work) | |
|quod erat |Q.E.D. |which was to be proved |this is what I set out to prove; |...and thus the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two legs. |
|demonstrandum | | |end of proof |Q.E.D. |
|requiem | |rest (acc.) |a mass for a deceased person; | |
| | | |a song of mourning | |
|requiescat |RIP |may he (or she) rest in peace | | |
|in pace | | | | |
|res ipsa loquitur |res ips. |the matter itself speaks |the situation speaks for itself; | |
| | | |the matter is self-evident | |
|sine die | |without a day |indefinitely |The proceedings in Brookville vs. Thompson are suspended sine die. |
| | | |until mañana | |
|sine qua non | |without which not |an indispensible person or object |It's a sine qua non that Jupiter be invoked thrice before bedtime. |
|summum bonum | |the highest good |(Philosophy:) | |
| | | |the ultimate ends | |
|Ursa major | |The bigger bear |The Big Dipper (a constellation) | |
|Ursa minor | |The smaller bear |The Little Dipper (another | |
| | | |constellation) | |
|versus |vs. |inverted |against |Brown vs. Board of Education |
| | |(pp. of verto) | | |
N.B.: Purists who point out that the Big Dipper is merely a subconstellation of Ursa major will be cheerfully ignored.
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|Proverbs, Adages, Mottos and Oracles |
|Annuit coeptis. |He has smiled on our undertakings. |
|De gustibus non disputandum est. |There is no accounting for taste. |
| |Literally: Concerning taste, it is not to be argued. |
|De minimis non curat lex. |The law does not care about trivialities. |
|De minimis non curat praetor. |The judge does not care about trivialities. |
|E pluribus unum. |Out of many [comes] one. |
|Nemo est haeres viventis. |Nobody is an heir to [one still] living. |
| |see: |
| |(A New Jersey court cited the doctrine of "nemo est haeres viventis" |
| |in rejecting the legality of a waiver signed by scuba diver killed in |
| |an accident. Bonnie Gershon, et al. v. Regency Diving Center, Inc.) |
|In hoc signo vinces. |In this sign, thou shalt conquer. |
|Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum sonatur. |Anything said in Latin sounds profound. |
| |Literally: Whatever may have been said in Latin is heard (as) profound. |
|Res ipsa loquitur. |The matter is self-evident. [see above] |
| |Literally: The matter itself speaks. |
|Veni. Vidi. Vici. |I came. I saw. I conquered. |
[pic]
|Latin phrases that ought to be used |
|Latin Phrase |Abbrev. |Literal English |Translation |Examples |
|cave fatuum! (masc.) | | |Beware of the fool(s)! |Sign posted on the managers' restroom door : Cave fatuis! |
|cave fatuam! (fem.) | | | | |
|cave fatuos! (pl.) | | | | |
|cave felem! | | |Beware of the cat! |Sign posted on lawn to ward off salespeople and proselytisers: Cave felem! |
|caveat attemptor! | | |Let the tryer beware! |Sign posted by the very high diving board: Caveat attemptor! |
|sacra bos |Sac.b. |holy cow |Holy cow! |Sac.b., Batman! This could only be the work of the Riddler! |
|sacra forda |Sac.For. |holy pregnant cow |HOLY COW! |Sac.For., Batman! We've been snared by the Riddler! |
| | | |(more emphatic than "Sacra bos) | |
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Mail comments to Eric Conrad econrad@math.ohiostate.edu
Back to the Latin home page
Back to my home page
Last updated: May 22, 2008
|POSITIVE DEGREE ADJECTIVES: |
|(1st & 2nd Declension) |
| |
| M-singular |
| M-plural |
| F-singular |
| F-plural |
| N-singular |
| N-plural |
| |
|Nominativus |
| improb-us |
| improb-i |
| improb-a |
| improb-ae |
| improb-um |
| improb-a |
| |
| Accusativus |
| improb-um |
| improb-os |
| improb-am |
| improb-as |
| improb-um |
| improb-a |
| |
| Genetivus |
| improb-i |
| improb-orum |
| improb-ae |
| improb-arum |
| improb-i |
| improb-orum |
| |
| Dativus |
| improb-o |
| improb-is |
| improb-ae |
| improb-is |
| improb-o |
| improb-is |
| |
| Ablativus |
| improb-o |
| improb-is |
| improb-a |
| improb-is |
| improb-o |
| improb-is |
| |
| |
|(3rd Declension) |
|Third declension adjectives of two endings (by far the most common) appear thus: tristis, -e. |
| |
| M/F-singular |
| M/F-plural |
| N-singular |
| N-plural |
| |
| Nominativus |
| trist-is |
| trist-es |
| trist-e |
| trist-ia |
| |
| Accusativus |
| trist-em |
| trist-es [or -is] |
| trist-e |
| trist-ia |
| |
| Genetivus |
| trist-is |
| trist-ium |
| trist-is |
| trist-ium |
| |
| Dativus |
| trist-i |
| trist-ibus |
| trist-i |
| trist-ibus |
| |
| Ablativus |
| trist-i |
| trist-ibus |
| trist-i |
| trist-ibus |
| |
|Third declension adjectives of three endings appear thus: celer, -is, -e. The masculine and feminine differ only in the |
|nominative singular. |
| |
| M/F-singular |
| M/F-plural |
| N-singular |
| N-plural |
| |
| Nominativus |
| celer; celer-is |
| celer-es |
| celer-e |
| celer-ia |
| |
| Accusativus |
| celer-em |
| celer-es [or -is] |
| celer-e |
| celer-ia |
| |
|Genetivus |
| celer-is |
| celer-ium |
| celer-is |
| celer-ium |
| |
| Dativus |
| celer-i |
| celer-ibus |
| celer-i |
| celer-ibus |
| |
| Ablativus |
| celer-i |
| celer-ibus |
| celer-i |
| celer-ibus |
| |
|Third declension adjectives of one ending appear thus: potens, -entis. Masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative singular are |
|the same. These forms are derived from the present active participle. |
| |
| M/F-singular |
| M/F-plural |
| N-singular |
| N-plural |
| |
| Nominativus |
| potens |
| potent-es |
| potens |
| potent-ia |
| |
| Accusativus |
| potent-em |
| potent-es |
| potens |
| potent-ia |
| |
| Genetivus |
| potent-is |
| potent-ium |
| potent-is |
| potent-ium |
| |
| Dativus |
| potent-i |
| potent-ibus |
| potent-i |
| potent-ibus |
| |
| Ablativus |
| potent-i |
| potent-ibus |
| potent-i |
| potent-ibus |
| |
[pic]
[pic]
| Comparative Adjectives: (3rd declension) |
| |
| M/F singularis |
| M/F pluralis |
| N singularis |
|N pluralis |
| |
| Nominativus |
| improb-ior |
| improb-ior-es |
| improb-ius |
| improb-ior-a |
| |
| Accusativus |
| improb-ior-em |
| improb-ior-es |
| improb-ius |
| improb-ior-a |
| |
| Genetivus |
| improb-ior-is |
| improb-ior-um |
| improb-ior-is |
| improb-ior-um |
| |
| Dativus |
| improb-ior-i |
| improb-ior-ibus |
| improb-ior-i |
| improb-ior-ibus |
| |
| Ablativus |
| improb-ior-e |
| improb-ior-ibus |
| improb-ior-e |
| improb-ior-ibus |
| |
|NOTA BENE: |
|Comparative adjectives are consonant stem. |
|Translate as "more X," "X-er," or "rather/too X." e.g. formosior; "more pretty," "prettier," or "rather/ |
|too pretty." |
[pic]
[pic]
| SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES: (1st & 2nd declension) |
| |
| Masculine |
| Feminine |
| Neuter |
| |
| Nominativus (singularis) |
| improb-issim-us |
| improb-issim-a |
| improb-issim-um |
| |
| Accusativus |
| improb-issim-um |
| improb-issim-am |
| improb-issim-um |
| |
| Genetivus |
| improb-issim-i |
| improb-issim-ae |
| improb-issim-i |
| |
| Dativus |
| improb-issim-o |
| improb-issim-ae |
| improb-issim-o |
| |
| Ablativus |
| improb-issim-o |
| improb-issim-a |
| improb-issim-o |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Nominativus (pluralis) |
| improb-issim-i |
| improb-issim-ae |
| improb-issim-a |
| |
| Accusativus |
| improb-issim-os |
| improb-issim-as |
| improb-issim-a |
| |
| Genetivus |
| improb-issim-orum |
| improb-issim-arum |
| improb-issim-orum |
| |
| Dativus |
| improb-issim-is |
| improb-issim-is |
| improb-issim-is |
| |
| Ablativus |
| improb-issim-is |
| improb-issim-is |
| improb-issim-is |
| |
|NOTA BENE: |
|Translate as "the most X" or "the X-est." e.g. formosissimus; "the most pretty" or "the prettiest." |
|Adjectives which end in [-er] in the nominative, singular, masculine have the superlative form with [-errim-] rather than |
|[-issim-]. e.g pulch-er (positive), pulchr-ior (comparative), pulch-errim-us (superlative). |
|nv |gt |ADIECTIVA |
|Declinatie: |1e / 2e - decl. |3e decl. |
|Geslacht: |M(asculinum) |F(emininum) |N(eutrum) |M of F |N |
|NOM |sg |bon us |bon a |bon um |fort is |fort e |
|GEN |sg |bon i |bon ae |bon i |fort is |fort is |
|DAT |sg |bon o |bon ae |bon o |fort i |fort i |
|ACC |sg |bon um |bon am |bon um |fort em |fort e |
|ABL |sg |bon o |bon a |bon o |fort i |fort i |
|VOC |sg |bon e | | | | |
|NOM |pl |bon i |bon ae |bon a |fort es |fort ia |
|GEN |pl |bon orum |bon arum |bon orum |fort ium |fort ium |
|DAT |pl |bon is |bon is |bon is |fort ibus |fort ibus |
|ACC |pl |bon os |bon as |bon a |fort es |fort ia |
|ABL |pl |bon is |bon is |bon is |fort ibus |fort ibus |
|Betekenis: |goed |goed |goed |sterk, dapper |sterk, dapper |
| |
|Bij de adiectiva van de 1e/2e declinatie horen ook de adiectiva als: |
|pulcher,-chra, -chrum (= mooi) |
|asper, - era, -erum (= ruw) |
|Bij de adiectiva van de 3e declinatie horen ook: |
|adiectiva van 3 uitgangen op -er, -eris: acer, acris, acre ( = hevig, fel) |
|adiectiva van 1 uitgang (alle andere): felix ,-icis(= gelukkig) |
|adiectiva met abl. sg. op -e: vetus (= oud), dives ,-vitis(= rijk) en pauper , -eris(=arm) |
|het ppa: bv. vocans ,-ntis; (let op: abl. sg. op -e !) |
|Er zijn ook enkele adiectiva met een gen. sg. op -ius en een dat. sg. op -i ! |
|unus (= één), solus (= alleen), totus (= geheel), ullus (= enig, één enkele), nullus (= geen enkele), uter? (= wie van beide?), uterque (= elk van beide), neuter (= geen van beide), alter (de één, de ander|
|[van twee]), alius ,gen: alterius (= [een] ander) |
|Adiectiva (bijvoeglijke naamwoorden) worden gebruikt: |
|bij substantiva (zelfstandige naamwoorden) en passen zich daaraan aan in geslacht, getal en naamval! |
|als naamwoordelijk deel van het gezegde en passen zich aan aan het onderwerp in geslacht, getal en naamval! |
|(soms) zelfstandig. |
Numerals (Numeralia)
[pic]
The circumflex accent ( ˆ ) is used to denote the length of the vowels.
|Arabic |Cardinal |
Finite and Non-Finite Verbal Forms
The Latin grammarians have divided the verbal forms into two classes:
1. Verba finita, or personally defined verbal forms,
and
2. Verba infinita, or personally undefined verbal forms.
Back to the Top
Persons (Personae)
Latin has three persons:
• First person referring to the speaker or writer of the utterance
• Second person referring to the person or thing addressed in the utterance
• Third person referring to one that is neither the speaker or writer of the utterance.
Unlike in English, the persons in Latin were indicated by specific verbal endings, the personal pronouns being attached to the verbs to express emphasis only.
Back to the Top
Tenses (Tempora)
Tense is a distinction of form in a verb to express distinctions of time or duration of the action or state it denotes.
There are six tenses in Latin, traditionally divided into two groups:
I. Main tenses
1. The Present tense (Praesens) denotes a state or action in the very moment of the utterance;
2. The Future tense (Futurum) denotes a state or action that will take place very soon;
3. The Future Perfect tense (Futurum secundum or Futurum exactum) denotes a future state or action that will precede another future state or action.
I. Past (or historical) tenses
1. The Imperfect tense (Imperfectum) denotes a past state or action that is taking place with another past state or action;
2. The Perfect tense (Perfectum) denotes a state or action that has taken place before the time of the utterance;
3. The Pluperfect tense (Plusquamperfectum) denotes a state or action that had happened in the remote past or had preceded another past state or action.
Back to the Top
Moods (Modi)
Mood is a distinction of verb to express whether the action or state it denotes is conceived as fact command, possibility, or wish. There are three moods in Latin:
1. The Indicative (Indicatiivus) represents the denoted act or state as an objective fact.
2. The Imperative (Imperativus) expresses the will to influence the behavior of another.
3. The Subjunctive (Conjunctivus or Subjunctivus) represents a denoted act or state not as fact but as contingent or possible or viewed emotionally (as with doubt or desire). It is used mainly in subordinite clauses. When used in main clauses, it expresses a slight command, insistence or invitation.
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Voices (Genera)
The voice indicates the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses. There are two voices in Latin:
1. The Active voice (Activum) asserts that the person or thing represented by the grammatical subject performs the action represented by the verb:
Pater amat filiam suam. The father loves his daughter.
2. The Passive voice (Passivum) asserts that the grammatical subject of a verb is subjected to or affected by the action represented by that verb:
Pater amatur a filia sua. The father is loved by his daughter.
The Passive voice has sometimes reflexive meaning.
A special class is formed by the so called deponent verbs (verba deponentia) that have passive forms only, but with active meaning:
Imperator miilites hortatur. The general is encouraging the soldiers.
Back to the Top
Verba infinita
Verba infinita are non-personal verbal forms that are not conjugated. There are four such forms in Latin:
1. The Infinitive (Infinitivus) performs some functions of a noun and at the same time displays some characteristics of a verb like tense (present, future and perfect) and voice and may have an object.
2. The Participle (Participium) is a word having the characteristics of both adjective and verb. Like the infinitive, the Latin participles has distinction of tense (present, future and perfect) and voice and may have an object. On the other hand, it is declined like an adjective.
3. The Gerund (Gerundium) is a verbal noun that expresses generalized or uncompleted action. It is a neuter verbal noun of II declensiion, used in Singular only, without Nominative form.
4. The Supine (Supinum) is a verbal noun of IV declension used in Accusative of purpose (-um) and in Ablative of specification (–u).
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Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
The transitive verbs are those that may take a direct object. Only they may be used in Passive voice.
The intransitive verbs cannot take a direct object and limit the effect of the action to the Subject itself. In the passive voice they are used impersonally in 3 p. sg. only, cf.:
curro I run and curritur it is run.
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Conjugations (Conjugationes)
The Latin verbs have usually three stems: present, perfect and participial.
According to the endings of the present stems the grammarians have classified the verbs into four classes (conjugations):
• First conjugation – the stem is ended by a long –â (it is called a-conjugation): amâ|re to love; the present stem is amâ-.
• Second conjugation – the stem is ended by a long –ê (it is called e-conjugation): monê|re to advise; the present stem is monê-.
• Third conjugation – the stem is ended by a consonant or consonantic u (=[w]) (it is called consonantic conjugation): leg|ere to read, statu|ere to set up (the vowel –e- before the –re ending is short); the present stems are leg- and statu-.
• Fourth conjugation – the stem is ended by a long –i (it is called i-conjugation): audî|re to hear; the present stem is audî-.
The conjugation are most easily recognizable in the present infinitive form of the verbs.
Note that according to the accentuation rules the present infinitives of the I, II and IV conj. are stressed on the punultimate, while those of the III conj. – on the antepenultimate.
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Verbal Endings
The Latin tenses are formed from the relevant stems plus specific temporal characteristics and the personal verbal endings. These endings are identical for all tenses of Indicative and Subjunctive, except for the Perfect Indicative.
| |Active |Passive |
|-i- |before –m, –s, –t |leg|i|mus we read, leg|i|s thou read, leg|i|t he / she reads |
|-u- |before –nt |leg|u|nt they read, leg|u|ntur they are read |
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