Imagina: Leccion 3
Imagina: Leccion 3 Nombre____________________
Vocabulario, Gramatica: subjuntivo, mandatos, pronombres
LOS MEDIOS
el acontecimiento
la actualidad
el anuncio
la censura
Internet
los medios de comunicación
la parcialidad
la publicidad
el radio
la radioemisora
el reportaje
el sitio web
la temporada
enterarse (de)
navegar la red
opinar
ser parcial
tener buena/mala fama
actualizado/a
destacado/a
en directo/vivo
imparcial
influyente
GENTE EN LOS MEDIOS
el/la actor/actriz
el/la cantante
el/la crítico/a de cine
el/la directora(a)
la estrella (de cine)
el/la fotógrafo/a
el/la locutor(a) de radio
el/la oyente
el/la periodista
el público
el/la redactor(a)
el/la reportero/a
el/la televidente
EL CINE Y LA TELEVISIÓN
la banda sonora
la cadena
el documental
los efectos especiales
la emisión
el estreno
la pantalla
la película
los subtítulos
la telenovela
la televisión
el video musical
entretener
entrevistar
filmar/rodar
grabar
trasmitir
LA PRENSA
la crónica deportiva
la crónica de sociedad
el horóscopo
la libertad de prensa
las noticias locales/
internacionales/nacionales
el periódico/el diario
la portada
la prensa (sensacionalista)
la revista
la tira cómica
el titular
investigar
publicar
CORTOMETRAJE
el alma
el ángel
el arma
el Diablo
el disparo
la encrucijada
la fantasía
el fenómeno
el pasamontañas
los rasgos
el robo
la sangre
el ser humano
el suceso
adivinar
arrepentirse
castigar
cometer (un crimen)
convocar
engañar
firmar
robar
apenas
CULTURA
el bajo
el crecimiento
el estilo
el éxito
la fama
la flauta
el género
la guitarra
la letra
la pista de baile
el ritmo
el sintetizador
el tambor
la trompeta
el violonchelo
desarrollar
golpear
salir a la venta
tocar
controvertido/a
LITERATURA
el canal
la imagen
el programa
el televisor
colocar
señalar
hondo/a
redondo/a
por primera/última vez
The Past Subjunctive--Formation
First of all, let's remember how we formed the present subjunctive: basically, we started with the first person singular of the present (hablo, como, vivo, digo, conozco), took off the 'o', and then added the 'opposite endings'.
Now with the past subjunctive, we're going to go through a similar process, but now, instead of beginning with the first person singular of the present, we use the third person plural of the preterite (simple past). So now our starting point will be, for example: hablaron, comieron, vivieron, dijeron, conocieron.
But this time we are going to remove -ron, so we end up with the following stems: habla-, comie-, vivie-, dije-, conocie-).
Up to this point in Spanish we've only had to learn one set of verb endings; now there are two sets! And the funny thing is that there is no difference in meaning between one and the other! But let's also look on the positive side of things: they are the same endings whether we are dealing with -ar, -er, or -ir verbs. Here they are:
-ra -ramos
-ras -rais
-ra -ran
The following is a seldom-used form of this tense that is used primarily in literature. It is rarely heard in speech. It is conjugated as above, except the -ra becomes -se. It normally is not necessary to memorize this form, but you should be able to recognize it when you see it.
-se -semos
-ses -seis
-se -sen
So the verbs cited above will look like this:
hablar
hablara habláramos
hablaras hablarais
hablara hablaran
hablase hablásemos
hablases hablaseis
hablase hablasen
comer
comiera comiéramos
comieras comierais
comiera comieran
comiese comiésemos
comieses comieseis
comiese comiesen
vivir
viviera viviéramos
vivieras vivierais
viviera vivieran
viviese viviésemos
vivieses vivieseis
viviese viviesen
decir
dijera dijéramos
dijeras dijerais
dijera dijeran
dijese dijésemos
dijeses dijeseis
dijese dijesen
conocer
conociera conociéramos
conocieras conocierais
conociera conocieran
conociese conociésemos
conocieses conocieseis
conociese conociesen
The imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood is used to express the same subjectivity as the present subjunctive, but in the past.
The imperfect subjunctive has three main uses:
|1. |Express subjectivity in the past after the same verbs, impersonal expressions, and conjunctions as the present subjunctive |
| |(all those WEIRDOS). For the imperfect subjunctive to be needed, the verb in the main clause has to be in one of the |
| |following tenses/moods: preterite, imperfect, conditional, or pluperfect (aka past perfect, había +ado, ido). |
| |Quería que lo hicieras. |I wanted you to do it. |
| |Fue una lástima que no pudiera venir. |It was too bad that he couldn't come. |
| |Yo iría al banco para que tuviéramos dinero. |I would go to the bank so that we'd have money. |
| | |
|2. |Make a very polite request or suggestion (only with the verbs deber, poder, and querer). |
| |Quisiera dos libros, por favor. |I'd like two books, please. |
| |¿Pudiera Ud. ayudarnos? |Could you (possibly) help us? |
| | |
|3. |In conditional sentences (si clauses/ contrary to fact clauses) and with the conjunction como si. |
| |Si tuviera dinero, iría contigo. |If I had money, I would go with you. |
| |Me escucha como si fuera su profesor. |He listens to me as if I were his teacher. |
Use imperfect subjunctive (past subjunctive) in the same situations as present subjunctive, but when referring to past events:
Quiero que juegen esta tarde. -- I want now, thus present subjunctive.
Quería que jugaran por la tarde. -- I wanted, thus past subjunctive.
This is like correspondence of tenses in English -- after a past tense (either Preterit or Imperfect) in an independent clause, one should use a imperfect (past) subjunctive.
Also when discussing situations in the present or future that are contrary to the fact or very unlikely.
Si lloviera, no saldría.
Here are the 4 main cases of subjunctive:
|Present Subjunctive |hable |Emotions today and tomorrow about something being done today or |
| | |tomorrow. (I hope he speaks.) |
|Imperfect Subjunctive |hablara/hablase |Emotions yesterday about something done before yesterday; (I was hoping|
| | |he spoke.) |
| | |Conditional sentences referring to something unreal today or tomorrow. |
| | |(“If” clause sentences) (If I were you, I would say nothing.) |
|Present Perfect Subjunctive |haya comido |Emotions today and tomorrow about something done yesterday. (I hope he |
| | |ate yesterday.) |
|Pluperfect Subjunctive |hubiera/hubiese comido |Conditional sentences referring to something unreal yesterday. (If he |
| | |had been here, he would have eaten.) |
Note that emotion is expressed by one person, while action is being done by another:
Ella teme que el gobierno no haga nada. -- two subjects, thus subjunctive
She fears that the government doesn’t do anything.
Ella teme no hacer nada. -- one subject: no subjunctive.
She’s afraid of not doing anything.
3 types of hypothesizing. Structures in Spanish are very similar to those in English:
1. Hypothetical situations in the future and the present:
|Si + present indicative |the present indicative |
| |a future tense |
| |command |
|Si llueve, |no salgo |
| |saldré/voy a salir/estaré saliendo |
| |no salgas! |
|If it rains (it may or may not), |I don't go out |
| |will not go out/am not going out |
| |don't go out! |
2. Hypothetical situations in the future and the present that are contrary to fact or very unlikely:
|Si + imperfect subjunctive |conditional |
|Si lloviera, |no saldría. |
|If it rained (it does not), |I would not go out. |
3. Hypothetical situations in the past that are contrary to fact:
|Si + pluperfect subjunctive |conditional perfect |
|Si hubiera llovido, |no habría salido. |
|If it had rained (it did not), |I would not have gone out. |
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