OracleRdb SQLReferenceManual Volume1 - Oracle Software Downloads
嚜燈racle Rdb?
SQL Reference Manual
Volume 1
Oracle Rdb Release 7.1.4.3 for OpenVMS Alpha
December 2005
?
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Notice: Copyright 1988 - 1993, Digital Equipment Corporation.
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SQL Reference Manual, Volume 1
Oracle Rdb Release 7.1.4.3 for OpenVMS Alpha
Copyright ? 1987, 2005 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
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Contents
Send Us Your Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xi
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xiii
Technical Changes and New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xvii
1 Introduction to SQL Syntax
1.1
1.1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6.1
1.7
Using SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Invoking SQL Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Samples Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
How to Read Syntax Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Executable and Nonexecutable Statements . . . . . . . .
Summary of SQL Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Keywords and Line Terminators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Statement Terminators and Comment Characters
Support for Multivendor Integration Architecture . .
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1每1
1每2
1每3
1每3
1每6
1每7
1每13
1每13
1每16
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2每1
2每6
2每7
2每8
2每9
2每10
2每11
2每12
2每13
2每14
2每15
2每16
2 Language and Syntax Elements
2.1
Supported Character Sets . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1
Automatic Translation . . . . . . . . .
2.1.2
Character Set HEX . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.3
Default Character Sets . . . . . . . . .
2.1.4
Display Character Set . . . . . . . . .
2.1.5
Identifier Character Set . . . . . . . .
2.1.6
Literal Character Sets . . . . . . . . .
2.1.7
National Character Set . . . . . . . .
2.1.8
Character Set ISOLATIN9 . . . . . .
2.1.9
Oracle NLS Character Set Names
2.1.10
Character Set UNSPECIFIED . . .
2.1.11
Logical Names for Character Sets
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iii
2.2
User-Supplied Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1
Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2
Authorization Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2.1
Authorization Identifiers and Stored Modules . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2.2
Authorization Identifiers and Nonstored Modules . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3
Catalog Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.4
Column Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.4.1
Correlation Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.4.2
Outer References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.5
Connection Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.6
Constraint Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.7
Cursor Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.8
Database Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.8.1
Oracle Rdb Attach Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.8.2
Repository Path Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.9
Domain Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.10
Index Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.11
Names in Multischema Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.12
Nonstored Module, Procedure, and Parameter Names (Module
Language Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.13
Parameters, Routine Parameters, and SQL Variables . . . . . . . . .
2.2.13.1
Data Parameters and Indicator Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.13.2
Host Structures and Indicator Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.13.3
Multistatement Procedure Variables and Stored Routine
Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.13.4
External Routine Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.14
Statement Names (Dynamic SQL Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.15
Schema Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.16
Storage Area Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.17
Storage Map Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.18
Stored Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.19
Table and View Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.20
Trigger Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1
Character Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1.1
Calculating the Maximum Length of a CHAR or VARCHAR
Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2
Date-Time Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.3
DECIMAL and NUMERIC Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.4
NUMBER Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.5
Fixed-Point Numeric Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.6
Floating-Point Numeric Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2每16
2每25
2每26
2每27
2每31
2每31
2每32
2每34
2每36
2每37
2每38
2每38
2每38
2每39
2每42
2每43
2每44
2每44
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2每46
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2每51
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2每63
2每64
2每68
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2每81
2.3.7
LIST OF BYTE VARYING Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.7.1
On-Disk Format of Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.8
Data Type Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.8.1
Conversion from Unsupported Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.8.2
Conversion Between Supported Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.1
Numeric Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2
Character String Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2.1
Quoted Character String Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2.1.1
Quoted Character String Literals Qualified by a Character
Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2.1.2
Quoted Character String Literals Qualified by the National
Character Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.2.2
Hexadecimal Character String Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.3
Date-Time Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5
SQL and DATATRIEVE Formatting Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.1
QUERY HEADER Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.2
EDIT STRING Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6
Value Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.1
NULL Keyword Used as an Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2
Built-In Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.1
BITSTRING Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.2
CAST Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.3
CHARACTER_LENGTH Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.4
CURRENT_DATE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.5
CURRENT_TIME and LOCALTIME Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.6
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP and LOCALTIMESTAMP
Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.7
CURRENT_UID Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.8
CURRENT_USER Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.9
EXTRACT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.10
LOWER Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.11
OCTET_LENGTH Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.12
POSITION Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.13
SESSION_UID Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.14
SESSION_USER Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.15
SIZEOF Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.16
SUBSTRING Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.17
SYSTEM_UID Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.18
SYSTEM_USER Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.19
TRANSLATE Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.20
TRANSLATE USING Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2.21
TRIM Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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