SQL Tutorial

[Pages:200]SQL Tutorial

SQL TUTORIAL

Simply Easy Learning by



i

ABOUT THE TUTORIAL

SQL Tutorial

SQL is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database. SQL stands for Structured Query Language. This tutorial will give you quick start with SQL.

Audience

This reference has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced concepts related to SQL languages.

Prerequisites

Before you start doing practice with various types of examples given in this reference, I'm making an assumption that you are already aware about what is database, especially RDBMS and what is a computer programming language.

Copyright & Disclaimer Notice

All the content and graphics on this tutorial are the property of . Any content from

or this tutorial may not be redistributed or reproduced in any way, shape, or form without the written permission of . Failure to do so is a violation of copyright laws. This tutorial may contain inaccuracies or errors and tutorialspoint provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy of the site or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover that the site or this tutorial content contains some errors, please contact us at webmaster@

TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning

Table of Content

SQL Tutorial............................................................................. 2 Audience.................................................................................. 2 Prerequisites ............................................................................ 2 Copyright & Disclaimer Notice.................................................. 2 SQL Overview........................................................................ 15

What is SQL? ...........................................................................................15 Why SQL?................................................................................................15 History: .....................................................................................................16 SQL Process: ...........................................................................................16 SQL Commands:......................................................................................17 DDL - Data Definition Language: .............................................................17 DML - Data Manipulation Language:........................................................17 DCL - Data Control Language:.................................................................17 DQL - Data Query Language: ..................................................................17

SQL RDBMS Concepts.......................................................... 18

What is field?............................................................................................19 What is record, or row? ............................................................................19 What is column?.......................................................................................19 What is NULL value?................................................................................19 SQL Constraints:......................................................................................20 NOT NULL Constraint: .............................................................................20 DEFAULT Constraint:...............................................................................21 Example: ..................................................................................................21 Drop Default Constraint:...........................................................................21 UNIQUE Constraint: .................................................................................21 Example: ..................................................................................................21 DROP a UNIQUE Constraint:...................................................................22 PRIMARY Key:.........................................................................................22 Create Primary Key: .................................................................................22 Delete Primary Key: .................................................................................23 FOREIGN Key:.........................................................................................24 Example: ..................................................................................................24 DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint: ........................................................25 CHECK Constraint: ..................................................................................25 Example: ..................................................................................................25 DROP a CHECK Constraint: ....................................................................25 INDEX: .....................................................................................................26

TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning

Example: ..................................................................................................26 DROP a INDEX Constraint:......................................................................26 Data Integrity:...........................................................................................26 Database Normalization ...........................................................................27 Third Rule of 1NF:....................................................................................29

SQL RDBMS Databases ........................................................ 32

MySQL .....................................................................................................32 History: .....................................................................................................32 Features: ..................................................................................................33 MS SQL Server ........................................................................................33 History: .....................................................................................................33 Features: ..................................................................................................34 ORACLE ..................................................................................................34 History: .....................................................................................................34 Features: ..................................................................................................35 MS- ACCESS...........................................................................................36 Features: ..................................................................................................36

SQL Syntax............................................................................ 37

SQL SELECT Statement:.........................................................................37 SQL DISTINCT Clause: ...........................................................................37 SQL WHERE Clause:...............................................................................37 SQL AND/OR Clause: ..............................................................................37 SQL IN Clause: ........................................................................................38 SQL BETWEEN Clause: ..........................................................................38 SQL Like Clause: .....................................................................................38 SQL ORDER BY Clause: .........................................................................38 SQL GROUP BY Clause: .........................................................................38 SQL COUNT Clause: ...............................................................................38 SQL HAVING Clause: ..............................................................................38 SQL CREATE TABLE Statement:............................................................38 SQL DROP TABLE Statement: ................................................................39 SQL CREATE INDEX Statement: ............................................................39 SQL DROP INDEX Statement: ................................................................39 SQL DESC Statement:.............................................................................39 SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Statement: .......................................................39 SQL ALTER TABLE Statement:...............................................................39 SQL ALTER TABLE Statement (Rename): ..............................................39 SQL INSERT INTO Statement: ................................................................39 SQL UPDATE Statement: ........................................................................39

TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning

SQL DELETE Statement:.........................................................................40 SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement: ....................................................40 SQL DROP DATABASE Statement: ........................................................40 SQL USE Statement: ...............................................................................40 SQL COMMIT Statement: ........................................................................40 SQL ROLLBACK Statement:....................................................................40

SQL Data Types .................................................................... 41

Exact Numeric Data Types:......................................................................41 Approximate Numeric Data Types: ..........................................................41 Date and Time Data Types: .....................................................................42 Character Strings Data Types: .................................................................42 Unicode Character Strings Data Types: ...................................................42 Binary Data Types:...................................................................................42 Misc Data Types: .....................................................................................43

SQL Operators....................................................................... 44

What is an Operator in SQL? ...................................................................44 SQL Arithmetic Operators: .......................................................................44 SQL Comparison Operators:....................................................................45 SQL Logical Operators:............................................................................47

SQL Expressions ................................................................... 50

Syntax: .....................................................................................................50 SQL - Boolean Expressions: ....................................................................50 SQL - Numeric Expression:......................................................................51 SQL - Date Expressions:..........................................................................51

SQL CREATE Database ........................................................ 53

Syntax: .....................................................................................................53 Example: ..................................................................................................53

DROP or DELETE Database ................................................. 54

Syntax: .....................................................................................................54 Example: ..................................................................................................54

SQL SELECT Database......................................................... 55

Syntax: .....................................................................................................55 Example: ..................................................................................................55

SQL CREATE Table .............................................................. 56

Syntax: .....................................................................................................56 Syntax: .....................................................................................................56 Example: ..................................................................................................57 Example: ..................................................................................................57

SQL DROP or DELETE Table................................................ 59

TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning

Syntax: .....................................................................................................59 Example: ..................................................................................................59

SQL INSERT Query ............................................................... 60

Syntax: .....................................................................................................60 Example: ..................................................................................................60 Populate one table using another table: ...................................................61

SQL SELECT Query .............................................................. 62

Syntax: .....................................................................................................62 Example: ..................................................................................................62

SQL WHERE Clause ............................................................. 64

Syntax: .....................................................................................................64 Example: ..................................................................................................64

SQL AND and OR Operators ................................................. 66

The AND Operator: ..................................................................................66 Syntax: .....................................................................................................66 Example: ..................................................................................................66 The OR Operator: ....................................................................................67 Syntax: .....................................................................................................67 Example: ..................................................................................................67

SQL UPDATE Query.............................................................. 69

Syntax: .....................................................................................................69 Example: ..................................................................................................69

SQL DELETE Query .............................................................. 71

Syntax: .....................................................................................................71 Example: ..................................................................................................71

SQL LIKE Clause ................................................................... 73

Syntax: .....................................................................................................73 Example: ..................................................................................................74

SQL TOP Clause ................................................................... 75

Syntax: .....................................................................................................75 Example: ..................................................................................................75

SQL ORDER BY Clause ........................................................ 77

Syntax: .....................................................................................................77 Example: ..................................................................................................77

SQL Group By........................................................................ 79

Syntax: .....................................................................................................79 Example: ..................................................................................................79

SQL Distinct Keyword ............................................................ 81

Syntax: .....................................................................................................81

TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning

Example: ..................................................................................................81

SQL SORTING Results.......................................................... 83

Syntax: .....................................................................................................83 Example: ..................................................................................................83

SQL Constraints..................................................................... 85

NOT NULL Constraint: .............................................................................85 DEFAULT Constraint:...............................................................................86 Example: ..................................................................................................86 Drop Default Constraint:...........................................................................86 UNIQUE Constraint: .................................................................................87 Example: ..................................................................................................87 DROP a UNIQUE Constraint:...................................................................87 PRIMARY Key:.........................................................................................88 Create Primary Key: .................................................................................88 Delete Primary Key: .................................................................................89 FOREIGN Key:.........................................................................................89 Example: ..................................................................................................89 DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint: ........................................................90 CHECK Constraint: ..................................................................................90 Example: ..................................................................................................90 DROP a CHECK Constraint: ....................................................................91 INDEX: .....................................................................................................91 Example: ..................................................................................................91 DROP a INDEX Constraint:......................................................................91 Dropping Constraints:...............................................................................92 Integrity Constraints: ................................................................................92

SQL Joins .............................................................................. 93

SQL Join Types:.......................................................................................94 INNER JOIN.............................................................................................94 Syntax: .....................................................................................................94 Example: ..................................................................................................94 LEFT JOIN ...............................................................................................95 Syntax: .....................................................................................................95 Example: ..................................................................................................95 RIGHT JOIN.............................................................................................96 Syntax: .....................................................................................................96 Example: ..................................................................................................96 FULL JOIN ...............................................................................................97 Syntax: .....................................................................................................97

TUTORIALS POINT Simply Easy Learning

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download