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CHEMISTRYFor Class IX (marks 65)1.FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRYIntroduction1.1Branches of ChemistryPhysical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Biochemistry, Industrial Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry1.2Basic Definitions1.2.1Elements, Compounds and Mixtures1.2.2Atomic Number, Mass Number1.2.3Relative Atomic Mass and Atomic Mass Unit1.2.4Empirical Formula, Molecular Formula1.2.5Molecular Mass and Formula Mass1.3Chemical Species1.3.1Ions (Cations, Anions), Molecular Ions and Free Radicals.1.3.2Types of Molecules (Monatomic, Polyatomic, Homoatomic, Heteroatomic)1.4Avogadro’s Number and Mole1.4.1Avogadro’s Number1.4.2Mole1.4.3Gram Atomic Mass, Gram Molecular and Gram Formula Mass1.5Chemical Calculations1.5.1Mole-Mass Calculations1.5.2Mole-Particle Calculations2.STRUCTURE OF ATOMSIntroduction2.1Theories and Experiments Related To Atomic Structure2.1.1Rutherford’s Atomic Model (Experiment and Postulates)2.1.2Bohr’s Atomic Theory (Postulates)2.2Electronic Configuration2.2.1Concepts of S and P Sub-Shells2.2.2Electronic Configurations of First 18 Elements2.3Isotopes2.3.1Definition2.3.2Examples (H, C, Cl, U)2.3.3Uses3.PERIODIC TABLE AND PERIODICITY OF PROPERTIESIntroduction3.1Periodic Table3.1.1Periods3.1.2Groups3.2Periodicity of Properties3.2.1Atomic Size3.2.2Ionization Energy3.2.3Electron Affinity3.2.4Shielding Effect3.2.5Electronegativity4.STRUCTURE OF MOLECULESIntroduction4.1Why do Atoms Form Chemical Bonds?4.2Chemical Bonds4.3Types of Bonds4.3.1Ionic Bonds4.3.2Covalent Bonds4.3.3Dative Covalent Bonds4.3.4Polar and Non-Polar Bonds4.3.5Metallic Bonds4.4Intermolecular Forces4.4.1Dipole-Dipole Interactions4.4.2Hydrogen Bonding4.5Nature of Bonding and Properties4.5.1Ionic Compounds4.5.2Covalent Compounds4.5.3Polar and Non-Polar Compounds4.5.4Metals5.PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTERIntroductionGaseous State5.1Typical Properties(Diffusion, Effusion, Pressure, Compressibility, Mobility, Density)5.2Laws Related To Gases5.2.1Boyle’s Law5.2.2Charles’s LawLiquid State5.3Typical Properties(Evaporation, Vapour Pressure, Boiling Point, Freezing Point, Diffusion, Mobility, Density and Factors affecting them.)Solid State5.4Typical Properties(Melting Point, Rigidity, Density)5.5Types of Solids5.5.1Amorphous5.5.2Crystalline State5.6Allotropy6.SOLUTIONSIntroduction6.1Solution, Aqueous Solution, Solute and Solvent6.2Saturated, Unsaturated, Supersaturated Solutions and Dilution of Solution6.3Types of Solution6.3.1Solution of Gases (Gases in Gases, Gases in Liquids, Gases in Solids)6.3.2Solution of Liquids (Liquids in Gases, Liquids in Liquids, Liquids in Solids)6.3.3Solutions of Solids (Solids in Gases, Solids in Liquids, Solids in Solids)6.4Concentration Units6.4.1Percentage6.4.2Molarity6.4.3Problems Involving the Molarity of a Solution6.5Solubility6.5.1Solubility and Solute – Solvent Interaction6.5.2Effect of Temperature on Solubility6.6Comparison of Solutions, Suspension and Colloids6.6.1Solutions6.6.2Colloids6.6.3Suspension (Turbidity)7.ELECTROCHEMISTRYIntroduction7.1Oxidation and Reduction7.2Oxidation States and Rules for Assigning Oxidation States7.3Oxidizing and Reducing Agents7.4Oxidation - Reduction Reactions7.5Electrochemical Cells7.5.1Concept of Electrolytes7.5.2Electrolytic Cells7.5.3Galvanic Cells (Daniel Cell)7.6Electrochemical Industries7.6.1Manufacture of Sodium Metal from Fused NaCl7.6.2Manufacture of NaOH from Brine and its properties7.7Corrosion and Its Prevention7.7.1Rusting of Iron7.7.2Electroplating of Tin, Zinc, Silver and Chromium on Steel8.CHEMICAL REACTIVITYIntroduction8.1Metals8.1.1Electropositive Character8.1.2Comparison of Reactivity of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals8.1.3Inertness of Noble Metals8.2Non- Metals8.2.1Electronegative Character8.2.2Comparison of Reactivity of the HalogensRECOMMENDED REFERENCE BOOKS FOR CLASS IXThe question paper will be syllabus oriented. However, the following book is recommended for reference and supplementary reading:1.An-interactive approachChemistry for Class IXNational Book Foundation, Islamabad ................
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