Construction of Irrigation Schemes

Irrigation Manual Module 13

Construction of Irrigation Schemes

Developed by Andreas P. SAVVA

and Karen FRENKEN Water Resources Development and Management Officers FAO Sub-Regional Office for East and Southern Africa In collaboration with Lee TIRIVAMWE, National Irrigation Engineer, Zimbabwe Victor MTHAMO, Irrigation Engineer Consultant Simon MADYIWA, Irrigation Engineer Consultant

Harare, 2001

Irrigation manual

ii ? Module 13

List of figures List of tables List of abbreviations

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CONTRACT MANAGEMENT 2.1. Overall project management 2.2. Site management 2.2.1. Staff management 2.2.2. Materials management 2.2.3. Equipment management 2.2.4. Maximizing profits 2.2.5. Settlement of disputes

3. PROGRAMMING CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES 3.1. Equipment requirements 3.2. Performance of some equipment 3.2.1. Bulldozer 3.2.2. Scraper 3.2.3. Grader 3.2.4. Dragline 3.2.5. Excavator 3.2.6. Front-end loader with backhoe 3.2.7. Tipper 3.3. Labour requirements 3.3.1. Labour for earthworks 3.3.2. Labour and equipment for the construction of concrete-lined canals 3.3.3. Labour and equipment for the construction of structures 3.4. Use of bar chart for programming construction activities

4. TYPES AND USE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 4.1. Concrete 4.1.1. Important properties of concrete 4.1.2. Concrete components 4.1.3. Batching 4.1.4. Concrete mixtures and mixing 4.1.5. Transporting, placing, compacting and curing concrete 4.1.6. Steel reinforcement 4.1.7. Mass concrete 4.2. Gabions and Reno mattresses 4.3. Bricks, cement and concrete blocks 4.4. Timber 4.5. Pipes and fittings 4.5.1. Types of pipes and fittings 4.5.2. Packing, transporting, storing and handling of pipes and fittings

Contents

v vi vii

1

3 3 7 7 7 7 8 8

9 10 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 17

19 19 19 19 20 20 23 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 25

Module 13 ? iii

Irrigation manual

5. CONSTRUCTION OF CANALS

27

5.1. Setting out canals

27

5.2. Canal formation

30

5.3. Placing and curing concrete

31

6. CONSTRUCTION OF PIPELINES

33

6.1. Trenching and pipe laying

33

6.2. Pipe jointing

33

6.3. Back-filling

33

6.4. Thrust blocks

34

6.5. Pressure testing

34

7. LAND LEVELLING

35

7.1. Initial levelling

35

7.2. Pegging final levels

35

REFERENCES

37

iv ? Module 13

List of figures

1. Overall employer-contractor roles and responsibilities

4

2. Diagrammatic presentation of employer-contractor lines of communication

6

3. Cumulative programme progress and resource charts or `S' curves

9

4. An example of a bar chart

9

5. Examples of different types of equipment used in construction works

11

6. Wheel-tractor scrapers at work, CAT621G and CAT627G

11

7. D10R Dozer

12

8. A hydraulic excavator

12

9. A motorized grader, CAT120H

12

10. Wheel loader at work, CAT928G

12

11. Articulated truck or tipper, CAT730

13

12. Hourly production versus cycle time performance curves for a wheel tractor-scraper

13

13. Typical performance curves for a wheel tractor-scraper

14

14. An example of a gabion basket structure

24

15. An example of how AC pipes are stacked

25

16. A traveler for setting out canals

27

17. Setting out a canal using a traveler

27

18. Metal template for shaping canals

28

19. Trapezoidal canal former

29

20. Final cross-section and initial embankment of a canal

30

21. The transport programmes for the cut and fill process during canal finalization

31

22. Timber shutter frame for concrete slab casting

32

23. uPVC pipe jointing technique

34

24. Indication of cut and fill in the field

35

Module 13 ? v

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