Financing higher education in Africa - Kiva

54441

DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT

Human Development

Financing Higher Education

in Africa

Financing Higher Education in Africa

Financing Higher Education in Africa

? 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank

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ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-8334-6 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8337-7 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8334-6

Cataloging-in-publication data has been requested Library of Congress Control Number: 2010926044

Cover photo by Dino Merotto Cover design by Quantum Think

Contents

Foreword

xiii

Acknowledgments

xvii

Abbreviations

xix

Chapter 1 Introduction

1

Rising Social Demand and Sustainable

Financing

1

Main Features of Current Funding Policies

and Practices

3

Tools for Financially Sustainable Policies

6

The Implementation of Financing Reforms

9

Purpose and Organization of the Study

10

Chapter 2 Rising Social Demand and the Challenge of

Sustainable Financing

13

Current Demand for Higher Education and

Government Funding Capacity

16

Public Resources per Student and Efforts to

Raise Quality

20

v

vi Contents

Projected Demand for Higher Education and

Public Financing

27

Notes

35

References

37

Chapter 3 Main Features of Current Funding Policies

and Practices

39

Operating Budget Allocation Practices

39

Investment Budget Allocation Practices

47

Budget Management Practices and the Optimal

Use of Available Resources

49

Private Funding for Tertiary Education

55

Student Financial Assistance

74

Loan Programs

77

External Assistance to Higher Education

94

Foundation Support

105

External Aid for Research and Development

106

Notes

110

References

112

Chapter 4 Tools for Financially Sustainable Tertiary

Education Policies

119

Improving the Management of Public

Financing

120

Managing the Trends in Student Flows

131

Developing Distance Education

136

Mobilizing Private Resources

136

Streamlining Student Support Services

144

Promoting the Private Sector

147

Rethinking Research Funding

150

Combining Tools for Financially Sustainable

Tertiary Education Policies

151

Notes

153

References

153

Chapter 5 Ensuring the Successful Implementation of

Financing Reforms

157

Addressing the Political Feasibility of Reforms

158

Putting in Place Favorable Governance

Arrangements

163

Contents vii

Strengthening Planning and Management

Capacity

166

Assessing Policy Options to Anticipate Possible

Consequences

168

References

170

Boxes

3.1 Budget Allocation Practices in Mali

40

3.2 Line Item Budgeting in Uganda

43

3.3 Normative Input-based Budgeting in Nigeria

44

3.4 Formula Funding in South Africa

46

3.5 Research Funding in Nigeria

55

3.6 Research Funding for Agriculture

56

3.7 A Financial Revolution: Makerere University

in Uganda

64

3.8 Tuition Fees in Public Higher Education Institutions

in Benin

66

3.9 The Cost of Studies Abroad: The Case of Mauritius

73

3.10 The Nature of Direct and Indirect Aid to Higher

Education

97

3.11 Building ICT Capacities in Africa

100

3.12 Support for Higher Education

101

3.13 How Many African Students Return to Their Country

of Origin after Completing Their Studies?

105

3.14 The National Research Fund and Modalities of

Funding in Mozambique

108

3.15 Methodological Note

109

4.1 Ghana Education Trust Fund

123

4.2 Emergency Universities Program in C?te d'Ivoire

124

4.3 Mozambique's Competitive Fund for

Tertiary Education

128

4.4 International Experience with Competitive Funds

129

4.5 A Plan for Streamlining Higher Education in

C?te d'Ivoire

130

4.6 Selective Admission into Higher Education

134

4.7 A Distance Education Experiment

138

4.8 Phasing the Introduction of Cost Sharing: The Case

of Tanzania

140

4.9 Some Rules for Avoiding Budget Overruns Resulting

from Grants or Scholarships

145

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