Financing higher education in Africa - Kiva
54441
DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT
Human Development
Financing Higher Education
in Africa
Financing Higher Education in Africa
Financing Higher Education in Africa
? 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: E-mail: feedback@
All rights reserved
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This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent.
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All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-8334-6 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8337-7 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8334-6
Cataloging-in-publication data has been requested Library of Congress Control Number: 2010926044
Cover photo by Dino Merotto Cover design by Quantum Think
Contents
Foreword
xiii
Acknowledgments
xvii
Abbreviations
xix
Chapter 1 Introduction
1
Rising Social Demand and Sustainable
Financing
1
Main Features of Current Funding Policies
and Practices
3
Tools for Financially Sustainable Policies
6
The Implementation of Financing Reforms
9
Purpose and Organization of the Study
10
Chapter 2 Rising Social Demand and the Challenge of
Sustainable Financing
13
Current Demand for Higher Education and
Government Funding Capacity
16
Public Resources per Student and Efforts to
Raise Quality
20
v
vi Contents
Projected Demand for Higher Education and
Public Financing
27
Notes
35
References
37
Chapter 3 Main Features of Current Funding Policies
and Practices
39
Operating Budget Allocation Practices
39
Investment Budget Allocation Practices
47
Budget Management Practices and the Optimal
Use of Available Resources
49
Private Funding for Tertiary Education
55
Student Financial Assistance
74
Loan Programs
77
External Assistance to Higher Education
94
Foundation Support
105
External Aid for Research and Development
106
Notes
110
References
112
Chapter 4 Tools for Financially Sustainable Tertiary
Education Policies
119
Improving the Management of Public
Financing
120
Managing the Trends in Student Flows
131
Developing Distance Education
136
Mobilizing Private Resources
136
Streamlining Student Support Services
144
Promoting the Private Sector
147
Rethinking Research Funding
150
Combining Tools for Financially Sustainable
Tertiary Education Policies
151
Notes
153
References
153
Chapter 5 Ensuring the Successful Implementation of
Financing Reforms
157
Addressing the Political Feasibility of Reforms
158
Putting in Place Favorable Governance
Arrangements
163
Contents vii
Strengthening Planning and Management
Capacity
166
Assessing Policy Options to Anticipate Possible
Consequences
168
References
170
Boxes
3.1 Budget Allocation Practices in Mali
40
3.2 Line Item Budgeting in Uganda
43
3.3 Normative Input-based Budgeting in Nigeria
44
3.4 Formula Funding in South Africa
46
3.5 Research Funding in Nigeria
55
3.6 Research Funding for Agriculture
56
3.7 A Financial Revolution: Makerere University
in Uganda
64
3.8 Tuition Fees in Public Higher Education Institutions
in Benin
66
3.9 The Cost of Studies Abroad: The Case of Mauritius
73
3.10 The Nature of Direct and Indirect Aid to Higher
Education
97
3.11 Building ICT Capacities in Africa
100
3.12 Support for Higher Education
101
3.13 How Many African Students Return to Their Country
of Origin after Completing Their Studies?
105
3.14 The National Research Fund and Modalities of
Funding in Mozambique
108
3.15 Methodological Note
109
4.1 Ghana Education Trust Fund
123
4.2 Emergency Universities Program in C?te d'Ivoire
124
4.3 Mozambique's Competitive Fund for
Tertiary Education
128
4.4 International Experience with Competitive Funds
129
4.5 A Plan for Streamlining Higher Education in
C?te d'Ivoire
130
4.6 Selective Admission into Higher Education
134
4.7 A Distance Education Experiment
138
4.8 Phasing the Introduction of Cost Sharing: The Case
of Tanzania
140
4.9 Some Rules for Avoiding Budget Overruns Resulting
from Grants or Scholarships
145
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