The Human Body: An Orientation



Unit 1 Notes: Foundations of Human A&P

You are responsible for all of the information in these notes for the length of this course. You may or may not be quizzed/tested over this information during this unit but will still be held responsible for this information during all subsequent units.

Introduction to the 3 overarching concepts of A&P:

1 ______________________________________________________

2 ______________________________________________________

3 ______________________________________________________

Overview of A&P

1 Anatomy: study of ___________________________

2 Physiology: study of _________________________

Complementarity of Structure & Function

1 Can be stated as______________ determines _______________

Hierarchy of Structural Organization – Recognize the 6 main levels of structural complexity/organization & identify sublevels.

1 Example:

1 Chemical/Molecule: actin protein

2 Cell organelle: myofilament

3 Cell: myofiber

4 Tissue: skeletal muscle tissue

5 Organ: bicep femoris muscle

6 Organ system: muscular system

System/Function/Organs Overview

Use the flashcard template to study each of the body systems.

Homeostasis

1 Can be defined as the maintenance of a stable ________________ environment which remains within certain physiological limits (or a dynamic state of __________________________________________)

2 For the body cells to survive, the composition of surrounding body fluids must be precisely maintained.

1. ____________________ fluid (ICF) is fluid within the cells

2. ___________________ fluid (ECF) is fluid outside body cells

a) ECF filling the spaces in between cells is called _________________________________________

b) ECF in blood vessels is called ___________________.

c) ECF that is filtered through the lymphatic vessels is called ____________________.

3 We have two main systems that help our other systems to maintain homeostasis by regulating a physiological set point:

1 Nervous system:

a. _______________________________ response

b. _______________________________duration

c. Uses ___________________________________________

2 Endocrine system

a. _______________________________ response

b. _______________________________duration

c. Uses ___________________________________________

D. Disease/Disorders = a disruption in _______________________

1. Local disease

2. Systemic disease

3. Signs

4. Symptoms

Biofeedback mechanisms

Know the main parts of a control mechanism

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Types of Biofeedback Mechanisms/Systems: Be able to explain in general how each system regulates homeostasis. Sketch & label the examples provided.

1 Negative feedback system

1 Define

2 Body examples

2 Positive feedback system

1 Define

2 Body examples

Language of Anatomy:

1 Describe the anatomical position and why it is important to understand what the anatomical position is.

2 Construct a table of directional terms with descriptions & examples and be able to use the terms correctly without a word bank.

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Body Planes & Sections (sketch)

a. Sagittal

i. Midsagittal

ii. Parasagittal

b. Frontal/coronal

c. Transverse

d. Oblique

Memorize and be able to use the anterior & posterior body landmarks

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E. Body cavities - also know major organs contained in each

1 Dorsal

1 Cranial = ________________________

2 Vertebral = ______________________

2 Ventral

1 Thoracic

i. rt. & left pleural = ___________________________

ii. Mediastinum = _____________________________

iii. Pericardial - within mediastinum = ______________

5 Abdominopelvic

1 Abdominal = - Most vulnerable to injury (no bony cage for protection); ____________________ ___________________________________________

2 Pelvic __________________________________

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F. Serous membranes (serosa) - main name & 2 divisions

1. Parietal - _________________________________

2. Visceral - ________________________________

3. Serous fluid – ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Naming membranes

a. Pleurae - ______________________________________

b. Pericardium - __________________________________

c. Peritoneum – __________________________________

Practice Naming of

Serous Membranes

G. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants - know names & what organs are in which cavities and quadrants

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Complete the Table of directional terms:

|Term |Description |Example sentence |

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