Brig Royd Osteoporosis Protocol
Brig Royd Osteoporosis Protocol
(Updated June 2016)
Osteoporosis is defined as systemic skeletal disorder, characterised by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture
DEXA definition - A ‘T-score’ of ≥ 2.5 standard deviations (SD) below the young adult mean has been classified as osteoporosis by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Overall fracture risk increases two-fold per unit SD decrease in BMD and this relationship is even greater for hip fractures and BMD measured at hip sites. In terms of T scores, a score of -2.5 or less confirms osteoporosis, between -1 and -2.4 confirms osteopenia.
Identifying patients at high risk of osteoporosis
Clinical risk factors:
• Age
• Gender
• Low BMD
• Previous fragility #
• Parental history of hip #
• BMI < 19
• Hormonal – premature menopause, prolonged amenorrhoea (not related to PCOS or pregnancy), use of depot provera > 5 years. Includes men post-orchidectomy/androgen deprivation/hypogonadism
• Drugs – oral steroids (any dose of oral corticosteroids for >3/12 OR 1 g Prednisolone or equiv. lifetime dose.) GnRH analogues, arimidex, anticonvulsant therapy, Glitazones, PPIs
• Lifestyle – smoking and alcohol intake (>3 units/day), immobility,
• Medical conditions – rheumatoid arthritis, IBD, Malabsorption, cystic fibrosis, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, Cushing’s syndrome, vit D insufficiency, COPD, Type 1 DM, Chronic renal and hepatic disease.
Consider using Qfracture - (or FRAX via SystmOne)
Q fracture is well validated in UK and is more accurate in predicting fracture risk. It takes into account more variables (but cannot take into account BMD like FRAX). It has been shown to be accurate up to 85years (whereas FRAX underestimates risk in 75+, heavy smokers, high alcohol intake and high dose steroid use)
FRAX automatically links to NOGG guidance and when BMD is entered into FRAX, the NOGG output shows whether the patient’s individual fracture risk places them above or below a treatment threshold.
Primary Prevention
• Women aged < 45 with recent premature menopause = HRT until 52 (unless contraindicated). Not for DEXA unless other risk factors
• Women aged > 50 and Men aged > 65 who have clinical risk factors:
• FRAX calculation
o Low risk (10%) – DEXA referral
• DEXA PIL
• Frail/>75 with clinical risk factors
• Falls assessment
• Check Vit D and calcium and consider further investigation if an underlying cause suspected. (e.g FBC, ESR, Electrolytes, Bone profile, TFTs, PTH, ALP, Coeliac screening)
• Treat without DEXA (as per 2° prevention)
PMR
Individuals > 65 or hx of prior fragility fracture - DEXA not required use bisphosphonate and calcium & vitamin D
Individuals < 65 - Start calcium & vitamin D, DEXA scan and consider bisphophonate if T score less than -1.5
Secondary prevention
1) Women aged > 50 or men aged >65 with low trauma fracture
• DEXA referral
• Follow scan report recommendations
2) If abnormal DEXA but no history of #
• FBC, ESR, Electrolytes, Bone profile, TFTs, PTH, ALP, Coeliac screening, Oestrodiol (amenorrhoeic pre-menopausal), testosterone (men), Vit D
Lifestyle advice; to be given at any opportunity (reduce alcohol, stop smoking, improve BMI if low and encourage weight bearing exercise.
Prescribe a calcium and vitamin D supplement to those with insufficient dietary intake or limited exposure to sunlight. Patients can assess their dietary intake with the International Osteoporosis Federation calcium calculator
As a quick guide, consuming 600mls milk provides adequate daily calcium of 720 mg ( daily recommendation 700mg
Treatments in order of preference: (from NOGG and NICE)
1) Alendronate or risedronate once weekly preparation
2) Consider referral for IV zolendronate or denosumab
3) Strontium (caution re VTE/CVD) – see link below; these patients should be reviewed every 6 months to reassess vascular risks; should never be used in any patient with vascular disease.
4) Raloxifene - not licensed for primary prevention, but is for secondary prevention in certain circumstances ( BNF osteoporosis treatment)
5) HRT is indicated for women with premature menopause for bone protection
All plus calcium/vit D – Calderdale formulary recommends generic coleclciferol 400unit/Calcium carbonate 1.5g chewable tablets BD (equivalent of Adcal D3)
If none of above tolerated – refer to rheumatology for advice. (?denosumab/teriparatide)
Taking bisphosphonates
It is important to counsel patient about how to take this medication; there is a low concordance rate due to side effects.
• A minimum of 30 minutes should be left between taking bisphosphonates and taking food or drink , and other medication such as calcium or antacids. Orange juice and coffee can reduce absorption by as much as 50%
• Avoid in hypocalcaemia, severe CKD ( e GFR2.5 withdraw treatment for 2-3 years then reassess with DEXA
• Fracture risk should be reassessed after any new fracture or every 2 years. Consider restarting treatment if fracture risk increases.
• If fracture risk is still above the intervention threshold; continue treatment for another 5 yrs.
DENOSUMAB
This is now under shared care scheme and GP responsibilities include
• Ensure compliance with vitamin D/ calcium
• Have recall system for 6 monthly injection
• Check calcium levels before 6 monthly injection
• Early treatment of skin infections/cellulitis which is an increased risk.
• Delay any invasive dental treatment until just before 6 monthly injection
• Refer back to specialist after 5 years.
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