Mr. Tucker's Class - Home



44005500NOTE THE RIVERS, NOTE THAT THEY START IN THE MAJOR MOUNTAIN RANGES HOW MANY FLOW INTO THE MISSISSIPPI? WHAT IMPORTANCE WERE THEY? THINK ABOUT TRAVELING, FARMING, SHIPPING NOTE THE RIVERS, NOTE THAT THEY START IN THE MAJOR MOUNTAIN RANGES HOW MANY FLOW INTO THE MISSISSIPPI? WHAT IMPORTANCE WERE THEY? THINK ABOUT TRAVELING, FARMING, SHIPPING 48577503124200California Trail led settlers into California from the Rocky Mountains???? Old Spanish Trail led settlers into lower California from the American Southwest???? Santa Fe Trail led settlers from the Midwest to the Southwest???? Oregon Trail led settlers from the Midwest to Oregon Territory????Mormon Trail led from the American Midwest to Utah Territory, used initially by the religious group known as the Mormons that were seeking refuge from religious persecution????00California Trail led settlers into California from the Rocky Mountains???? Old Spanish Trail led settlers into lower California from the American Southwest???? Santa Fe Trail led settlers from the Midwest to the Southwest???? Oregon Trail led settlers from the Midwest to Oregon Territory????Mormon Trail led from the American Midwest to Utah Territory, used initially by the religious group known as the Mormons that were seeking refuge from religious persecution????Louisiana Purchase the acquisition of a large tract of land from France in 1803 known as the Louisiana Territory. This purchase was authorized by Thomas Jefferson.???? Annexation of Texas The country known as Texas that had recently won its independence from Mexico was brought in to the U.S. via its annexation in 1845. This was a reason for the U.S.-Mexican War.??????? Mexican Cession Area of the U.S. known as the Southwest that was given (ceded) by Mexico after its loss to the U.S.????Florida Territory Spain ceded (or gave) the Florida Territory to the U.S. in 1819Oregon Territory An area that was jointly occupied by both Britain and the U.S. The two countries split the territory with the U.S. taking the southern half. ? ? Gadsen Purchase An area of land purchased from Mexico following the U.S.-Mexican War that allowed for a trans-continental railroad to be possible; the Rocky Mountains prevented the railroad and made the area necessary to the US?Alaska Purchase (Seward's Folly) An area of land purchased from Russia. At the time of its purchase, it seemed to be a waste of money, however has turned out to have some of the greatest natural resources that the U.S. possesses.???? Northwest Ordinance 1787 law passed that described how the Northwest Territory would be governed. Provided future territories with blueprint for how territories would become states.???? Manifest Destiny idea that it was meant to be (or divine right - God given right) for the United States to expand its territory from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast????Land Speculator A person that purchases land in hopes of it returning a profit one day????Frontier Fort(s) A fort that was set up to protect settlers. These forts were located all across the frontier.????Annexation The permanent addition of an area to an existing country.Notes over Mexican-American War-President Polk sent John Slidell to offer $25 million for Texas, California and New Mexico. Mexico said NO!-Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to station troops along the Rio Grande River, the border the U.S. recognized between Texas and Mexico (Mexico recognized the Nueces River as the border – further north in Texas) -On April, 26th 1846, Mexican Cavalry crossed the Rio Grande River, ambushing and killing/wounding 16 American soldiers. Congress declared war on Mexico.-Santa Anna was the leader of the Mexican Army (the same leader from the Texas Revolution)-Many Americans questioned the validity (how necessary) the war was. Northerners thought that slavery would become more of a problem in the U.S. with any lands acquired from Mexico, Abraham Lincoln was one of these people.Invasion of Mexico - Although Mexico had a larger force, Santa Anna surrendered after intense fighting that led to losses on both sides at the Battle of Buena Vista.-in southern Mexico, the capital of Mexico City fell to Americans forces in September 1847.Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – February 2, 1848-Mexico gave up the lands of modern day: California, Nevada, most of Arizona, Utah; parts of Colorado, New Mexico and Wyoming-U.S. agreed to pay $18.25 (15+3.25) million to Mexico for compensations from the war, as well as U.S. citizen claims against Mexico (this was $$$ U.S. citizens thought Mexico owed them).Bear Flag Revolt – Californians rebelled against Mexican control and California became its own country, and later in the war comes under control of the U.S.What do you remember about the Texas Revolution from 7th grade?Key members – Stephen F. Austin, Sam Houston, William Travis, Jim Bowie, Davy Crockett, Santa Anna, Juan SeguinEvents – The Alamo, Gonzales, Goliad, San JacintoOutcome- _________________________________________________________________________________________UNIT 9 - INDUSTRIALIZATIONFactory System - factories were specialized workshop where workers operated machinery and created productsCotton Manufacturing Industry - starts at the plantation with the crop being grown, picked and cleaned; bundled up and sent to northern factories to be turned first into fabric and then into clothingHuman Modification - humans changing (modifying) the environment around them. Examples - train tracks, canals, citiesUrbanization - the growth of an urban area (city) Industrialization - the growth of factories and production abilitiesPlantation System - system where large tracts of land were worked by forced labor (slaves) and all profits went to the owner of the landTrans-Atlantic Slave Trade - the trafficking of human beings from Africa to the Americas (trans means across - so across the Atlantic Ocean)Spread of Slavery - resulted largely due to the invention of the cotton gin which made the product much more profitableCotton Gin - machine that cleaned cotton fibers from the seeds and other things caught in the fibers. The invention of this machine multiplied the amount of cotton that one person could clean in a day by fifty (50) - that made cotton a MUCH more profitable crop.Steamboat - invented by Robert Fulton in 1807, it was boat that was powered by a steam engine. This allowed river travel to go upstream, essentially making rivers two way highways!Interchangeable Parts - this concept was invented by Eli Whitney, the same guy that invented the cotton gin. The idea was to make products out of parts that could be "inter-change" (swapped) with parts in an identical product.Bessemer Steel ProcessMechanical ReaperCanalsNatural ResourcesInvestment CapitalFree Enterprise SystemMercantilismProfit-MotiveLaissez-faireEntrepreneurshipAnti-immigration sentimentKnow-Nothing PartyTHE EVE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONIn 1790 most farm families in the rural North produced most of what they needed to live. Except for a few necessities, such as rum, salt, sugar, and iron goods, most products were manufactured within a home. Instead of using money to purchase necessities, families entered into complex exchange relationships with relatives and neighbors and used barter to acquire the goods they needed. Skilled artisans, assisted by an apprentice or two and an occasional journeyman, produced specialized and luxury goods. Such crafts as blacksmithing, bootmaking, carriage building, leather working, papermaking, and woodworking were performed by hand in a small shop or home. The North's few industries were small. Iron foundries produced just 30,000 tons of iron a year. All of the North's shoemakers produced barely 80,000 pairs of shoes annually. Between 1790 and the 1820s, a new pattern emerged. Farmers increasingly began to grow cash crops for sale and used the proceeds to buy goods produced by others. The independent artisans of earlier years gave way to an increasingly industrial economy of wage laborers and salaried employees. As late as 1800, less than 10 percent of the labor force was composed of "employees" who worked for wages. A decade later the number of wage-earning employees had quadrupled. EARLY INDUSTRIALIZATIONIn the 1820s and 1830s, America became the world's leader in adopting mechanization, standardization, and mass production. Manufacturers began to adopt labor-saving machinery that allowed workers to produce more goods at lower costs. So impressed were foreigners with these methods of manufacture that they called them the "American system of production." The single most important figure in the development of the American system was Eli Whitney, the inventor of the cotton gin. In 1798, Whitney persuaded the U.S. government to award him a contract for 10,000 muskets to be delivered within two years. Until then, rifles had been manufactured by skilled artisans, who made individual parts by hand, and then carefully fitted the pieces together. At the time Whitney made his offer, the federal arsenal at Springfield, Massachusetts, was capable of producing only 245 muskets in two years. Whitney's idea was to develop precision machinery that would allow a worker with little manual skill to manufacture identical gun parts that would be interchangeable from one gun to another. The first year he produced 500 muskets. In 1801, in order to get an extension on his contract, Whitney demonstrated his new system of interchangeable parts to President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson. He disassembled ten muskets and put ten new muskets together out of the individual pieces. His system was a success. (In fact, the muskets used in the demonstration were not assembly line models; they had been carefully hand-fitted beforehand). Other industries soon adopted the "American system of manufacturing." As early as 1800 manufacturers of wooden clocks began to use interchangeable parts. Makers of sewing machines used mass production techniques as early as 1846, and the next year, manufacturers mechanized the production of farm machinery. Innovation was not confined to manufacturing. During the years following the War of 1812, American agriculture underwent a transformation nearly as profound and far-reaching as the revolution taking place in industry. During the 18th century, most farm families were largely self-sufficient. They raised their own food, made their own clothes and shoes, and built their own furniture. Cut off from markets by the high cost of transportation, farmers sold only a few items, like whiskey, corn, and hogs, in exchange for such necessities as salt and iron goods. Farming methods were primitive. With the exception of plowing and furrowing, most farm work was performed by hand. European travelers deplored the backwardness of American farmers, their ignorance of the principles of scientific farming, their lack of labor-saving machinery, and their wastefulness of natural resources. Few farmers applied manure to their fields as fertilizer or practiced crop rotation. As a result, soil erosion and soil exhaustion were commonplace. Commented one observer: "Agriculture in the South does not consist so much in cultivating land as in killing it." Beginning in the last decade of the 18th century, agriculture underwent profound changes. Some farmers began to grow larger crop surpluses and to specialize in cash crops. A growing demand for cotton for England's textile mills led to the introduction of long-staple cotton from the West Indies into the islands and lowlands of Georgia and South Carolina. Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793--which permitted an individual to clean 50 pounds of short-staple cotton in a single day, 50 times more than could be cleaned by hand--made it practical to produce short-staple cotton in the South (which was much more difficult to clean and process than long-staple cotton). Other cash crops raised by southern farmers included rice, sugar, flax for linen, and hemp for rope fibers. In the Northeast, the growth of mill towns and urban centers created a growing demand for hogs, cattle, sheep, corn, wheat, wool, butter, milk, cheese, fruit, vegetables, and hay to feed horses. As production for the market increased, farmers began to demand improved farm technology. In 1793 Charles Newbold, a New Jersey farmer, spent his entire fortune of $30,000 developing an efficient cast-iron plow. Farmers refused to use it, fearing that iron would poison the soil and cause weeds to grow. Twenty years later, a Scipio, New York, farmer named Jethro Wood patented an improved iron plow made out of interchangeable parts. Unlike wooden plows, which required two men and four oxen to plow an acre in a day, Wood's cast-iron plow allowed one man and one yoke of oxen to plow the same area. Demand was so great that manufacturers infringed on Wood's patents and produced thousands of copies of this new plow yearly. A shortage of farm labor encouraged many farmers to adopt labor-saving machinery. Prior to the introduction in 1803 of the cradle scythe--a rake used to cut and gather up grain and deposit it in even piles--a farmer could not harvest more than half an acre a day. The horse rake--a device introduced in 1820 to mow hay--allowed a single farmer to perform the work of eight to ten men. The invention in 1836 of a mechanical thresher, used to separate the wheat from the chaff, helped to cut in half the man-hours required to produce an acre of wheat. By 1830 the roots of America's future industrial growth had been firmly planted. Back in 1807, the nation had just 15 or 20 cotton mills, containing approximately 8,000 spindles. By 1831 the number of spindles in use totaled nearly a million and a quarter. By 1830 Pittsburgh produced 100 steam engines a year; Cincinnati, 150. Factory production had made household manufacture of shoes, clothing, textiles, and farm implement obsolete. The United States was well on its way to becoming one of the world's leading manufacturing nations.REVEW AND KEY FROM 2013 CSCOPE TESTUnit 9 – Industrialization - Terms/Vocabulary:Industrialization – the growth of industry, factories and the systems that transport products and materialsUrbanization – the growth of cities or an “urban” areaFree Enterprise – limited government intrusion in business allows business to naturally developLassez Faire – hands off approach to regulating businessInventions; Innovation – scientific discoveries that increased productivityBessemer Steel Process – allowed for large scale production of steelPopulation density – how many people live in a certain area, how thick or dense do they liveCommerce - businessCharacteristics of the Era of Industrialization:Factory systemPopulation shift to citiesInventionsInnovation Expansion of slaverySlave rebellionsReform movementsImmigrationWhich came first the chicken or the egg?-the need for labor brought people to the cities which in turn caused them to grow; thus industrialization led to urbanizationRailroads & Canals –How did they help transportation?They made it easier to transport materials, products, people – and allowed for a lot more of it to be done in a shorter amount of time.Pollution was a negative impact of humans on the environment. What were some ways in which humans polluted the environment during Industrialization?Industrialization caused it by factories, trains, and steam powered boats. Urbanization caused it via the dirty conditions of the cities in general, the lack of sanitation and garbage removal, the destruction of nature by building structures and roads in the cities.The Free Enterprise system in America, along with the independence from England and War of 1812 with England, allowed America to:- begin building its own FACTORIES- became less dependent on foreign PRODUCTSThe innovation that was most responsible for growth of industry during the 19th century was the steam engineThe results of the War of 1812 increased American production of products, where were the majority of these products sold? In the United StatesTimeline of Events/InventionsInvention of the Cotton Gin- 1793End of International Slave Trade- 1807First successful Steamboat- 1807War of 1812 - ????Erie Canal Opens - 1825Invention of the Locomotive- 1825Morse Telegraph Invented- 1837Bessemer Steel Process- 1855 Reasons for an increase in the number of factories?American independence and later the War of 1812 caused the U.S. to create its own factory system here in the United States. The growth of the country and the abundance of natural resources also caused there to be an increase in factories in the United States.Steamboats, Canals and Railroads not only transported people, but also allowed for an increase in communication much like the telegraph.Keys to a successful business include:- natural resources- transportation- labor force (workers)- investment capital (money to start business with)The Bessemer Steel Process led to the growth of what transportation industry? Railroads (the tracks were made of steel)Immigrants – Immigrants from this era came mainly from what two European countries?1. Germany2. IrelandAsian countries?1. China2. JapanWhy did they come to the United States? They wanted an opportunity for a better life.How did this help both Industrialization and Urbanization?Industrialization required labor – the immigrants were a major labor source. Via their arrival, urbanization naturally took place as people need places to live and eat, since they were working at factories cities naturally grew in size as the factories were located in cities.Unit 10 – Reform and CultureVocabulary:Temperance:The movement to control the sale and production of alcoholAbolition:The movement to end (abolish) slaveryImportant people:Walt Whitman –writer, “Father of American Free Verse”Elizabeth Cady Stanton – Wrote the Declaration of __Sentiments__________John James Audubon – studied birds and provided for a new anatomy (classification) of animalsMark Twain – famous writer, described the South in his books Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry FinnWomen’s Suffrage main female leaders (3)1. Elizabeth Cady Stanton2. Susan B. Anthony3. Lucretia MottHow did Frederick Douglass contribute to the abolitionist movement?He was the leader. Intelligent, a former slave and passionate about his work.Care for the disabled – what happened during 19th century reform to improve in this area?Institutions were opened to care for their specific needsTimeline of events for the abolition movement - Who started first – Sojourner Truth or Frederick Douglass?FREDERICK DOUGLASWritings that informed people of the horrors of slavery:-Uncle Tom’s Cabin (book)-The North Star-The LiberatorWomen Rights Movement of the 19th CenturyDid achieve _____SHORTER WORK DAY____________Did NOT achieve __SUFFRAGE (VOTING)___________Hudson River School – How was this uniquely American, what was incorporated (used) in paintings that made it American?A style of painting that focused mainly on nature; it was an original type of art that used American landscapes in the paintings.In general, women involved in the Women’s Rights Movement were fighting for their own _Equality_____ (starts with an “E”)Battle Hymn of the Republic - North_______’s anthemDixie - South_____’s anthemWhat were some problems with people consuming alcohol?Answers will vary – lack of production at work, violence, money not being spent on family.How would the country be better off if it did not exist?There would not be the “evils” of alcohol in our society.Second Great Awakening – The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800, and, after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the 1840s. The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ. How would a religious push encourage people to become active in reform efforts such as the ones that we discussed in this Unit?Unit 11 – Sectionalism and Civil WarTerms/Definitions:Sectionalism –putting a part of the country’s interests ahead of the interests of the nationSecession – to secede or withdraw fromTariff – a tax on importsEmancipation Proclamation – executive order freeing the enslaved peoplesNullification – the idea that states could ignore federal laws if they did not agree with themContributing Factors to Sectionalism:Think about the differences between the North & South-slavery as an institution-amount of industry in North-how the land was used in the different parts of the U.S.What was the economy of the North based on? Industry, ManufacturingThe South? AgricultureWhat years did the Civil War span? 1861 to 1865How did tariff policies contribute to sectionalism?The Southern states were not happy with having to pay taxes on products it imported because it made them more expensive. They felt they should be able to nullify the laws they didn’t agree with – including the tariffs.What type of economic opportunities did free African Americans have that enslaved ones did not?They were able to work in a number of areas, more importantly they were able to have families and homes.What was a Southern slaveholder’s view on slavery?It supported their way of life, a way of life that was profitable for a slave owner.John C. Calhoun was an advocate(supporter) of what?Nullification – States’ RightsWhat was Henry Clay’s role in American Politics, what did he specifically do to help with the issue of slavery?“The Great Compromiser” – he assisted in the Missouri Compromise, as well as the Compromise of 1850William Carney – Medal of Honor recipient that served in the 54th Massachusetts Colored InfantryGettysburg was the turning point of the Civil War because it turned back the Confederate invasion of the North.President Lincoln’s assassination had what type of affect on the nation? (Think about the reconstruction plan he had)He was going to be easier on the South than what eventually happened under the “Radical Republicans”What did the Emancipation Proclamation achieve?Freedom for slaves that were in the South.How did Lincoln view the legality of secession?It was illegal for those states to leave the country, they were part of a union of states and should not be allowed to leave.What was the North’s initial reason for fighting the war?To restore the Union to where it was before the South seceded.Was nullification a state’s right or a national gov’t right?State’s right to nullify Federal laws.“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction”What does this statement mean? It comes from the 13th Amendment – what do you think that amendment established or did for our country?Political PartiesRepublicans-supported Lincoln in 1860 election-no extension of slaveryDemocrats-had 2 candidates in 1860 election-individual states should decide the slavery issueFrederick Douglas-Former slave that escaped to freedom in the NorthInfluential leader of the abolitionist movementConvinced gov’t to allow Af-Americans to fight in armyEvents Leading up to the Civil War:3/5ths Compromise – First ever situation that arose over slavery; Slave populations would only count for 3/5ths of their totals, so that representation in Congress would be balanced.Missouri Compromise – Compromise in the year 1820 over entrance of Missouri as a slave state. In order to balance the number of slave states and non-slave states, Maine entered as a state, as well as Missouri, in order to balance the number of states on each side of the slavery promise of 1850 – Issue arose over California becoming a state. Question was whether it would allow slavery or not. In order to appeal to the Northern (Anti-Slavery) states, Congress would allow California to enter as a free state. To please the Southern (Pro-Slavery) states, Congress would not pass any more laws about slavery in the territories won in the Mexican-American War. Additionally, Congress would pass a strict law helping recapture runaway slaves – known as the Fugitive Slave Act.Kansas-Nebraska Act – The area known as Kansas Territory (remains of Louisiana Territory) would be divided into two areas – Kansas and Nebraska. People that moved there would vote on the issue of slavery – popular sovereignty – and this would decide the issue in the territories. This led to a mini civil war in Kansas known as Bleeding Kansas. Fugitive Slave Act – 1850 law that helped owners recapture runaway slaves. The law allowed people of being accused of being runaways into custody, provided them with no trial, allowed a magistrate (judge) to rule on them being returned to their owner (received $10) or release them ($5).Scott v. Sanford – Dred Scott sued for his freedom after his owner’s death. Decision went against Scott and in addition, extended slavery to the entire country by stating that slaves were the property of the owner and they could take their property with them any where they decided to go. A victory for the South.Important Events of the Civil WarFiring on Fort Sumter?????????????????????April 12-14, 18611st Battle of Bull Run??????????????????????????July 21, 1861Battle of Antietam????????????????????September 17, 1862Signing of the Emancipation Proclamation???? September 22, 1861;????????????????????????????????????????????????????????January 1, 1861Battle of Gettysburg????????????????????????????July 1-3, 1863????????????????????????????Siege of Vicksburg???????????????? May 18 - July 4, 1863Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox??????????April 9, 1865Assassination of Abraham Lincoln??????April 14, 1865 (Good Friday)Civil War Leadership:NORTHSOUTHPresidentAbraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas General Ulysses GrantRobert E. LeeOrder of Secession - (CSA)Confederate States of America State????????????????????????????Date of SecessionSouth Carolina????????????????December 20, 1860Mississippi????????????????????January 9, 1861Florida????????????????????????????January 10, 1861Alabama????????????????????????January 11, 1861Georgia????????????????????????January 19, 1861Louisiana????????????????????????January 26, 1861Texas????????????????????????????February 1, 1861*Lincoln's Inauguration - March 4th, 1861*Fort Sumter - April 12th, 1861 - Civil War BeginsVirginia????????????????????????April 17, 1861Arkansas????????????????????May 6, 1861North Carolina????????????????May 20, 1861Tennessee????????????????????June 8, 1861center0Causes of the civil war:00Causes of the civil war:Information on:?????????????????????North???????????????????????????????????????????SouthDate of Civil WarGeneralsPresidentsCause,Reason to FightCasualtiesOther NamesCapital CityOutcomePopulation PercentagePopulation Actual NumberManufacturing AbilityBegan on April 12th, 1861Ulysses S. GrantAbraham LincolnInitially to preserve the Union; After Emancipation Proclamation the liberation of enslaved peoples of the South364,511Union, Blue, Yankees, United States of AmericaWashington, D.C.Won70%22 Million (22,000,000)85 - 90%71%92%Ended on April 9th, 1865Robert E. LeeJefferson?DavisTo preserve the way of life the Southern states had become used to with an enslaved workforce312,000Confederacy, Gray, Rebels, Confederate States of AmericaRichmond, VALost30%9 Million (9,000,000)10 - 15%29%8%OVERVIEW OF THE CIVIL WARThe American Civil War was the largest military conflict in the Western world between the Napoleonic Wars and World War I. It cost 600,000 American lives, more than in World War I and World War II combined. Its social consequences were especially far-reaching. The war resulted in the emancipation of four million enslaved African Americans. It also brought vast changes to the nation's financial system, fundamentally altered the relationship between the states and the federal government, and became modern history's first total war. It is truly the central event in American history. This section describes the problems that contributed to the breakup of the Democratic Party in 1860; why Abraham Lincoln's election as president prompted secession; compares and contrasts the strengths and weaknesses of the North and South as the Civil War started as well as the military leaders and strategies of the North and the Confederacy. It also describes the circumstances that led President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation; the military history of the war; as well as the dramatic political, economic, and social changes that the war produced. Summary: The election of a Republican president opposed to the expansion of slavery into the western territories led seven states in the lower South to secede from the Union and to establish the Confederate States of America. After Lincoln notified South Carolina’s governor that he intended to resupply Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, the Confederacy fired on the installation, leading the President to declare that an insurrection existed in the South. Early in the war, the Union succeeded in blockading Confederate harbors, and by mid-July 1862 it had divided the Confederacy in two by wresting control of Kentucky, Missouri, and much of Tennessee, as well as the Mississippi River. In the Eastern Theater in 1861 and 1862, the Confederacy stopped Union attempts to capture its capital in Richmond, Virginia. In September 1862 (at Antietam in Maryland) and July 1863 (at Gettysburg in Pennsylvania), Robert E. Lee tried and failed to provoke European powers intervention in the war by winning a victory on Northern soil. After futile pleas to the border states to free slaves voluntarily, Lincoln in the summer of 1862 decided that emancipation was a military and political necessity. The Emancipation Proclamation transformed the war from a conflict to save the Union to a war to abolish slavery. It also authorized the enlistment of African Americans. During the war Congress enacted the Homestead Act, which offered free public land to western settlers; and land grants, that supported construction of a transcontinental railroad. The government also raised the tariff, enacted the first income tax, and established a system of federally-chartered banks. Consequences: 1. During the war Congress adopted policies that altered American society. The Homestead Act offered free public land to western settlers. Huge land grants supported construction of a transcontinental railroad. The government raised the tariff, imposed new taxes, enacted the first income tax, and established a system of federally-chartered banks. 2. The Union lost about 360,000 troops during the Civil War and the Confederacy about 260,000. This is almost as many soldiers as have died in all other American wars combined. 3. The 13th Amendment, ratified in December 1865, ended slavery in the United States. OVERVIEW OF RECONSTRUCTIONThe twelve years following the Civil War carried vast consequences for the nation's future. Reconstruction helped set the pattern for future race relations and defined the federal government's role in promoting racial equality. This section describes Presidents Lincoln's and Johnson's plans to readmit the Confederate states to the Union as well as the more stringent Congressional plan; it also describes the power struggle between President Andrew Johnson and Congress, including the vote over the president's impeachment. This section also identifies the groups that ruled the southern state governments from 1866 to 1877 and explains why Reconstruction ended in 1877. Summary: Immediately following the war, all-white Southern legislatures passed black codes which denied blacks the right to purchase or rent land. These efforts to force former slaves to work on plantations led Congressional Republicans to seize control of Reconstruction from President Andrew Johnson, deny representatives from the former Confederate states their Congressional seats, and pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and draft the 14th Amendment, extending citizenship rights to African Americans and guaranteeing equal protection of the laws. In 1870, the 15th Amendment gave voting rights to black men. The freedmen, in alliance with carpetbaggers and southern white Republicans known as scalawags, temporarily gained power in every former Confederate state except Virginia. The Reconstruction governments drew up democratic state constitutions, expanded women's rights, provided debt relief, and established the South's first state-funded schools. Internal divisions within the Southern Republican Party, white terror, and Northern apathy allowed white Southern Democrats known as Redeemers to return to power. During Reconstruction former slaves and many small white farmers became trapped in a new system of economic exploitation known as sharecropping. On average, the South's bi-racial Republican state governments lasted just four-and-a-half years. During the 1870s, internal divisions within the Republican Party, white terror, and northern apathy allowed southern white Democrats to return to power. Retirement and death removed from Congress the more outspoken advocates of civil rights, such as Thaddeus Stevens, who died in 1868. Corruption in the Grant administration divided the Republican Party and helped the Democrats win control of the House of Representatives in 1874. Corruption in the South's Republican government also undercut support for Reconstruction. Northern outrage over southern intransigence gave way to helpless resignation or indifference.As early as 1872, many former abolitionists believed that their aims had been achieved. Slavery had been abolished and citizenship and voting rights had been established by Constitutional Amendment. Democrats denounced "foreign" rule of the South by carpetbaggers and attacked corruption in President Grant's administration. In 1872, "Liberal Republicans," repelled by the supposed corruption of the radical regimes in the South, declared that the North had attained its goals and that Reconstruction should end. Many threw their support to the Democrats. The nationwide economic depression of 1873 further weakened the Republican Party, and Democrats regained the House of Representatives in 1874.The financial panic of 1873 and the subsequent economic depression helped bring Reconstruction to a formal end. Across the country, but especially in the South business failures, unemployment, and tightening credit heightened class and racial tensions and generated demands for government retrenchment. Property owners in the South demanded that state budgets be cut and tax rates lowered. Southern penitentiaries were dismantled and convicts were leased to private contractors. Spending on public schools and the care of orphans, the sick, and the insane was sharply reduced. Budgets for schools for blacks were cut especially heavily.It was the disputed presidential election of 1876 that brought Reconstruction to a formal end.UNIT 12 – RECONSTRUCTIONReconstruction – Era in U.S. history after the Civil War, time in which the country was “reconstructed” (1865-1877)Reconstruction Act of 1867 – military occupation of the former Confederate states, strict guidelines on representation in?government and requirements for readmission to the UnionTen Percent Plan – Lincoln’s idea/plan; if 10% of the population swore loyalty to the Union, the state would be readmittedThirteenth Amendment – (1865) freed all slaves without compensation to slave ownersFourteenth Amendment – (1868) stated that all people born in the U.S. (except Native Americans) were citizens of the?U.S. and were entitled to equal protection of the lawsFifteenth Amendment – (1870) granted black males the right to voteBlack Codes – laws passed in southern states during Reconstruction to limit the opportunities of African Americans.Jim Crow Laws – laws passed to bypass laws created by the Radical Republicans that southern states did not agree with.Civil Rights – basic rights guaranteed to a citizenCivil Rights Act of 1866 – all people born in the U.S. were citizens and were entitled to equal rights, regardless of raceHiram Rhodes Revels – First African American to be elected to the U.S. SenateFreedmen’s Bureau – March 1865, Supervised all relief and educational activities relating to freed peoples; created schools, hospitals in the South.40 Acres and a Mule – Idea that never became law - former slaves would be given land from slave ownersRadical Republicans – Republican political party that acted radically on the topic of reconstructing the South, felt that the South had to be punished for their?actions and implemented harsh measures for southern states to rejoin the UnionAndrew Johnson – Vice-President to Abraham Lincoln in Lincoln’s second term (began in 1865). He wanted Reconstruction to be a quick process that?would put the country back together again. 1st president impeachedImpeachment – the process of removing an elected official from officeUlysses S. Grant – former leader of Union forces in the Civil War, elected president in elections of 1868 and 1872, not the most qualified president, appointed?many friends and relatives to positions in the government who took advantage of their positions by accepting bribes – or were simply?unqualified for the positions. Led to economic Panic of 1873.Sharecropping – system that replaced slavery, workers would “rent” land from land owners, paying them with half of the harvest. This system led to widespread poverty amongst the workers, mainly former slaves.Homestead Act – 1862 law that essentially gave land away if it was “improved” it by building a house and cultivating itDawes Act – 1887 law designed to protect Native American lands during the land grab created by the Homestead ActMorrill Act – 1862 law that made it possible for new western states to establish colleges for their citizens. These “land-grant institutions” emphasized?agriculture and mechanics and made education possible for thousands (t.u. and aTm)Carpetbaggers – Northerners who came to the South to take advantage of the post-war situationScalawags – Southerners who did the same thing as CarpetbaggersKu Klux Klan – secret society that gained support in 1868 and sought to destroy the Republican Party in the South; used harsh intimidation techniques (terrorizing people) to dissuade people from helping African promise of 1877 – formally ended Reconstruction. Compromise was an end to a virtual tie in the presidential?election of 1876, where Republicans received the presidency, troops would leave the South ................
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