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“Astonishing” (Thomas, 158) “amazing, surprising greatly “ (WordNet Search – 3.0) Thomas uses this to show how most of the doctors amazing that medicine sulfonamides and penicillin can cure the previously untreatable illnesses.

Vicky Fan

“Sulfonamides” (Thomas page158) “The sulfonamides are broad-spectrum agents and were once used widely. Their use has diminished because of the availability of antibiotics that are better and safer and because of increased instances of drug resistance. Sulfonamides are still used, but largely for treating urinary tract infections and preventing infection of burns. They are also used in the treatment of certain forms of malaria.” (Britannica Online Academic Addition, par.1). Thomas uses this term to introduce the reading of the medicines used in the mid-1930 when modern medicine revolutionized in medical practice.

Annie Murner

“Penicillin” (Thomas, 159) “1. The most famous of all antibiotics, named for the fungal mold Penicillium notatum from which it is derived. Penicillin acts by destroying the cell wall of bacteria. 2. Penicillin is active against a number of types of bacteria including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Clostridium, Peptococcus, and Peptostreptococcus. 3.Most staphylococci now are resistant to penicillin. Today, manyderivatives of penicillin are available which act on more types of bacteria than penicillin itself. 4.The name "penicillium" was taken from the Latin "penicillum" meaning "a painter's brush" because the fronds of the fungus were thought to look like a painter's brush.” () Thomas was talk about the medicine penicillin.

Vicky Fan

“Empiricism” (Thomas page 159) “in philosophy, the view that all concepts originate in experience, that all concepts are about or applicable to things that can be experienced, or that all rationally acceptable beliefs or propositions are justifiable or knowable only through experience. This broad definition accords with the derivation of the term empiricism from the ancient Greek word empeiria, ‘experience’.” (Britannica Online Academic Addition, par.1) Thomas uses this term to describe the dilemmas of the history of medicine, and how it has not been the most popular field to study. He uses this word to display that the experiences though medical practices and how it was not pretty.

Annie Murner

“Weirdest” (Thomas, 159) “1. Of, relating to, or suggestive of the preternatural or supernatural.2. Of a strikingly odd or unusual character; strange.3. Archaic Of or relating to fate or the Fates. “(the Free dictionary by Farlex. ) Thomas talk about the heritage of medicine – how to think about the illnesses.

Vicky Fan

Nihilism. (Thomas, p.162). “1.total rejection of established laws and institutions anarchy, terrorism, or other revolutionary activity.” (). . Assessed on March 10, 2010. Thomas uses this term to describe a time when there was close to rejection (nihilism) of laws and organizations relating to therapy.

Morgan Sharp

“Pathogenic” (Thomas, Lewis 162) “producing disease” (The American Heritage Medical Dictionary pr. 1). Thomas Lewis, in his text “Medical Lesson from History” mentioned pathogenic term when was analyzing the history of medicine saying that in the nineteen century doctors still did not have enough knowledge about how the bacteria produced diseases.

Olga Piox

“Taxonomy” (Thomas page 162) “The usage of the terms taxonomy and systematics with regard to biological classification varies greatly. American evolutionist Ernst Mayr has stated that “taxonomy is the theory and practice of classifying organisms” and “systematics is the science of the diversity of organisms”; the latter in such a sense, therefore, has considerable interrelations with evolution, ecology, genetics, behaviour, and comparative physiology that taxonomy need not have.” (Britannica Online Academic Addition par. 4) Thomas uses this term to convey that diseases are becoming their own teachings, and as time progresses and more knowledge is gained the categories of disease are more depth.

Annie Murner

Spirochete (Thomas 162) “Any of an order (Spirochaetales) of slender spirally undulating bacteria including those causing syphilis and lyme disease”. (Merriam-Webster, par 1) “It needs emphasizing that it took about fifty years of concentrated effort in basic research to reach this level; if this research had not been done we could not have guessed that streptococci and pneumococci exist, and the search for antibiotics would have made no sense at all” (Thomas, pg 162). Thomas uses this term to argue his point of how medical lessons from history can bring forth new discovers of new medical needs.

Abdikadar Abdi

Typhoid-(Thomas 162) Infectious often fatal fibril disease usually of the summer months characterized by intestinal inflammation and ulceration caused by the typhoid bacillus, which is usually introduced with food or drink.()***

Hodari Cail

“Bacillus” (Thomas, Lewis 162) “Any of genius (bacillus) of rod shaped bacteria that occur in chain produces spores, and is active only in the presence of oxygen.” (The American Heritage Medical Dictionary pr. 1). “Bacillus “it is a medical term that Thomas Lewis wrote to described about different types of bacteria such the bacillus of diphtheria.

Olga Piox

Tetanus. (Thomas, p. 162). “An infectious, often fatal disease caused by a specific bacterium that enters the body through wounds and characterized by respiratory paralysis and tonic spasms and rigidity of the voluntary muscles, esp. those of the neck and lower jaw.” (). . Assessed on March 10, 2010. Thomas uses the term tetanus, a fatal disease, to bring up how there were techniques of active and passive immunizations that came about by the 1930s to prevent fatality.

Morgan Sharp

Streptococci- (Thomas 162) Several spherical or oval bacteria occurring in pairs or chains that cause scarlet fever. ()***

Hodari Cail

Pneumococci-(Thomas 162) Bacterium causing lobar pneumonia and associated with other diseases as pericarditis and meningitis () Thomas uses these words to convey how the basic need for science developed from the simple run of bacteria taking over. Many people were becoming sick from different diseases in these days which often lead to death. Thomas describes some of the different diseases they would get as a result of certain bacteria.***

Hodari Cail

“Diphtheria” (Thomas, Lewis 162) “An acute infectious disease caused by a bacterium (Corynebacterium diphtheria) and characterized by weakness, high fever, the formation in the air passages of a tough, membrane like obstruction to breathing, and the production of a potent neurotoxin.” (The American Heritage Medical Dictionary pr. 1) Thomas Lewis wrote diphtheria term when he was analyzing about how long the science of medicine took to discover the antibiotic to cure those diseases.

Olga Piox

Paradoxical (sound). (Thomas, p.166). “1. statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. 2. self-contradictory and false proposition.3.any person, thing, or situation exhibiting an apparently contradictory nature. 4. an opinion or statement contrary to commonly accepted opinion.”. () . Assessed on March 10, 2010. Thomas uses the term, paradoxical sound, to describe the redundant assertion of medicine’s future looking bright.

Morgan Sharp

Spirochete (Thomas pg168) - A microscopic bacterial organism in the Spirochaeta family. Spirochetes have a worm-like, spiral-shaped form, and wiggle vigorously when viewed under a microscope. Treponema pallidum, the cause of syphilis, is a particularly well-known member spirochete. () The spirochete is a type of bacteria that causes illnesses. Thomas used it as a medical example to get his point across. “…it was clear that by simply switching off one thing- the spirochete, a tubercle bacillus…” (pg 168)

Zarah Goslin

Coronary Occlusion- (Thomas pg169) the partial or complete blocking (as by a thrombus, by spasm, or by sclerosis) of a coronary artery (dictionary.) I would say that coronary occlusion is an artery blockage. It is used as a subject in his work. It was a medical term used in this sentence “I think that the central vascular abnormalities that launch coronary occlusion and stroke have not yet glimpsed…” (pg 169)

Zarah Goslin

Senile Dementia (Thomas 170) “A severe form of senile deterioration, in which loss of memory, disorientation in time and space, and inability to cope with everyday life are strongly marked”. (Oxford English Dictionary, par. 2) “We become healthy stocks of domestic plants and animals that we already take for granted”. (Thomas, pg. 170) Thomas explains senile dementia as an unnatural sickness too humankind, he then compares it with natural beings of earth.

Abdikadar Abdi

Poliomyelitis- (Thomas pg 170) a disease of the anterior horn motor neurons of the spinal cord and brain stem caused by poliovirus. (emedicine.) This term is a medical term to describe something that Polio causes. He used this term as an example again to get his point across. “No new disease, so far as I know, has come in to take place of diphtheria, or smallpox, or whooping cough, or poliomyelitis.” (pg 170)

Zarah Goslin

Poliomyelitis (Thomas 170) “An endemic or epidemic infectious disease of humans caused by a poliovirus (or occasionally another enterovirus), in which there is a minor illness with fever, malaise, headache, etc., followed in a proportion of cases by major neurological illness (viral meningitis, sometimes with involvement of the grey matter of the central nervous system leading to flaccid paralysis of the limbs and, rarely, respiratory paralysis)”. ( Oxford English Dictionary, par. 1) “Nature being inventive, we will probably always have the odd new illness turning up, but not in order to fill out some ordained, predestined quota of human maladies”. (Thomas, pg. 170) Thomas uses this term to explain old sickness can be studied too cure new sickness.

Abdikadar Abdi

"Human Maladies" (Thomas, 170) "A disease or disorder of the human body" (Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online) Thomas uses this term to show that new human diseases and disorders are always popping up out of nowhere and that that is most likely not going to ever change. This relates to interdisiplinary because he is relating biology and history. Kaitlyn Long

"Newtonian Physics" (Thomas, 172) "Science that deals with matter and energy and their reactions that were devised, discovered, and/or suggested by Sir Isaac Newton." (Encyclopedia Britannica Online) Thomas uses this term to show that they have moved on from Newton's physics to many other types of physics.

Kaitlyn Long

"Flabbergasting" (Thomas, 173) "To put (a person) in such confusion that he does not for the moment know what to do or say; to astonish, utterly, to confound." (Oxford English Dictionary Online) Thomas uses this term to show how medicine is always changing, especially in the last quarter century, and that there are never any surprises.

Kaitlyn Long

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