GSM BASED HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM - Electronic Clinic



Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u GSM BASED HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM PAGEREF _Toc420453639 \h 5CHAPTER 1 PAGEREF _Toc420453640 \h 51.2.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM PAGEREF _Toc420453641 \h 51.3.WORKING OF THE SYSTEM PAGEREF _Toc420453642 \h 6CHAPTER 2 PAGEREF _Toc420453643 \h 7HARDWARE USED PAGEREF _Toc420453644 \h 72.1.ATmega328 PAGEREF _Toc420453645 \h 72.1.1.Technical specifications PAGEREF _Toc420453646 \h 72.2.Temperature sensor(LM-35) PAGEREF _Toc420453647 \h 82.2.1.Why Use LM35s To Measure Temperature? PAGEREF _Toc420453648 \h 82.2.2.What Does an LM35 Do?? How does it work? PAGEREF _Toc420453649 \h 92.2.3.How Do You Use An LM35?? (Electrical Connections) PAGEREF _Toc420453650 \h 92.3.Heart beat sensor PAGEREF _Toc420453651 \h 102.3.1.What do you mean by Heartbeat? PAGEREF _Toc420453652 \h 112.3.2.Two Ways to Measure a Heartbeat PAGEREF _Toc420453653 \h 112.3.3.Principle of Heartbeat Sensor PAGEREF _Toc420453654 \h 112.3.4.Working of a Heartbeat Sensor PAGEREF _Toc420453655 \h 122.4.ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC) PAGEREF _Toc420453656 \h 132.5.LCD DISPLAY(MONITOR) PAGEREF _Toc420453657 \h 142.6.GSM INTERFACE PAGEREF _Toc420453658 \h 151.Um interface PAGEREF _Toc420453659 \h 152.Abis interface PAGEREF _Toc420453660 \h 163.A interface PAGEREF _Toc420453661 \h 164.B interface PAGEREF _Toc420453662 \h 165.C interface PAGEREF _Toc420453663 \h 166.D interface PAGEREF _Toc420453664 \h 167.E interface PAGEREF _Toc420453665 \h 178.F interface PAGEREF _Toc420453666 \h 179.G interface PAGEREF _Toc420453667 \h 1710.H interface PAGEREF _Toc420453668 \h 1711.I interface PAGEREF _Toc420453669 \h 172.7.FEATURES AND DESCRIPTION OF HARWARE COMPONENTS PAGEREF _Toc420453670 \h 172.7.1.TEMPERATURE SENSOR-LM35D PAGEREF _Toc420453671 \h 172.7.2.LCD DISPLAY PAGEREF _Toc420453672 \h 182.7.3.BUZZER PAGEREF _Toc420453673 \h 192.7.4.SWITCHES PAGEREF _Toc420453674 \h 202.7.5.HEARTBEAT SENSOR PAGEREF _Toc420453675 \h 212.7.6.LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE) PAGEREF _Toc420453676 \h 212.7.7.BLOOD PRESSURE SENSOR PAGEREF _Toc420453677 \h 232.7.8.GUI DESIGN PAGEREF _Toc420453678 \h 252.7.9.GSM MODULE PAGEREF _Toc420453679 \h 252.7.10.Microcontroller(ATmega328) PAGEREF _Toc420453680 \h 27CHAPTER 3 PAGEREF _Toc420453681 \h 28HIGHLIGHTING FEATURES OF THE PROJECT PAGEREF _Toc420453682 \h 283.1.APPLICABLE CONDITIONS PAGEREF _Toc420453683 \h 283.2.DS1307 RTC (REAL-TIME CLOCK) PAGEREF _Toc420453684 \h 293.3.A/D CONVERTER PAGEREF _Toc420453685 \h 303.4.System Design PAGEREF _Toc420453686 \h 313.5.Design and implementation PAGEREF _Toc420453687 \h 323.6.Hardware Implementation PAGEREF _Toc420453688 \h 321) Temperature sensor: PAGEREF _Toc420453689 \h 322) Heart beat sensor: PAGEREF _Toc420453690 \h 333) Blood Pressure sensor: PAGEREF _Toc420453691 \h 334) ATmega8 Microcontroller PAGEREF _Toc420453692 \h 335) GSM Modem PAGEREF _Toc420453693 \h 34CHAPTER 4 PAGEREF _Toc420453694 \h 35MICROCONTROLLER (ATmega328) PAGEREF _Toc420453695 \h 354.1.Key parameters for ATmega328 PAGEREF _Toc420453696 \h 354.2. Introduction to ATmega32 (AVR Series) 8bit Microcontroller PAGEREF _Toc420453697 \h 374.2.1.Arduino Digital and Analog I/O Pins PAGEREF _Toc420453698 \h 424.2.2.Arduino Analog I/O PAGEREF _Toc420453699 \h 424.3.PWM – Pulse Width Modulation PAGEREF _Toc420453700 \h 434.4.APPLICATIONS PAGEREF _Toc420453701 \h 43CHAPTER 5 PAGEREF _Toc420453702 \h 44GSM MODULE AND SENSORS PAGEREF _Toc420453703 \h 445.1GSM MODULE PAGEREF _Toc420453704 \h 445.2GSM Modem Principle PAGEREF _Toc420453705 \h 45FACTS OF GSM MODEM: PAGEREF _Toc420453706 \h 455.3GSM Data Calls: PAGEREF _Toc420453707 \h 465.4SENSORS PAGEREF _Toc420453708 \h 49Sensor deviations PAGEREF _Toc420453709 \h 50Resolution PAGEREF _Toc420453710 \h 51CHAPTER 6 PAGEREF _Toc420453711 \h 53RESULTS AND CONCLUSION PAGEREF _Toc420453712 \h 536.1FUTURE SCOPE PAGEREF _Toc420453713 \h 546.2.CONCLUSION PAGEREF _Toc420453714 \h 54REFRENCES PAGEREF _Toc420453715 \h 56No table of figures entries found.GSM BASED HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEMCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONConstant monitoring of the human’s body parameters such as temperature, pulse rate, oxygen etc. is a difficult task. Also in intensive care units it is necessary to monitor continuously the patient’s health parameters and keep their record. There is possibility of human errors.There are some shortcomings present in existing system. Currently there are number of health monitoring systems available for the ICU patients which can be used only when the patient is on bed.This system has wiring complexities.Such systems become difficult where the distance between System and PC is more. The available systems are huge in size. Regular monitoring of patient is not possible once he/she is discharged from hospitals.These systems cannot be used at individual level.Hence to remove human errors and to lessen excessiveburden of continuously monitoring patient’s health from doctor’s head, we are proposing health monitoring system using GSM. The objective of Health monitoring system is to have quantitative assessment of important Physiological variables of patients during critical conditions.The system we designed is used for measuring continuously automatically the values of the patient's important physiological parameters such as body temperature,oxygen in room and heartbeat.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEMVarious physiological signals such as body temperature,heartbeat and oxygen level are continuously monitored with this system.Various types of transducers are used to sense these bioelectrical signals. To sense the body temperature we have used LM35 of national instruments because it is cheap in rate and its size is small enough to fit on patient’s body.Heart beat sensor is one type of sensor which monitors the heart beat pulses for every minute. It will check the heart beat pulses and the same data will be given to AT mega 328. This heart beat sensor is designed to give digital output of heat beat when a finger is placed inside it. This digital output can be connected to AT mega 328 directly to measure the Beats per Minutes.All the signals from transducers are weak signals hence these signals are processed and amplified to desired level with the help of signal conditioner and computer display and then compares these values with thehard coded values given to AT mega 328.These values arestored in memory of controller. If measured values cross the limit of reference values then AT mega 328 sends SMS to a particular mobile number stored in memory through GSM modem.AT mega 328 continuously displays these variables on the computer screen. The output of instrumentation amplifier is given to analog to digital converter. These converted digital signals are then fed to ATmega328 which displays these respective values on computer display and then compares these values with the hard coded values given to AT mega 328. These values are stored in memory of AT mega328. If measured values cross the limit of reference values then ATmega328 sends SMS to a particular mobile number stored in memory through GSM modem. ATmega328 continuously displays these variables on the computer Display.Also if the person wishes to send his report, he can do so on a regular basis by specifying his choice through keyboard.ATmega328 continuously does this work, thus providing a real time monitoring of heart beat, body temperature and blood pressure of the patient.WORKING OF THE SYSTEMIn the first step, we sense the heart rate and body temperature using respective sensors. Then, convert the analog data to digital using on chip ADC and compare the sensor values with the reference value using AT meag328. Next step is to send message through GSM to mentioned mobile number. This mobile will be connected with the computer in hospital. The normal and abnormal conditions will be identified through the use of red and green circular objects on the screen. Meanwhile the data will also be stored on the patient side. CHAPTER 2HARDWARE USED2.1.ATmega328The ATmega328 is a single chip micro-controller created by Atmel and belongs to the megaAVR series.The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. The device achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz.TheArduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.2.1.1.Technical specificationsMicrocontroller ATmega328Operating Voltage 5V Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output) Analog Input Pins 6 DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloaderSRAM 2 KB EEPROM 1 KB Clock Speed 16 MHzFigure 1 ATmega3282.2.Temperature sensor(LM-35)LM35 temperature sensor is used to measure the temperature and connected to MCU.This sensor unit works under low power DC input of 5V which is controlled by a mini transformer.2.2.1.Why Use LM35s To Measure Temperature?You can measure temperature more accurately than a using a thermistor.The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation, etc.The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than thermocouples and may not require that the output voltage be amplified.2.2.2.What Does an LM35 Do?? How does it work?It has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius temperature.The scale factor is .01V/oCThe LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming and maintains an accuracy of? +/-0.4?oC at room temperature and +/- 0.8?oC over a range of 0?oC to +100?oC.Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it draws only 60 micro amps from its supply and possesses a low self-heating capability. The sensor self-heating causes less than 0.1?oC temperature rise in still air.The LM35 comes in many different packages, including the following.TO-92 plastic transistor-like package,T0-46 metal can transistor-like package8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline packageTO-202 package. (Shown in the picture above)2.2.3.How Do You Use An LM35?? (Electrical Connections)Here is a commonly used circuit.? For connections refer to the picture above.In this circuit, parameter values commonly used are:Vc?= 4 to 30v5v or 12 v are typical values used.Ra?= Vc?/10-6Actually, it can range from 80 KW?to 600 KW?, but most just use 80 KW.a circuit board.FIGURE 2.2.:TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM-352.3.Heart beat sensorHeart Beat Sensor consists of a super bright red LED and light detector. With each heart pulse the detector signal varies. This variation is converted to electrical pulse. This signal is amplified and triggered through an amplifier which outputs +5V logic level signal. The output signal is also indicated on top by a LED which blinks on each heartbeat. The signals are analog which are converted into digital by ADC (Analog-Digital Converter), suitable for the MCU.2.3.1.What do you mean by Heartbeat?A person’s heartbeat is the sound of the valves in his/her’s heart contracting or expanding as they force blood from one region to another. The number of times the heart beats per minute (BPM), is the heart beat rate and the beat of the heart that can be felt in any artery that lies close to the skin is the pulse.2.3.2.Two Ways to Measure a HeartbeatManual Way: Heart beat can be checked manually by checking one’s pulses at two locations- wrist (the?radial pulse) and the neck (carotid pulse). The procedure is to place the two fingers (index and middle finger) on the wrist (or neck below the windpipe) and count the number of pulses for 30 seconds and then multiplying that number by 2 to get the heart beat rate. However pressure should be applied minimum and also fingers should be moved up and down till the pulse is felt.Using a sensor: Heart Beat can be measured based on optical power variation as light is scattered or absorbed during its path through the blood as the heart beat changes.2.3.3.Principle of Heartbeat SensorThe heartbeat sensor is based on the principle of photo phlethysmography. It measures the change in volume of blood through any organ of the body which causes a change in the light intensity through that organ (a vascular region). In case of applications where heart pulse rate is to be monitored, the timing of the pulses is more important. The flow of blood volume is decided by the rate of heart pulses and since light is absorbed by blood, the signal pulses are equivalent to the heart beat pulses.There are two types of photophlethysmography:Transmission: Light emitted from the light emitting device is transmitted through any vascular region of the body like earlobe and received by the detector.Reflection: Light emitted from the light emitting device is reflected by the regions.2.3.4.Working of a Heartbeat SensorThe basic heartbeat sensor consists of a light emitting diode and a detector like a light detecting resistor or a photodiode. The heart beat pulses causes a variation in the flow of blood to different regions of the body.? When a tissue is illuminated with the light source, i.e. light emitted by the led, it either reflects (a finger tissue) or transmits the light (earlobe). Some of the light is absorbed by the blood and the transmitted or the reflected light is received by the light detector. The amount of light absorbed depends on the blood volume in that tissue. The detector output is in form of electrical signal and is proportional to the heart beat rate.This signal is actually a DC signal relating to the tissues and the blood volume and the AC component synchronous with the heart beat and caused by pulsatile changes in arterial blood volume is superimposed on the DC signal. Thus the major requirement is to isolate that AC component as it is of prime importance.To achieve the task of getting the AC signal, the output from the detector is first filtered using a 2 stage HP-LP circuit and is then converted to digital pulses using a comparator circuit or using simple ADC. The digital pulses are given to a microcontroller for calculating the heat beat rate, given by the formula-BPM(Beats per minute) = 60*fWhere f is the pulse frequencyFIGURE 2.3:HEARTBEAT SENSOR2.4.ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC)ADC is used as a signal conditioner, which is given as an input to the micro controller.Most of the information carrying signals such as voltage, current, temperature, pressure and time are available in analog form. However, for processing, transmission and storage purpose, it is often more convenient to express such signals in digital form. When expressed in digital form, they provide better accuracy and reduce noise.The A to D conversion is a quantizing process whereby an analog signal is converted into equivalent binary word.ADCs are classified into two general groups based on the conversion techniques. One involves comparing a given analog signal with the internally generated reference voltages. This group includes successive approximation, dual slope technique and flash A to D type converters. Another techniqueinvolves changing an analog signal into time or frequency and comparing these new parameters against known values. This group includes integrator converter and V to F converter.Interfacing ADC’s with micro controller can be done using: ADC family.FIGURE 2.4:ADC CONVERTER2.5.LCD DISPLAY(MONITOR) FIGURE 2.5:LCD DISPLAY(MONITOR)2.6.GSM INTERFACEGSM interface is the additional feature provided for this system. It is used as a enhancement. In this project the present readings taken through the sensors are given to the GSM modem for further manipulations and calculations.The network structure is defined within the GSM standards. Additionally each interface between the different elements of the GSM network is also defined. This facilitates the information interchanges can take place. It also enables to a large degree that network elements from different manufacturers can be used. However as many of these interfaces were not fully defined until after many networks had been deployed, the level of standardization may not be quite as high as many people might like.Um interface?? The "air" or radio interface standard that is used for exchanges between a mobile (ME) and a base station (BTS / BSC). For signalling, a modified version of the ISDN LAPD, known as LAPDm is used.Abis interface?? This is a BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a BTS, and it has not been totally standardised. The Abis interface allows control of the radio equipment and radio frequency allocation in the BTS.A interface?The A interface is used to provide communication between the BSS and the MSC. The interface carries information to enable the channels, timeslots and the like to be allocated to the mobile equipments being serviced by the BSSs. The messaging required within the network to enable handover etc to be undertaken is carried over the interface.B interface?The B interface exists between the MSC and the VLR . It uses a protocol known as the MAP/B protocol. As most VLRs are collocated with an MSC, this makes the interface purely an "internal" interface. The interface is used whenever the MSC needs access to data regarding a MS located in its area.C interface?? The C interface is located between the HLR and a GMSC or a SMS-G. When a call originates from outside the network, i.e. from the PSTN or another mobile network it ahs to pass through the gateway so that routing information required to complete the call may be gained. The protocol used for communication is MAP/C, the letter "C" indicating that the protocol is used for the "C" interface. In addition to this, the MSC may optionally forward billing information to the HLR after the call is completed and cleared down.D interface?? The D interface is situated between the VLR and HLR. It uses the MAP/D protocol to exchange the data related to the location of the ME and to the management of the subscriber.E interface?? The E interface provides communication between two MSCs. The E interface exchanges data related to handover between the anchor and relay MSCs using the MAP/E protocol.F interface?The F interface is used between an MSC and EIR. It uses the MAP/F protocol. The communications along this interface are used to confirm the status of the IMEI of the ME gaining access to the network.G interface?The G interface interconnects two VLRs of different MSCs and uses the MAP/G protocol to transfer subscriber information, during e.g. a location update procedure.H interface?The H interface exists between the MSC the SMS-G. It transfers short messages and uses the MAP/H protocol.I interfaceThe I interface can be found between the MSC and the ME. Messages exchanged over the I interface are relayed transparently through the BSS.Although the interfaces for the GSM cellular system may not be as rigorouly defined as many might like, they do at least provide a large element of the definition required, enabling the functionality of GSM network entities to be defined sufficiently.2.7.FEATURES AND DESCRIPTION OF HARWARE COMPONENTS2.7.1.TEMPERATURE SENSOR-LM35DThe LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage islinearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain the convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ± 1/4°C at room temperature and ± 3/4°C over a full -55 to +150°C temperature range.Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the water level. The LM35's low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 ?A from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55° to +150°C temperature range, while the LM35C is rated for a -40° to +110°C range (-10° with improved accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO 220 package.FEATURESCalibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade) Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor 0.5°C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25°C) Rated for full -55° to +150°C range Suitable for remote applications.Low cost due to wafer-level trimming Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60 ?A current drain Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air Nonlinearity only ± 1/4°C typical Low impedance output,0.1 for 1 mA load Typical Applications DS005516-4 DS005516-3. Basic Centigrade Temperature Sensor (+2°C to +150°C) Choose R1 = -VS/50 ?A V OUT = +1,500 mV at +150°C = +250 mV at +25°C = -550 mV at -55°C.2.7.5.HEARTBEAT SENSORThe sensor unit consists of an infrared light-emitting-diode (IR LED) and a photo diode, placed side by side, and the fingertip is placed over the sensor assembly,. The IR LED transmits an infrared light into the fingertip, a part of which is reflected back from the blood inside the finger arteries. The photo diode senses the portion of the light that is reflected back. The intensity of reflected light depends upon the blood volume inside the fingertip. So, every time the heart beats the amount of reflected infrared light changes, which can be detected by the photo diode. With a high gain amplifier, this little alteration in the amplitude of the reflected light can be converted into a pulse.2.7.6.LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962,early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, butmodern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with veryhigh brightness.When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are abletorecombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection.LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting,automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and in traffic signals. The compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other electronic devices.FIGURE 2.8:LED2.7.7.oxygen sensorLow Power, Long LifeSuitable for Battery-Powered UseThe UV Flux Oxygen sensor measures ambient O2 levels in 0-25%. Unlike traditional electrochemical oxygen sensors, by using UV light is sensor has a lifetime measured in years instead of months. This makes it perfect for portable, medical, industrial or many other applications.The UV Flux sensor is both oxygen pressure and temperature compensated, enabling accurate operation over a wide environmental range without the need for additional system components.ApplicationsOxygen DetectionPortable EquipmentBreathing ApparatusMedical or Lab EquipmentFree Easy-to-use GasLab? SoftwareThis device uses GasLab? software for setup, calibration, data logging, and real-time data analysis. GasLab? makes it easy to export data into a .CSV file that can be imported into any industry-standard software or spreadsheet. GasLab? runs on Windows XP or higher, and free to use with our products.SpecificationsOxygen Measuring Range: 0-25%Response Rate: T90 <30s (Typical)Sampling Rate: 1 Sample/secAccuracy: Better than 2% at full scaleResolution: 0.10% / 0.1mbarLifetime: > 5 yearsTemperature Accuracy: +/- 2 degrees COperating Temperature: -30°C to +60°CBarometric Pressure Range: 500 to 1200 mbarElectrical / MechanicalVoltage: 4.5 - 5.5 VDCCurrent: < 6mA (streaming @ 1 Sample/sec), < 17mA PeakInterface: UART2.7.8.GUI DESIGNIn computing, a graphical user interface (GUI) is a type of interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation, as opposed to text-based interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation. GUIs were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command-line interfaces (CLIs), which require commands to be typed on the keyboard.The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements. In addition to computers, GUIs can be found in hand-held devices such as MP3 players, portable media players, gaming devices and smaller household, office and industry equipment. The term "GUI" tends not to be applied to other low-resolution types of interfaces with display resolutions, such as video games or not restricted to flat screens, like volumetric displays because the term is restricted to the scope of two-dimensional display screens able to describe generic information, in the tradition of the computer science research at the PARC (Palo Alto Research Center).2.7.9.GSM MODULEThis is a GSM/GPRS-compatible Quad-band cell phone, which works on a frequency of 850/900/1800/1900MHz and which can be used not only to access the Internet, but also for oral communication (provided that it is connected to a microphone and a small loud speaker) and for SMSs. Externally, it looks like a big package (0.94 inches x 0.94 inches x 0.12 inches) with L-shaped contacts on four sides so that they can be soldered both on the side and at the bottom. Internally, the module is managed by an AMR926EJ-S processor, which controls phone communication, data communication (through an integrated TCP/IP stack), and (through an UART and a TTL serial interface) the communication with the circuit interfaced with the cell phone itself.The processor is also in charge of a SIM card (3 or 1,8 V) which needs to be attached to the outer wall of the module.In addition, the GSM900 device integrates an analog interface, an A/D converter, an RTC, an SPI bus, an I?C, and a PWM module. The radio section is GSM phase 2/2+ compatible and is either class 4 (2 W) at 850/ 900 MHz or class 1 (1 W) at 1800/1900 MHz.The TTL serial interface is in charge not only of communicating all the data relative to the SMS already received and those that come in during TCP/IP sessions in GPRS (the data-rate is determined by GPRS class 10: max. 85,6 kbps), but also of receiving the circuit commands (in our case, coming from the PIC governing the remote control) that can be either AT standard or AT-enhanced SIMComtype.The module is supplied with continuous energy (between 3.4 and 4.5 V) and absorbs a maximum of 0.8 A during transmission.FeaturesE-GSM 900/1800 MHz and GSM 1800/1900 with GSM Phase 2 / 2+.Output Power Class 4 (2W) at GSM850/900 MHz and Class 1 (1W) at GSM1800/1900 MHz.Control via AT commands (ITU, GSM,GPRS and manufacturersupplementary)Supply Voltage range: 3.22 V - 4.2 V,nominal: 3.8 V.Power consumption: Idle mode: <1.8mA, speech mode: 200 mA (average)Dimensions (mm): 3 x 20 x 20 andweight (g): 3.2 (including shielding)The GSM module offers the advantages asbelowUltra small size (22x22x3 mm),lightweight (3.2 g) and easy to integrateLow power consumptionR&TTE type approval plus CE, GCF,FCC, PTCRB, ICFull RS232 on CMOS level with flowcontrol (RX, TX, CTS, RTS, CTS, DTR,DSR, DCD, RI).Embedded TCP/IP Stack UDP/IP Stack ,Embedded FTP and SMTP ClientHigh performance on low price.FIGURE 2.10. GSM MODULE2.7.10.Microcontroller(ATmega328)ATMega328 is the ATMEL Microcontroller on which Arduino UNO is based.This will let us realize our small project without using a full size Arduino board. To make this microcontroller working with the Arduino IDE you need a 16Mhz crystal, a 5 V power supply and a serial connection.CHAPTER 3HIGHLIGHTING FEATURES OF THE PROJECTBy using this prototype circuit containingmicrocontroller,GSM Modem, computer and other hardware circuit so that the messages can be transferred at fixed time intervals to the corresponding medical expert to given ecessary precautions to take care about the patient.This system has the following features:i.AT mega328 MCU consumes low power with suitable devices for interconnection.ii. Continuous monitoring of patients is done which is simple by using GSM network.The device is designed to provide a continuous access to a person’s heart rate, oxygen level in room in accordance with other gases and temperature monitoring & inform through wireless communication. The heartbeat sensor which detects heart beat is interfaced to microcontroller..The goal of the project is to reduce the hospitalization and assistance cost. Health monitoring application is mainly proposed to provide alerts for medical health monitoring staff for the patients when needed.The device can be improved in certain areas as listed below:i. A graphical LCD can be used to display a graph of the change of heart rate over time.ii. Sound can be added to the device so that a sound is output each time a pulse is received.iii. Serial output can be attached to the device so that the heart rates can be sent to a PC for further online or offline analysis which is already used in this project. iv. The Whole health monitoring system, which we have proposed can be integrated into a small compact unit which is portable. This will help the patients to easily carry this device with them wherever they go. The VLSI technologies will greatly come handy in this regard.3.1.APPLICABLE CONDITIONSPatient monitoring system can be defined as the system used for monitoring physiological signals that includes the parameters like electro-cardio graph (ECG), respiratory signals, invasive and noninvasive blood pressure, body temperature, gases related parameters, etc.Patient monitoring systems are considered as a part of M-health technology. These can also be named as m-health or mobile health. These systems are used for practice of medical and public health with the help of mobile devices. These monitoring systems can be used onsite or remotely.Patient monitoring is applicable in different situations when a patient is in the following conditions:In unstable physiological regulatory systems – for instance, in the case of overdose of anesthesia.In a life threatening condition – for instance, when there is an indication of heart attack in a patient.In a situation leading to the developing of a risky life threatening condition.In a critical physiological state.Patient monitoring is not a new system in health care as it was first started in the year 1625 for monitoring the body temperature and blood pressure of patients. Subsequently, this system has begun to find its usage and acceptance for monitoring different types of physiological parameters and health related aspects that are being performed until now.3.2.A/D CONVERTERThe temperature sensor LM35 provides the analog output signal in mV range for the sensed temperature of body but Microcontroller ATmega328 can’t recognize this analog signal. So for that MCP3202 12-bit serial A/D converter is used here so that it can convert this analog signal into digital format so that controller can recognize this signal and can do further processing. The MCP3202 12-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) combines high performance and low power consumption in a small package, making it ideal for embedded control applications. The MCP3202 features a successive approximation register (SAR) architecture and an industry-standard SPI? serial interface, allowing 12-bit ADC capability to be added to any microcontroller. The MCP3202 features 100k samples/second, 2 input channels, low power consumption (5nA typical standby, 550 ?A max. active), and is available in 8-pin PDIP, SOIC and TSSOP packages. Applications for the MCP3202 include data acquisition, instrumentation and measurement, multi-channel data loggers, industrial PCs, motor control, robotics, industrial automation, smart sensors, portable instrumentation and home medical appliances.FIGURE 3.2:ADC CONVERTER3.3.System DesignIn this process, design and implementation of Health Monitoring Using Wireless Body Area Sensor Network” is done with modules of data sensing, data processing and data communication. Three sensors are contained in data sensing module such as temperature sensor, heart rate sensor and pressure sensor. Temperature sensor is used to measure the body through external skin. Heartbeat sensor is used to measure the function of heart by blood flow through Finger. Pressure sensor is used to measure the blood pressure of human being. The output of each sensor is interfaced with Analog to Digital circuit (ADC) pins of microcontroller. Data processing module consists of Microcontroller which is a high and needed to communicate the PC and mobile of data communication module for prescribing medicine through VB and sending SMS through information gateway, LCD is used as a display unit in connection with microcontroller displaying the current details of physiological parameters.Currently, the wireless body area sensor network for heart rate, pressure, temperature, respiration monitoring system is successfully designed for applications us 1. Heartbeat sensor 2. Temperature sensor 3.Blood pressure sensor The “Patient Health Monitoring Sensor Network” detects various parameters of people and assists them to overcome the critical health condition. The various parameter of the patient is shown in Patient Health Monitoring Using Wireless Body Area Sensor Network Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd. s v unit or the network coverage area is left, the message can be stored, retrieved and sent when entered the network.. The GSM Modem supports popular "AT" command by which user can able to develop application 300S module is used which has SIM card and used with respective number for sending emergency messages about the condition of patient to doctor.3.5.Design and implementationIn this process, design and implementation of “Patient Wireless Body Area Sensor ne with modules of data sensing, data processing and data communication. Three sensors are contained in data sensing module such as temperature sensor, heart rate sensor and pressure sensor. Temperature sensor is used to measure the body temperature through external skin. Heartbeat sensor is used to measure the function of heart by blood flow through Finger. Pressure sensor is used to measure the blood pressure of human being. The output of each sensor is interfaced with Analog to circuit (ADC) pins of microcontroller. Data processing module consists of Atmel AVR 8-bit which is a high-performance RISC CPU and needed to communicate the PC and mobile of data communication module for prescribing medicine through VB and sending SMS through information gateway, LCD is used as a display unit in connection with microcontroller for displaying the current details of physiological parameters.3.6.Hardware Implementation1) Temperature sensor:Several temperature sensing techniques are currently in widespread usage. The most common of these are RTDs, thermocouples, thermistors, and sensor ICs. The right one for your application depends on the required temperature range, linearity, accuracy, cost, features, and ease of designing the necessary support circuitry. In this section we discuss the characteristics of the most common temperature sensing techniques. But the cost of real time temperature sensor is not affordable. Hence in this project we used a potentiometer to display body temperature. By using this we are showing a prototype how it can works when we use an LM35 sensor.The normal body temperature of a person varies depending on gender, recent activity, food and fluid consumption, time of day, and, in women, the stage of the menstrual cycle. Normal body temperature can range from 97.8 degrees F (or Fahrenheit, equivalent to 36.5 degrees C, or Celsius) to 99 degrees F (37.2 degrees C) for a healthy adult. 2) Heart beat sensor:The human heart is a muscular organ that provides a continuous blood circulation throughthe cardiac cycle and is one of the most vital organs in the human body. The heart is divided intofour main chambers: the two upper chambers are called the left and right atria and two lowerchambers are called the right and left ventricles. There is a thick wall of muscle separating theright side and the left side of the heart called the septum. Normally with each beat the rightventricle pumps the same amount of blood into the lungs that the left ventricle pumps out intothe body. Physicians commonly refer to the right atrium and right ventricle together as the rightheart and to the left atrium and?ventricle as the left heart.The electric energy that stimulates the heart occurs in the sinoatrial node which produces adefinite potential and then discharges, sending an impulse across the atria. In the atria theelectrical signal move from cell to cell while in the ventricles the signal is carried by specializedtissue called the Purkinje fibers which then transmit the electric charge?to the myocardium.For a human aged 18 or more years, a normal resting heart rate can be anything between 60 and 100 beats per minute. Usually the healthier or fitter you are, the lower your rate. A competitive athlete may have a resting heart rate as low as 40 beats per minute. According to the National Health Service, UK, the following are ideal normal pulse rates at rest, in bpm (beats per minute):Newborn baby · Baby aged from 1 to 12 months - 80 to 140 aged from 1 to 2 years - 80 to Toddler/young child aged 2 to 6 years - 75 to · 120 · Child aged 7 to 12 years - 75 to 110 · Adult aged 18+ years - 60 to 100 · Adult athlete - 40 to 60 3) Blood Pressure sensor:4) ATmega8 Microcontroller The ATmega8 microcontroller is used due to CMOS 8-bit microcontroller and high density non memory technology. The Flash Program memory can be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI (serial port interface), by a conventional nonprogrammer, or by an On-chip boot program running on the AVR core. The data from the microcontroller is also sent to the GSM 5) GSM ModemGSM modem is a global system for mobile communication provides short message services. The 160 alphanumeric characters can be send in a message. If there is a power off of subscribers v unit or the network coverage area is left, the message can be stored, retrieved and sent when entered the network.. The GSM Modem supports popular "AT" command by which user can able to develop application quickly. The product SIM-300S module is used w SIM card and used with respective number for sending emergency messages about the condition of patient to doctor.CHAPTER 4MICROCONTROLLER (ATmega328)A?microcontroller?(sometimes abbreviated??C,?uC?or?MCU) is a small?computer?on a single?integrated circuit?containing a processor core,memory,and programmable?input/output?peripherals. Program memory in the form of?Ferroelectric RAM,?NOR flash?or?OTP ROMis also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of?RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the?microprocessors?used in?personal computers?or other general purpose applications.Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other?embedded systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes.?Mixed signal?microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.Some microcontrollers may use four-bit?words?and operate at?clock rate?frequencies as low as?4 kHz,?for low power consumption (single-digit milliwatts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a?digital signal processor?(DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption.4.1.Key parameters for ATmega328Parameter ValueFlash (Kbytes):32 KbytesPin Count:32Max. Operating Freq. (MHz):20 MHzCPU:8-bit AVR# of Touch Channels:16Hardware QTouchAcquisition:NoMax I/O Pins:23Ext Interrupts:24USB Speed:NoUSB Interface:NoSPI:2TWI (I2C):1UART:1Graphic LCD:NoVideo Decoder:NoCamera Interface:NoADC channels:8ADC Resolution (bits):10ADC Speed (ksps):15Analog Comparators:1Resistive Touch Screen:NoDAC Resolution (bits):0Temp. Sensor:YesCrypto Engine:NoSRAM (Kbytes):2EEPROM (Bytes):1024Self ProgramMemory:YESExternal Bus Interface:0DRAM Memory:NoNAND Interface:NopicoPower:NoTemp. Range (deg C):-40 to 85I/O Supply Class:1.8 to 5.5Operating Voltage (Vcc):1.8 to 5.5FPU:NoMPU / MMU:no / noTimers:3Output Compare channels:6Input Capture Channels:1PWM Channels:632kHz RTC:YesCalibrated RC Oscillator:YesWatchdog:YesCAN:0LIN:0Ethernet:0Debug Interface:debugWIREI2S:NoRTC:Counter4.2. Introduction to ATmega32 (AVR Series) 8bit MicrocontrollerIn our days, there have been many advancement in the field of Electronics and many cutting edge technologies are being? developed every day, but still 8 bit microcontrollers have its own role in the digital electronics market dominated by 16-32 & 64 bit digital devices. Although powerful microcontrollers with higher processing capabilities exist in the market, 8bit microcontrollers still hold its value because of their easy-to-understand-operation, very much high popularity, ability to simplify a digital circuit, low cost compared to features offered, addition of many new features in a single IC and interest of manufacturers and consumers.Today’s microcontrollers are much different from what it were in the initial stage, and the number of manufacturers are much more in count than it was a decade or two ago. At present some of the major manufacturers are Microchip (publication: PIC microcontrollers), Atmel (publication: AVR microcontrollers), Hitachi, Phillips, Maxim, NXP, Intel etc.? Our interest is upon?ATmega32. It belongs to?Atmel’s AVR series micro controller family. Let’s see the features.PIN count:?Atmega32 has got 40 pins. Two for Power (pin no.10: +5v, pin no. 11: ground), two for oscillator (pin 12, 13), one for reset (pin 9), three for providing necessary power and reference voltage to its internal ADC, and 32 (4×8) I/O pins.About I/O pins:?ATmega32 is capable of handling analogue inputs. Port A can be used as either DIGITAL I/O Lines or each individual pin can be used as a single input channel to the internal ADC of ATmega32, plus a pair of pins AREF, AVCC & GND (refer to?ATmega32 datasheet) together can make an ADC channel.No pins can perform and serve for two purposes (for an example: Port A pins cannot work as a Digital I/O pin while the Internal ADC is activated) at the same time. It’s the programmers responsibility to resolve the conflict in the circuitry and the program. Programmers are advised to have a look to the priority tables and the internal configuration from the datasheet.Digital I/O pins:?ATmega32 has 32 pins (4portsx8pins) configurable as Digital I/O pins.Timers:?3 Inbuilt timer/counters, two 8 bit (timer0, timer2) and one 16 bit (timer1).ADC:?It has one successive approximation type ADC in which total 8 single channels are selectable. They can also be used as 7 (for TQFP packages) or 2 (for DIP packages) differential channels. Reference is selectable, either an external reference can be used or the internal 2.56V reference can be brought into action. ?There external reference can be connected to the AREF munication Options:? ATmega32 has three data transfer modules embedded in it. They areTwo? Wire InterfaceUSARTSerial Peripheral InterfaceAtmega32 pin diagramAnalog comparator:? On-chip analog comparator is available. An interrupt is assigned for different comparison result obtained from the inputs.External Interrupt:?3External interrupt is accepted. Interrupt sense is configurable.Memory:? It has 32Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory, 1024 Bytes EEPROM, 2Kbytes Internal SRAM. Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash / 100,000 EEPROM.Clock:?It can run at a frequency from 1 to 16 MHz. Frequency can be obtained from external Quartz Crystal, Ceramic crystal or an R-C network. Internal calibrated RC oscillator can also be used.More Features: Up to 16 MIPS throughput at 16MHz. Most of the instruction executes in a single cycle. Two cycle on-chip multiplication. 32 × 8 General Purpose Working RegistersDebug:?JTAG boundary scan facilitates on chip debug.Programming:?Atmega32 can be programmed either by In-System Programming via Serial peripheral interface or by Parallel programming. Programming via JTAG interface is also possible. Programmer must ensure that SPI programming and JTAG are not be disabled using? fuse bits; if the programming is supposed to be done using SPI or JTAG.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF Atmega3284.2.1.Arduino Digital and Analog I/O PinsDigital pinsPins 0 – 7: PORT D [0:7] Pins 8 – 13: PORT B [0:5] Pins 14 – 19: PORT C [0:5] (Arduino analog pins 0 – 5) digital pins 0 and 1 are RX and TX for serial communication digital pin 13 connected to the base board LED Digital Pin I/O FunctionspinMode(pin, mode)Sets pin to INPUT or OUTPUT mode Writes 1 bit in the DDRx register digitalWrite(pin, value) Sets pin value to LOW or HIGH (0 or 1) Writes 1 bit in the PORTx register int value = digitalRead(pin)Reads back pin value (0 or 1)Read 1 bit in the PINx register4.2.2.Arduino Analog I/OAnalog input pins: 0 – 5 Analog output pins: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 (digital pins) Analog input functions intval = analogRead(pin) Converts 0 – 5v.voltage to a 10-bit number (0 – 1023)Don’t use pinModeanalogReference(type) Used to change how voltage is converted (advanced) Analog output analogWrite(pin, value) value is 0 – 255 Generates a PWM output on digital pin (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11)@490Hz frequency4.3.PWM – Pulse Width ModulationUse one wire to represent a multi-bit value.A clock with a variable duty cycle.Duty cycle used to represent value.We can turn it into a analog voltage using an integrating filter.4.4.APPLICATIONSToday the ATmega328 is commonly used in many projects and autonomous systems where a simple, low-powered, low-cost micro-controller is needed. Perhaps the most common implementation of this chip is on the popular?Arduino?development platform, namely the?Arduino Uno?and?Arduino Nano?models.CHAPTER 5GSM MODULE AND SENSORSGSM MODULEA?GSM module?is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to use the GSM modem to communicate over the mobile network. ?While these GSM modems are most frequently used to provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be used for sending and receiving SMS and MMS messages.A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or Bluetooth connection, or it can be a mobile phone that provides GSM modem capabilities.For the purpose of this document, the term GSM modem is used as a generic term to refer to any modem that supports one or more of the protocols in the GSM evolutionary family, including the 2.5G technologies GPRS and EDGE, as well as the 3G technologies WCDMA, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA.A GSM modem exposes an interface that allows applications such as NowSMS to send and receive messages over the modem interface. The mobile operator charges for this message sending and receiving as if it was performed directly on a mobile phone. To perform these tasks, a GSM modem must support an “extended AT command set” for sending/receiving SMS messages, as defined in the?ETSI GSM 07.05?and and?3GPP TS 27.005?specifications.GSM modems can be a quick and efficient way to get started with SMS, because a special subscription to an SMS service provider is not required. In most parts of the world, GSM modems are a cost effective solution for receiving SMS messages, because the sender is paying for the message delivery.A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or Bluetooth connection, such as the Falcom Samba 75. (Other manufacturers of dedicated GSM modem devices include Wavecom, Multitech and iTegno. ?We’ve also reviewed a number of modems on our?technical support blog.) To begin, insert a GSM SIM card into the modem and connect it to an available USB port on your computer.A GSM modem could also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and software driver to connect to a serial port or USB port on your computer. Any phone that supports the “extended AT command set” for sending/receiving SMS messages, as defined in?ETSI GSM 07.05?and/or?3GPP TS 27.005, can be supported by the?Now SMS & MMS Gateway. Note that not all mobile phones support this modem interface.Due to some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones, using a dedicated GSM modem is usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone. This is more of an issue with MMS messaging, where if you wish to be able to receive inbound MMS messages with the gateway, the modem interface on most GSM phones will only allow you to send MMS messages. This is because the mobile phone automatically processes received MMS message notifications without forwarding them via the modem interface.It should also be noted that not all phones support the modem interface for sending and receiving SMS messages. In particular, most smart phones, including Blackberries, iPhone, and Windows Mobile devices, do not support this GSM modem interface for sending and receiving SMS messages at all at all. Additionally, Nokia phones that use the S60 (Series 60) interface, which is Symbian based, only support sending SMS messages via the modem interface, and do not support receiving SMS via the modem interface.GSM Modem PrincipleFACTS OF GSM MODEM:?The GSM/GPRS Modem comes with a serial interface through which the modem can be controlled using AT command interface. An antenna and a power adapter are provided.The basic segregation of working of the modem is as under:?Voice calls?SMS??GSM Data calls?? GPRSVoice calls:?Voice calls are not an application area to be targeted. In future if interfaces like a microphone and speaker are provided for some applications then this can be considered.SMS: SMS is an area where the modem can be used to provide features like:? Pre-stored SMS transmission, these SMS can be transmitted on certain trigger events in an automation system.? SMS can also be used in areas where small text information has to be sent. The transmitter can be an automation system or machines like vending machines, collection machines or applications like positioning systems where the navigator keeps on sending SMS at particular time intervals? SMS can be a solution where GSM data call or GPRS services are not availableGSM Data Calls:? Data calls can be made using this modem. Data calls can be made to a normal PSTN modem/phone line also (even received). Data calls are basically made to send/receive data streams between two units either PC’s or embedded devices. The advantage of Data calls over SMS is that both parties are capable of sending/receiving data through their terminals.Some points to be remembered in case of data calls:? The data call service doesn’t come with a normal SIM which is purchased but has to berequested with the service provider (say Airtel).? Upon activation of data/fax service you are provided with two separate numbers i.e. the Data call number and the Fax service number.? Data calls are established using Circuit Switched data connections.? Right now the speed at which data can be transmitted is 9.6 kbps.? The modem supports speeds up to 14.4 kbps but the provider give a maximum data rate of 9.6 kbps during GSM data call.? Technologies like HSCSD (high Speed Circuit Switched Data) will improve drastically the data rates, but still in pipeline.Full Type Approved Quad Band Embedded GSM Module (GSM? 850/900 1800/1900) with AT command set and RS232 interface on CMOS level.This GSM wireless data module is the ready a solution for remote wireless applications, machine to machine or user to machine and remote data communications in all vertical market applications.The GSM module offers the advantages as belowUltra small size (22x22x3 mm), lightweight (3.2 g) and easy to integrateLow power consumptionR&TTE type approval plus CE, GCF, FCC, PTCRB, ICFull RS232 on CMOS level with flow control (RX, TX, CTS, RTS, CTS, DTR, DSR, DCD, RI)Embedded TCP/IP Stack UDP/IP Stack , Embedded FTP and SMTP ClientHigh performance on low priceSmallest size designed for tiny applicationsTracking (people, animals, people), container tracking, PDA, POS terminal, PCMCIA cards, AMRPin to Pin upgrade policy to save your developing investments High level technical support to help you in the integration of your solutionExhaustive product documentationEvaluation kit and reference designQuick technical assistance by dedicated e-mail services and user forumDeep technical assistance by dedicated engineering supportRD support and certification lab for all your needsProduct FeaturesE-GSM 900/1800 MHz and GSM 1800/1900 with GSM Phase 2 / 2+Output Power Class 4 (2W) at GSM 850/900 MHz and Class 1 (1W) at GSM 1800/1900 MHzControl via AT commands (ITU, GSM, GPRS and manufacturer supplementary)Supply Voltage range: 3.22 V - 4.2 V, nominal: 3.8 VPower consumption: Idle mode: <1.8 mA, speech mode: 200 mA (average)Dimensions (mm): 3 x 20 x 20 and weight (g): 3.2 (including shielding)InterfacesPower supply nominal 3,8 V10 general purposes I/O ports? and serial bi-directional bus on CMOS 2,8 VExternal SIMAnalogue audio for microphone, speaker and hands free set plus digital voice interfaceRS232 on CMOS 2,8 V (One RS232 (2,8V) with flow control (RX, TX, CTS, RTS, CTS, DTR, DSR, DCD, RI), baud rate 300 - 115.200 bps, autobauding? 1200 -? 57.600 bps50 Ohm antenna connectorAudioTelephony and emergency calls (Half Rate (HR), Full Rate (FR), Enhanced Full Rate (EFR))Echo cancellation and noise reductionDTMFHandset operations and basic handsfree operationSMSSMS?Mobile Originated (MO), Mobile Terminated (MT) and?Cell Broadcast?(CB - DRX)GPRS, data and FaxCircuit Switched Data?(CSD) up to 14.4 kbpsFax?Group 3Packed Data (GPRS class B, class 10) up to 115 kbpsGSM Supplementary ServicesCall Barring and Call ForwardingAdvice of ChargeCall Waiting and Call HoldCalling Line Identification Presentation (CLIP)Calling Line Identification Restriction (CLIR)Unstructured SS Mobile Originated Data (USSD)Closed User GroupOther FeaturesSIM Phonebook managementFixed Dialling Number (FDN)SIM Toolkit class 2Real time clockAlarm managementSENSORSA?sensor?is a?transducer?whose purpose is to?sense?(that is, to?detect) some characteristic of its environs. It detects events or changes in quantities and provides a corresponding output, generally as an electrical or optical signal; for example, a?thermocouple?converts temperature to an output voltage. But a?mercury-in-glass thermometer?is also a sensor; it converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (tactile sensor) and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base, besides innumerable applications of which most people are never aware. With advances in?micromachinery?and easy-to-use?microcontroller?platforms, the uses of sensors have expanded beyond the more traditional fields of temperature, pressure or flow measurement,[1]?for example into?MARG sensors. Moreover, analog sensors such as potentiometers and?force-sensing resistors?are still widely used. Applications include manufacturing and machinery, airplanes and aerospace, cars, medicine and robotics.A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the input quantity being measured changes. For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1?cm when the temperature changes by 1?°C, the sensitivity is 1?cm/°C (it is basically the slope Dy/Dx assuming a linear characteristic). Some sensors can also have an impact on what they measure; for instance, a room temperature thermometer inserted into a hot cup of liquid cools the liquid while the liquid heats the thermometer. Sensors need to be designed to have a small effect on what is measured; making the sensor smaller often improves this and may introduce other advantage. Technological progress allows more and more sensors to be manufactured on a?microscopic scale?as microsensors using?MEMS?technology. In most cases, a microsensor reaches a significantly higher speed and sensitivity compared with?macroscopic?approachesClassification of measurement errorsA good sensor obeys the following rulesIs sensitive to the measured property onlyIs insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its applicationDoes not influence the measured propertyThe?sensitivity?is then defined as the ratio between output signal and measured property. For example, if a sensor measures temperature and has a voltage output, the sensitivity is a constant with the unit [V/K]; this sensor is linear because the ratio is constant at all points of measurement.For an analog sensor signal to be processed, or used in digital equipment, it needs to be converted to a digital signal, using an?analog-to-digital converter.Sensor deviationsIf the sensor is not ideal, several types of deviations can be observed:The?sensitivity?may in practice differ from the value specified. This is called a sensitivity error.Since the range of the output signal is always limited, the output signal will eventually reach a minimum or maximum when the measured property exceeds the limits. The?full scale?range defines the maximum and minimum values of the measured property.If the output signal is not zero when the measured property is zero, the sensor has an offset or?bias. This is defined as the output of the sensor at zero input.If the sensitivity is not constant over the range of the sensor, this is called?non linearity. Usually this is defined by the amount the output differs from ideal behavior over the full range of the sensor, often noted as a percentage of the full range.If the deviation is caused by a rapid change of the measured property over time, there is a?dynamic?error. Often, this behavior is described with a?bode plot?showing sensitivity error and phase shift as function of the frequency of a periodic input signal.If the output signal slowly changes independent of the measured property, this is defined as?drift (telecommunication).?Long term drift?usually indicates a slow degradation of sensor properties over a long period of time.Noise?is a random deviation of the signal that varies in time.Hysteresis?is an error caused by when the measured property reverses direction, but there is some finite lag in time for the sensor to respond, creating a different offset error in one direction than in the other.If the sensor has a digital output, the output is essentially an approximation of the measured property. The approximation error is also called?digitization?error.If the signal is monitored digitally, limitation of the?sampling frequency?also can cause a dynamic error, or if the variable or added noise changes periodically at a frequency near a multiple of the sampling rate may induce?aliasing?errors.The sensor may to some extent be sensitive to properties other than the property being measured. For example, most sensors are influenced by the temperature of their environment.All these deviations can be classified as?systematic errors?or?random errors. Systematic errors can sometimes be compensated for by means of some kind of?calibration?strategy. Noise is a random error that can be reduced by?signal processing, such as filtering, usually at the expense of the dynamic behavior of the sensor.ResolutionThe resolution of a sensor is the smallest change it can detect in the quantity that it is measuring. Often in a?digital display, the least significant digit will fluctuate, indicating that changes of that magnitude are only just resolved. The resolution is related to the?precision?with which the measurement is made. For example, a?scanning tunneling probe?(a fine tip near a surface collects an electron tunneling current) can resolve?atoms?and?molecules.Types of sensorsTemperature SensorPressure sensorUltrasonic sensorThe acceleration sensorDisplacement sensorHolzer switch sensorInfrared sensorHeartbeat sensorPulse rate sensorChemical sensorBio sensorTemperature sensorThere are various types of sensors.Some are described above and the one’s we used in our project are blood pressure sensor,heartbeat sensor and temperature sensor.CHAPTER 6RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONIn case of emergency and dangerous situations we have to alert the doctor immediately. Forthis we are using a GSM based network for doctor to patient communication in the hospital andeven to communicate and indicate the status of the patient through SMS. This way ofcommunication is actually done with the GSM network. Each?patient will be?given this module?and with?the help?of this module?the patient health?condition ismonitored and if there is any change in the condition of the health then it immediately sends thatchanged data through GSM to the local system where the main module is connected to thecomputer to maintain the status of the patient.The heart beat is monitored with the pulse rate of the body. The high intensity light sensorsenses the expansion and contraction of the heart with the help of the nerves. That beam willtransmit the signal to the receiver and the minute change in the pulse is noticed as the heartbeat.If there is any change in the pulses then it is noticed as the change in the heart and then thecontroller will get a disturbed pulse count which indicates the fault or malfunction of the heart.The controller is fixed for a no. of pulses initially. If there is any change in the any of the pulsecount then it considers as a malfunction of the heart and then it transmits the pulse count with the?patients ID to the doctor in the?hospital and at the same to?it sends a sms to a fixed number in themicrocontroller. This is convenient process to monitor the patients’ health conditions form any ofthe distance we present. Since we are using the networks like GSM this makesthe user to communicate for internal system and as well as to the longer distances.Currently, the wireless body area sensor network for heart rate, blood pressure and temperature sensor monitoring system is successfully designed for applications as 1. Heartbeat sensor 2. Temperature sensor 3. oxygen The “Patient Health Monitoring Sensor Network” detects various parameters of people and assists them to overcome the critical health condition.AdvantagesGSM technology enables doctor to monitor the patients conditions?even sitting in his?room.Doctor will get call when patients body temperature and heart beat rises so that he can takeprecautionary .measures even though he will be in remote place.Patient care takers can monitor the equipment easily.6.1FUTURE SCOPEMonitoring the patient’s condition can be done by using biomedical telemetry method wherethere is a mobile communication between microcontrollers. The temperature, heart beat and blood?pressure are all sensed by using the appropriate sensors which are placed near the patient’s body thatis under investigation. The biomedical telemetry system consists of temperature sensor, heart beatsensor, pressure sensor, A/D converter, signal conditioning circuit, microcontroller, data cable mobile phone, LCD display. The temperature sensor is used to sense the temperature value of thepatient’s body.The sensed output is given to A/D converter where the analog signal is converted to digitalsignal. The digital output is given to microcontroller. The microcontroller delivers the signal formobile phone through data cable. Then the signal is transmitted to other mobile through GSMnetwork. The receiver mobile receives the signal and it is given for a PC. The signal from data cableis given to PC and the value gets displayed using monitor. The pressure sensor is used to sense the?pressure value?of the?patient’s body .The sensed output is given to A/D converter where the analogsignal is converted to digital signal. The digital output is given to microcontroller.The microcontroller delivers the signal for mobile phone through data cable. Then the signal istransmitted to other mobile through GSM network. The receiver mobile receives the signal and it isgiven for a PC. The signal from data cable is given to PC and the value gets displayed usingmonitor. Heart beat can be sensed by using heart beat sensor which is then given to a signalconditioning circuit. This unit delivers a train of pulses to microcontroller and the value getsdisplayed using LCD display.6.2.CONCLUSIONWe successfully completed this project “GSM BASED HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM” under the guidance of our respected supervisor and group mates.We assure that all the equipments are purchased by our own and are 100% working.The primary objective of this project is to develop a reliable, efficient and easily deployable remote patient monitoring system that can play a vital role in providing basic health services to the remote population and elderly patients. This project enables transmission of the system body parameters which is sensed from remote patient to the server PC by using wireless transmission technology - GSM. Using GSM, the doctor is notified and he will receive SMS on his mobile phone in case any parameter goes beyond the normal specified range. The main focus of this system is that the people can overcome the critical situation and be cautious of their health condition.This indeed is an easy, practical, inexpensive and yet veryeffective way for transmitting vital information to the healthcare staff and healthcare providers.REFRENCESChristos C. Bellos, Athanasios Papadopoulos, Roberto Rosso” Identification of COPD Patients’ Health Status Using an Intelligent System in the CHRONIOUS Wearable Platform” IEEE JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH INFORMATICS, VOL. 18, NO. 3, MAY 2014 Lei Clifton, David A. Clifton, Marco A. F. Pimentel “Predictive Monitoring of Mobile Patients by Combining Clinical Observations With Data From Wearable Sensors” IEEE JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH INFORMATICS, VOL. 18, NO. 3, MAY 2014 Ambika R, Kiran Jose, Priyadharshini. 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Afonso “Performance Evaluation of ZigBee Protocol for High Data Rate Body Sensor Networks” World Congress on Engineering 2013 Vol II, WCE 2013, July 3 - 5, 2013, London, U.K. KarandeepMalhi, Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay” A Zigbee-Based Wearable Physiological Parameters Monitoring System” IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 12, NO. 3, MARCH 2012 Honggang Wang, Hua Fang, Liudong Xing, Min Chen,( 2011) ” An Integrated Biometric-based Security Framework Using WaveletDomain HMM in Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN)” IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the IEEE ICC proceedings.Raju Singh(March 2011) “Confidentiality & Authentication Mechanism for Biometric Information Transmitted over Low Bandwidth & Unreliable channel” School of Computer Engineering and IT, Shobhit University, Meerut, India Vol.3, No.2, Mikael Soini, JussiNummela, Petri Oksa, LeenaUkkonen and LauriSyd?nheimo (2009).” Wireless Body Area Network for Hip rehabilitation” Tampere University of Technology, Department of Electronics, Rauma Research Unit pp. 202-206 Cory Cornelius(August 2010) “On Usable Authentication for Wireless Body Area Networks” Department of Computer Science Dartmouth College, Presented at HealthSec, . [10] Jamil Y. Khan, Mehmet R. Yuce, and FarboodKarami “Performance Evaluation of a Wireless Body Area Sensor Network for Remote Patient Monitoring” A. Soomro, D. Cavalcanti, IEEE (Feb 2007)“Opportunities & Challenges using WPAN and WLAN Technologies in Medical Environments”, Communications Magazine, vol:45, no:2, page 114122. Adnan Saeed, MiadFaezipour IEEE 2009,”Plug and Play Sensor Node for Body Area Network”. Jamil Y. Khan,school of computer science,Australia,IEEE (09,07, 2009,) ”Wireless Body Area Network for Medical Applications”. Emil Jovanov, DejanRaskovic, John Price,John Chapman, Anthony Moore, AbhishekKrishnamurthy,IEEE (2008) ,.” Patient Monitoring Using Personal Area Networks of Wireless Intelligent Sensors”. CHRIS OTTO, ALEKSANDAR MILENKOVI?, COREY SANDERS, EMIL JOVANOV, ”SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE OF A WIRELESS BODY AREA SENSOR NETWORK FOR UBIQUITOUS HEALTH MONITORING”. 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AleksandarMilenkovi?, Chris Otto, Emil Jovanov, Accessed: July 2005, “Wireless Sensor Networks for Personal Health Monitoring:Issues and an Implementation” . Mehmet R. Yuce & Steven W. P. Ng & Naung L. Myo &Jamil Y. Khan &Wentai Liu , “Wireless Body Sensor Network Using Medical Implant Band”, Received: 10 July 2007 / Accepted: 25 July 2007 ................
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