Supplementary Table 1. Evidence on medical management.
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [105]. This review was not registered in the PROSPERO registry, as at the time of conducting the review, PROSPERO registry did not accept protocols for scoping reviews. Also, we did not assess the methodological quality of the included studies as the aim of a scoping review is not to assess the quality of the published literature, but to learn about the area and its scope ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Peters</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>9094</RecNum><DisplayText>[57]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>9094</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552432518" guid="7bcbdfc5-ce4d-416c-83d3-db6d2af89177">9094</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Peters, Micah D.J.</author><author>Godfrey, Christina M.</author><author>Khalil, Hanan</author><author>McInerney, Patricia</author><author>Parker, Deborah</author><author>Soares, Cassia Baldini</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews</title></titles><pages>141-146</pages><volume>13</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>evidence synthesis</keyword><keyword>literature review</keyword><keyword>methodology</keyword><keyword>scoping review</keyword><keyword>systematic review</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1744-1609</isbn><accession-num>01787381-201509000-00005</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[57].Study participants and eligibility criteriaWe included studies that: (1) were conducted in Nepal; (2) included participants who had a diagnosis of a clinical pain condition (e.g., complex regional pain syndrome, headache, chronic pain, musculoskeletal pain, neuropathic pain, post-surgical pain, pediatric pain, cancer pain, etc.) or included pain as the primary outcome (e.g., fracture management); and (3) used either qualitative or quantitative research designs. We did not exclude studies based on language of publication, year of publication, study design, or age of study participants. However, we did exclude studies that: (1) included animals instead of human participants; (2) were editorials or review papers; (3) included participants who did not have a clear pain condition or diagnosis, or had pain as only one symptom of another primary condition being studies (e.g., infectious diseases such as typhoid); or (4) were conducted outside of Nepal. Search strategyWe searched Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane library from inception to November 2018. Additionally, we searched Google Scholar and Nepal Journals Online (NepJOL, ) to include grey literature and studies from journals not indexed elsewhere. NepJOL is a database of all Nepalese journals which includes many journals published by medical colleges and medical societies that are not indexed in any other international databases. Searching the literature indexed on NepJOL in this review was important to identify the scope of pain research that was conducted locally and published that would otherwise not be retrieved by searching international databases. We also searched the two most commonly used clinical trial registries (WHO trial registry and ) to locate registered trial protocols. Finally, we searched the reference lists of included studies. We collated articles in the Endnote software, and removed duplicates. The lead author (SS) developed the search strategy, and amended it after receiving feedback from all authors. We used a combination of terms “pain” or “analgesia” and “Nepal” or their alternative terms to formulate the search strategy. For example, “Nepal” and “pain” were searched as MeSH headings in Medline which were combined using a Boolean operator- “AND”. Limits were used to search articles on “Humans” only. Search strategies were adapted for each database. In order to maximize locally published papers in NepJOL, we used “pain”, “analgesia” or related terms in the title and abstract and avoided the use of “Nepal”. Details of search terms and strategies used are described later. Data screeningA pair of authors (SS, AP, SwS, and MP) independently screened the title and abstract of all the articles. Disagreements about inclusion were resolved through discussions. A third independent reviewer (SS or AP) made a final decision in case consensus could not be reached to solve the disagreement. We then performed the screening of the full text articles that required further reading. Next, we performed data charting (see below).Data charting process Data charting is the process of data extraction in a scoping review. A data extraction form was created for this purpose by SS on an Excel spreadsheet. The form was pre-tested on 10 studies by five study authors (SS, AP, SwS, MP, MPJ). After agreement from all the authors, the data extraction form was finalized. One of four authors (AP, MP, SS, and SwS) then extracted data from the included studies, and a second author confirmed that the data were extracted correctly. If included studies were of one of the review authors, a review author who is not the author of the study extracted the data. Any discrepancies were discussed with SS who made the final decision. Based on the results from all the studies included, the lead author (SS) classified the studies into key themes to present the results and organize the discussion. For example, by categorizing studies based on pain conditions being studied versus research design. We did not make attempts to contact the study authors in case of missing information as this was not required to achieve the aims of this review. Data items We extracted data related to (1) the year of publication, (2) place of data collection/ research, (3) source of publication (local or international journal, PubMed indexed or not indexed journal), (4) study design (qualitative study, clinical trial, study protocol, observational design, case-series or case studies), (5) study setting (clinical, community, mixed), (6) population studied (headache pain, musculoskeletal pain, post-operative pain, low back pain), (7) participant characteristics (age and sex), (8) measures used, (9) treatment delivered, and (10) key findings.Synthesis of results We computed the frequency for publication types, setting (community or hospital), study design, type of pain condition, age categories, and scope of the study. We then classified the results based on the broader themes of pain research, for example, interventional studies (medical or surgical management and rehabilitation), epidemiological studies, outcome measurement studies, and diagnostic studies. Search strategy for Medline1 pain.ab,kw,sh,ti. 512451 2 analgesia.ab,kw,sh,ti. 59225 3 nepal.mp. or NEPAL/ 8209 4 nepal.ab,ti. 6516 5 kathmandu.ab,ti. 1130 6 PAIN/ 126582 7 Chronic Pain/ 10725 8 Musculoskeletal Pain/ 2498 9 Osteoarthritis/ 34437 10 Low Back Pain/ 19603 11 Neck Pain/ 6239 12 Shoulder Pain/ 4299 13 neuropathic pain.mp. or Neuralgia/ 20605 14 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy/ or Complex Regional Pain Syndromes/ or Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome/ or Causalgia/Limit: HumansTotal articles: 214Search strategy for SCOPUS (?(?TITLE-ABS-KEY?(?nepal??OR??kathmandu?)?)??AND??(?TITLE-ABS-KEY?(?pain??OR??"Chronic Pain"??OR??"Musculoskeletal Pain"??OR??headache??OR??osteoarthritis??OR??"Low Back Pain"??OR??"Cancer pain"??OR??"Neck Pain"??OR??"Shoulder Pain"??OR??"neuropathic pain"??OR??radiculopathy??OR??sciatica?)?)?)??AND NOT??(?TITLE-ABS-KEY?(?animal??OR??dog??OR??swine??OR??pig??OR??rat??OR??mice??OR??mouse??OR??rabbit??OR??dengue??OR??tuberculosis??OR??typhoid??OR??hepatitis??OR??encaphalitis??OR??typhus??OR??giardia??OR??diarrhoea??OR??cholera??OR??hernia??OR??"helicobacter pylori"??OR??leishmaniasis??OR??appendicitis??OR??cholelithiasis?)?)??AND??(?LIMIT-TO?(?EXACTKEYWORD?,??"Human"?)??OR??LIMIT-TO?(?EXACTKEYWORD?,??"Article"?)?)?Total articles: 431Search strategy for Embase1 pain assessment/ or pain/ or chronic pain/ or musculoskeletal pain/ or myofascial pain/ 426926 2 low back pain/ 53522 3 neck pain/ 20913 4 shoulder pain/ 14677 5 osteoarthritis/ 84835 6 neuropathic pain/ 28725 7 cancer pain/ 19036 8 headache/ 204368 9 nepal.mp. or Nepal/ 11748 10 (Nepal or kathmandu).ab,ti. 10048 11 9 or 10 11919 12 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 762807 13 11 and 12 299 14 limit 13 to human 286 Total articles: 286Search strategy for Cochrane Title/ Abstract/ Keyword: Nepal OR KathmanduAND MeSH: musculoskeletal pain, osteoarthritis, shoulder pain, neck pain, back pain, cancer pain, neuralgia. Total articles: 2 articles. Search strategy for Google Scholar pain[Title/Abstract] AND (Nepal)[Title/Abstract] 208 articles (date 2018/12/04)Search strategy for NepJOLTitle: (Pain OR analgesia OR nociception OR osteoarthritis OR headache OR radiculopathy OR sciatica OR neuralgia OR "musculoskeletal disorder*") NOT IndiaTotal article: 94Abstract: (Pain OR analgesi* OR nociception OR osteoarthritis OR headache OR radiculopathy OR sciatica OR neuralgia OR "musculoskeletal disorder*) NOT India Total articles: 665 (2018.12.04)Total number of articles screened: 1388.Total number of articles included: 116Supplementary file 1bList of included studies are listed belowAcharya RS, Acharya S, Pradhan A, Oraibi S. Musculoskeletal disorders among dentists in Nepal. Journal of Nepal Dental Association 2010;11(2):107-113.Acharya RS, Al-Oraibi S, Adhikari SP, Parajuli N, Limbu H, Enezi FA. Validation in the Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Nepali Version of the Oswestry Disability Index. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal 2014;8(2).Acharya S, Chaulagain R, Pradhan A, Shah A. Temporomandibular Joint Disorders and its Relationship with Parafunctional Habits among Undergraduate Medical and Dental Students. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 2018;14(3):154-159.Anderson RT. An Orthopedic Ethnography in Rural Nepal. Medical Anthropology 1984;8(1):46-59.Aryal D, Gurung R, Marhatta MN. Evaluation of the effect of gabapentin on postoperative analgesia with epidural morphine after abdominal hysterectomy. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 2017;13(2):251-257.Bajracharya J, Shrestha NS, Karki C, Saha R. Laparoscopic findings in chronic pelvic pain. Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 2012;1(2):100-102.Basnet U. A comparative study of intrathecal hyperbaric Bupivacaine with or without Morphine for post-operative analgesia in hysterectomy. NJOG 2018;13(25):34-37.Bhandari B, Bhandari R, Shakya DR, Maskey R, Paudel M, Giri R, Gupta PP. Chronic headache among general practice out patients in a tertiary care hospital, Eastern Nepal. Health Renaissance 2015;13(2):22-29.Bhattarai B, Pokhrel PK, Tripathi M, Rahman TR, Baral DD, Pande R, Bhattachaya A. Chronic pain and cost: an epidemiological study in the communities of Sunsari district of Nepal. Nepal Med Coll J 2007;9(1):6-11.Bhattarai PR, Bhattarai B, Sah BP, Rahman TR, Ghimire A, Adhikary A. Comparison of postoperative analgesic effectiveness of combined intraperitoneal instillation and periportal infiltration of bupivacaine with intraperitoneal instillation or periportal infiltration alone for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal 2014;1(2):59-64.Bhattarai S, Chhetri HP, Alam K, Thapa P. A study on factors affecting low back pain and safety and efficacy of NSAIDs in acute low back pain in a tertiary care hospital of Western Nepal. J Clin Diagn Res 2013;7(12):2752-2758.Chapagain S, Subedi PP, Thakur DK, Poudel S, Luitel BR, Chalise PR, Sharma UK, Gyawali PR, Shrestha GK. Patterns of scrotal pain in a hospital setting. Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal 2014;17(2):31-34.Chaudhary P, Shrestha BP, Khanal GP, Rijal R, Karn NK, Maharjan R, Singh AK. Diagnostic dialemma in diagnosing acute monoarthritis and mono articular rheumatoid arthritis of right elbow in a 24 year old young lady. Health Renaissance 2012;10(3):244-250.Chettri PK, Tayal A, Deka PK. USG in evaluation of patients with scrotal pain. Journal of College of Medical Sciences Nepal 2012;8(1):18-22.Chhetri S, Khanna S, Poonam, Sen B. Laparoscopic Evaluation of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women. Journal of Nepal Health Reseach Council 2009;7(14):45-48.Das RN, Paudel R. Spectrum of rheumatological disorders: an experience of 337 cases in a tertiary care hospital in Pokhara valley, Nepal. APLAR Journal of Rheumatology 2006;9:248–256.Deo GP, Shrestha SK, Shrestha IN. Epidural butorphanol for post operative analgesia in lower limb surgeries: A comparative study with epidural tramadol. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2016;6(17).Devkota UP, Lohani S, Joshi RM. Minimally invasive open lumbar discectomy: An alternative to microlumbar discectomy. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2009;7(27):204-208.Dhakal I, Sharma S. Occupational overuse syndrome and its severities in software professionals of Rupandehi District, Nepal. Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 2017;5(16):26-30.Faisal H, Lamichhane A, Mahara D. Analgesic Effect of Intraarticular Tramadol with Morphine after Arthroscopic Knee Surgery. Nepal Orthopedic Association Journal 2013;3(1):14-18.Gami RK, Jahan K, Jha CB. Efficacy and safety of intrathecal morphine for post cesarean section analgesia. Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal 2014;1:13-17.Gertsch JH, Lipman GS, Holck PS, Merritt A, Mulcahy A, Fisher RS, Basnyat B, Allison E, Hanzelka K, Hazan A, Meyers Z, Odegaard J, Pook B, Thompson M, Slomovic B, Wahlberg H, Wilshaw V, Weiss EA, Zafren K. Prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of acetazolamide versus ibuprofen for prophylaxis against high altitude headache: the Headache Evaluation at Altitude Trial (HEAT). Wilderness Environ Med 2010;21(3):236-243.Ghimire A, Bhattarai B, Koirala S, Subedi A. Analgesia before Performing Subarachnoid Block in the Sitting Position in Patients with Proximal Femoral Fracture: A Comparison between Fascia Iliaca Block and Femoral Nerve Block. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2015;50(2):152-155.Ghimire A, Bhattarai B, Prasad JN, Shah SP. The Analgesic Effectiveness of Ipsilateral Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Adult Patients Undergoing Appendectomy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2015;52(4):361-365.Ghimire P, Singh BP, Chaturvedi SK. Role of Computed Tomography Scan in Non-Localized Headache in Tertiary Hospital of Mid Western Region of Nepal. Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College 2015;13(1):2-4.Giri S, Chaudhuri S, Jirel S, Aryal BD, Kumar DR, Gupta PP. Pre operative use of injection diclofenac versus injection tramadol for pain management of acute appendicitis in emergency department. Health Renaissance 2015;13(1):40-48.Gupta U, Aich TK, Verma AK. Psychiatric comorbidity in chronic migraine Patients: A hospital based study. J Psychiatrists’ Association of Nepal 2014;3(1):3-9.Harris NS, Wenzel RP, Thomas SH. High altitude headache: Efficacy of acetaminophen vs. ibuprofen in a randomized, controlled trial. J Emerg Med 2003;24(4):383-387.Joshi A. Prophylactic ilioinguinal neurectomy: Can it prevent chronic groin pain after Lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair? Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 2015;4(12):39-44.Joshi BG. Etiology of Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children. J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2013;33(1):31-33.Joshi SK, Sherpa H, Poudel A, Dahal P. Work related injuries and musculoskeletal disorders among child workers in the brick kilns of Nepal. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 2013;3(2):2-7.Kafle B, Bagale Y, Dhungana M. Anxiety and Depression as Co-morbidities in Patients with Primary Headache. J Psychiatrists’ Association of Nepal 2017;6(2):45-49.Kafle D, Rajbhandari A. Anticipated Pain and Pain Experience Among Orthodontic Patients: Is there any Difference? Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2012;38(2):71-73.Kandel M, Thapa SK, Marasini R, Thapa S, Dhakal S, Shrestha R. Intra-articular lignocaine as a means of analgesia during manual reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocation. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 2016;12(3):108-110. Karki DB, Gurung G, Adhikary KP, Ghimire RK. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Degenerative Disc Disease of Cervical Spine in Symptomatic Patients. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2015;13(31):196-200.Karki DB, Panta OB, Gurung G. MRI Findings of Non-Degenerative Pathoanatomical Changes in Low Back Pain. 2015.Kayastha N, Joshi A, Kunwar B, Khadka S. Effect of Body Position on Post-Lumbar Puncture Headache and Urinary Retention After Spinal Anaesthesia in Orthopaedic Cases: Concerns in Post-Operative Ambulation and Rehabilitation. Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital 2018;17(2):32-37.KC HB, Pahari T. Effect of Posture on Post Lumbar Puncture Headache after Spinal Anesthesia: A Prospective Randomized Study. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2017;60(4):324-328.KC NB, Shrestha S. Outcome of corticosteriod injection for sciatica through caudal route. Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital 2014;13(2):15-19.Koirala S, Lamichhane S, Karn N. A case of acute discitis following spinal anaesthesia: a rarity or a tip of the iceberg? Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal 2017;4(1):38-41.Koju RB, Gurung BS, Dongol Y. Effectiveness of Intrathecal Morphine for Analgesia following Elective Caesarean Section. NJOG 2015;10(19):57.Lakhey S, Manandhar RR. One year outcome of Subacromial Methylprednisolone Injection and Psychotherapy for Subacromial Impingement Syndrome. Nepal Orthopaedic Association Journal (NOAJ) 2010;1(1).Linde M, Edvinsson L, Manandhar K, Risal A, Steiner TJ. Migraine associated with altitude: results from a population-based study in Nepal. Eur J Neurol 2017;24(8):1055-1061.Mahara DP, Lamichhane AP. Intraarticular morphine for post operative knee arthroscopy analgesia. Journal of Nepal Medical Association 2004;43:192-194.Maharjan SK, Shrestha S. Intraperitoneal and periportal injection of bupivacaine for pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2009;7(25):50-53.Maharjan SK, Shrestha S. Intraperitoneal magnesium sulphate plus bupivacaine for pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 2012;1(1):21.Manandhar K, Risal A, Linde M, Steiner TJ. The burden of headache disorders in Nepal: estimates from a population-based survey. J Headache Pain 2015;17(1):1-10.Mishra AK, Chalise PK, Shah SB, Adhikari V, Singh RP. Comparative study in surgical outcome of intracapsular fracture neck of femur in active elderly patients treated with hemiarthroplasty with Austin Moore’s and Bipolar prosthesis. Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ 2013;15(1):81-83.Mishra BN, Poudel RR, Banskota B, Shrestha BK, Banskota AK. Effectiveness of extra-corporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) vs methylprednisolone injections in plantar fasciitis. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2019;10(2):401-405.Munakomi S, Shrestha P. Case Report: Sciatic nerve schwannoma - a rare cause of sciatica. F1000 Res 2017;6.Nepal P, Shrestha A, Ghimire N. Evaluation of CT scan findings in patients presenting with headache. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013;3(6):9-12.Pambos M, Ng J, Loukes J, Matheson J, Aryal B, Adhikari S, Kerry S, Reid F, Oakeshott P. Demographics and diagnoses at rural health camps in Nepal: Cross-sectional study. Fam Pract 2012;29(5):528-533.Pandey A, Shrestha B, Shrestha KM. A comparative study of steroid injection with or without lignocaine in treating frozen shoulder. Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 2017;5(15):22.Pandey NK, Shrestha N, Karki P. Study of markers of inflammation as predictors and prognosticators of acute coronary syndrome in patients with acute chest pain. Health Renaissance 2014;12(2):99-105.Panta OB, Songmen S, Maharjan S, Subedi K, Ansari MA, Ghimire RK. Morphological Changes in Degenerative Disc Disease on Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Comparison Between Young and Elderly. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2015;13(31):209-213.Pathak A, Sharma S, Jensen MP. The utility and validity of pain intensity rating scales for use in developing countries. Pain Rep 2018;3(5):e672.Pathak L. Effects of post-operative epidural analgesia after major orthopedic surgeries, a retrospective studies. Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 2015;3(10):20.Pathak L, Chaturvedi A. Effect of gabapentin premedication on preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain. Health Renaissance 2013;11(3):254-259.Paudyal BP, Gyawalee M. Clinical profile of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences 2016;3(1):10-14.Pokharel K, Rahman TR, Singh SN, Bhattarai B, Khaniya S. The Efficacy and Safety of Low Dose Epidural Butorphanol on Postoperative Analgesia following Cesarean Delivery. J Nepal Med Assoc 2008;47(170):57-61.Poudel A, Dutta PK. A comparative study of bilateral ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block for postoperative analgesia in lower segment cesarean section. Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal 2017;4(2):81-86.Poudel M, Bhandari R, Giri R, Ghimire A, Uprety S. Pattern of Abdominal Pain Presenting in a General Outpatient Clinic in Teaching Hospitals of Eastern Nepal. Health Renaissance 2011;9(1):31-34.Pradhan A. Backache prevalence among groups with long and normal working day. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2003;2(6):119-123.Pradhan B, Marhatta MN, Amatya R. Epidural steroid for low back pain in pain management clinic. Journal of Institute of Medicine 2008;30(2):2-5.Rai R, Uprety DK, Pradhan T, Bhattarai BK, Acharya S. Subcutaneous Sterile Water Injection for Labor Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. NJOG 2013;8(2):68-70.Ranjit S, Shrestha SK. Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Versus Local Wound Infiltration for Post Operative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Gynaecological Surgery Under General Anaesthesia. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2014;12(46):93-96.Rayamajhi AJ, Bhattarai BK. Prospective randomized double blind comparison of analgesic efficacy of single shot epidural bupivacaine with or without dexamethasone in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgeries. Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal 2015;2:46-51.Regmi NK, Khatri S, Datta PK. Comparison of Propofol-Ketamine Combination with Propofol-Butorphanol Combination for Total Intravenous Anaesthesia on Short Surgical Procedures. Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College 2014;14(2):34.Regmi UK, Sapkota S. Efficacy of tramadol as an adjuvant to bupivacaine for caudal analgesia in children: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal 2017;4(1):11-15.Risal A, Manandhar K, Holen A, Steiner TJ, Linde M. Comorbidities of psychiatric and headache disorders in Nepal: implications from a nationwide population-based study. J Headache Pain 2016;17 (1) (no pagination)(45).Runu R, Sinha NK, Pai R, Shankar PR, Vijayabhaskar P. Our experience with epidural steroid injections in management of low backpain and sciatica. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2005;3(4):349-354.Sharma A, Gupta SN. Drainage versus no Drainage after Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2016;14(53):69-72.Sharma GR, Jha R, Poudel P, Adhikari DR, Bista P. Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia: Our Experiences at Bir Hospital. Nepal Journal of Neuroscience 2017;14:3-7.Sharma M, Kharbuja K, Sharma NR. Intraperitoneal Hydrocortisone plus Bupivacaine versus Bupivacaine alone for Pain Relief after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Journal of Lumbini Medical College 2015;3(2).Sharma NR, Timalsena P, DC S. A comparison of epidural analgesia provided by Bupivacaine plus Pethidine, Bupivacaine plus Morphine, or Bupivacaine plus Morphine plus Midazolam for lower limb orthopaedic surgery. Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 2013;2(5):117.Sharma NR, Timalsena P, Rai U. Penile nerve block at the base of penis in combination with intravenous ketamin plus midazolam versus general anaesthesia(ga) in children undergoing circumcision for post operative pain management in eastern nepal. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2014;4(7):33-36.Sharma S, Jensen MP, Moseley GL, Abbott JH. Pain education for patients with non-specific low back pain in Nepal: protocol of a feasibility randomised clinical trial (PEN-LBP Trial). BMJ Open 2018;8(8):e022423.Sharma S, Palanchoke J, Abbott JH. Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Nepali Translation of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2018(0):1-23.Sharma S, Palanchoke J, Reed D, Haxby Abbott J. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Nepali versions of numerical pain rating scale and global rating of change. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2017;15(1):236.Sharma S, Pathak A, Abbott JH, Jensen MP. Measurement properties of the Nepali version of the Connor Davidson resilience scales in individuals with chronic pain. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2018;16(1):56.Sharma S, Pathak A, Jensen MP. Words that describe chronic musculoskeletal pain: implications for assessing pain quality across cultures. J Pain Res 2016;9:1057-1066.Sharma S, Pathak A, Jensen MP, H. AJ. PSN021: Responsiveness and Minimum Important Change of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and Connor Davidson Resilience Scales in Individuals with Chronic Pain, Proceedings of the World Congress on Pain, 2018.Sharma S, Pathak A, Jha J, Jensen MP. Socioeconomic factors, psychological factors, and function in adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain from rural Nepal. J Pain Res 2018;11:2385-2396.Sharma S, Pathak A, Maharjan R, Abbott JH, Correia H, Jensen M. Psychometric properties of nepali versions of PROMIS short from measures of pain intensity, pain interference, pain behaviour, depressions, and sleep disturbance. The Journal of Pain 2018;19(3).Sharma S, Shrestha N, Jensen MP. Pain-related factors associated with lost work days in nurses with low back pain: A cross-sectional study. Scand J Pain 2016;11:36-41.Sharma S, Thibault P, Abbott JH, Jensen MP. Clinimetric properties of the Nepali version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale in individuals with chronic pain. J Pain Res 2018;11:265-276.Sherpa PD, Kitrungrote L, Sae-Sia W. Predicting quality of life among family caregivers of people with spinal cord injury having chronic low back pain in Nepal: a cross-sectional pilot study. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2018;4:72.Shrestha A, Pradhan B. Use of intrathecal morphine for analgesia in a surgical camp set up in Nepal. Journal of Institute of Medicine 2005;27:34-37.Shrestha BB, Karmacharya M, Gharti BB, Timilsina B, Ghimire P. Effect of Dexamethasone and Pheniramine Maleate in Patients Undergoing Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. J Nepal Med assoc 2014;52(195):920-924.Shrestha BP, Niraula S, Chaudhary P, Khanal GP, Rijal R, Karn NK. Epidemiology of back pain in the teaching districts of B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. Health Renaissance 2011;9(3):152-156.Shrestha BR, Khatiwada S, Shrestha U. Ultrasound guided simultaneous adductor canal and sciatic nerve block for intractable pain following below knee amputation. Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 2017;6(19):32-34.Shrestha D. Evaluation of Pain Following the Use of Scalpel versus Diathermy for Skin Incision in Ear, Nose, Throat and Head and Neck Surgeries. Journal of Nepal Health Reseach Council 2018;16(38):58-60.Shrestha D, Shrestha R, Dhoju D, Kayastha SR, Jha SC. Study of Clinical Variables Affecting Long Term Outcome after Microdisectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2015;52(4):333-340.Shrestha I, Pradhan N, Sharma J. Factors Influencing Perception of Labor Pain among Parturient Women at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. NJOG 2013;8(1):26-30.Shrestha IN, Deo GP, Shrestha SK, Neupane S, Regmi BS. Epidural tramadol improves the quality of pain relief during labor. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2016;6(17):14-19.Shrestha N, Gurung R, Marhatta MN. Pre-incisional epidural magnesium provides pre-emptive and postoperative analgesia in lower abdominal surgeries: a comparative study. Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal 2014;1:22-28.Shrestha N, Shakya BM. Our first Experience of Continuous Fascia Iliaca Compartment Block for Post Operative Analgesia in a Case of Fracture Femur in TU Teaching Hospital. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2018;16(2):248-250.Shrestha R, Pant S, Shrestha A, Batajoo KH, Thapa R, Vaidya S. Intranasal ketamine for the treatment of patients with acute pain in the emergency department. World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2016;7(1):19-24.Shrestha R, Silwal P, Basnet N, Shakya SS, Shrestha R, Pokharel BR. A Prospective Study of Commonly Prescribed Drugs in the Management of Neuropathic Pain and its Medication Adherence Pattern. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2016;14(1 (53)).Shrestha S, Sen T. Analysis of mastalgia cases presented at Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ 2004;6(2):129-132.Shrestha SB, Thapa S, Singh R, Khatiwada R, Pandey S, Srivastava A, Aryal BB, Upreti T, Gurung A. Presenting complaints in Gynecology Outpatient Department (OPD) and Prevalence and Assessment of Dysmenorrhea. MJSBH 2017;16(1):47-51.Shubham S, Yadav RP. Prevalence of low backache in practicing dentists of eastern region of Nepal. Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 2014;1(4):29-32.Silber E, Sonnenberg P, Collier DJ, Pollard AJ, Murdoch DR, Goadsby PJ. Clinical features of headache at altitude A prospective study. Neurology 2003;60:1167–1171.Singh J, Hamal D, Karmacharya A. Comparision of Caudal Ropivacaine, Ropivacaine Plus Ketamine and Ropivacaine Plus Fentanyl Administration for Postoperative Analgesia in Children. J Nepal Paediatr Soc 2013;32(3):210-215.Singh J, Ranjit S, Shrestha S, Limbu T, Marahatta SB. Post dural puncture headache. Journal of Institute of Medicine 2010;32(2):30-32.Singh SN, Subedi A, Prasad JN, Regmi MC. A comparative study to assess the effect of intrathecal bupivacaine with morphine or butorphanol on post-operative pain relief following abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy. Health Renaissance 2013;11(3):246-249.Subedee A. Evaluation of chronic headache by computed tomography: A retrospective study. Journal of Nobel Medical College 2012;1(2):57-63.Thapa AS. Amitriptyline versus tizanidine in the management of tension-type headache in Nepal. Emerg Med Australas 2013;25(6):609-611.Thapa NB, Bajracharya S. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with low backache. Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal 2015;18(2):11-15.Thapa S, Kitrungrote L, Damkliang J. Chronic pain experience and pain management in persons with spinal cord injury in Nepal. Scandinavian Journal of Pain 2018;18(2):195-201.Toh HS, Maharjan J, Thapa R, Neupane KD, Shah M, Baral S, Hagge DA, Napit IB, Lockwood DNJ. Diagnosis and impact of neuropathic pain in leprosy patients in Nepal after completion of multidrug therapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018;12 (7) (no pagination)(e0006610).Trikhatri Y, Singh SN, Koirala S, Prasad JN, Adhikari S. Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Intraoperative Haemodynamics and Postoperative Analgesia in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 2018;14(1):14-20.Vaidya A, Sainju NK, Joshi SK. Work related musculoskeletal disorders among surgeons working in a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 2015;5(2):6 – 10.Vaidya B, Nakarmi S, Chaudhary A, Batajoo P, Rajbhandari N. Study of hypovitaminosis D as a cause of chronic widespread pain in patients presenting to rheumatology clinic. Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine 2014;3(1):1-4.Walters JL, Baxter K, Chapman H, Jackson T, Sethuramachandran A, Couldridge M, Joshi HR, Kundra P, Liu X, Nair D, Sullivan B, Shotwell MS, Jense RJ, Kassebaum NJ, McQueen KAK. Chronic Pain and Associated Factors in India and Nepal: A Pilot Study of the Vanderbilt Global Pain Survey. Anesth Analg 2017.Yadav RK, Majhi PC. A comparative study of efficacy of epidural versus interpleural bupivacaine for post operative analgesia after open cholecystectomy. Journal of College of Medical Sciences Nepal 2013;9(No-4):15-23.Supplementary File 2. Supplementary Table 1. Evidence on medical management. Author Year JournalPrimary aim of the study Type of pain condition Sample size PopulationAge Mean (SD) unless specifiedWomen %Study designInterventionMeasures used Key findings related to study question(s)Aryal 2017 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Aryal</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>10386</RecNum><DisplayText>[5]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10386</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433250" guid="87380415-2d53-4382-b8b9-915836b85861">10386</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Aryal, Diptesh</author><author>Gurung, Renu</author><author>Marhatta, Moda Nath</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Evaluation of the effect of gabapentin on postoperative analgesia with epidural morphine after abdominal hysterectomy</title><secondary-title>Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>251-257</pages><volume>13</volume><number>2</number><section>251</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2091-0673
2091-0657</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3126/jcmsn.v13i2.16427</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[5] Journal of College of Medical Sciences NepalEvaluate effects of gabapentin preoperatively and analgesic effects of epidural morphine Post-operativepain 60AdultsGroup 1: 42 (7) years; Group 2: 45 (9) years100%Prospective placebo controlled RCTGroup 1: Pre operative oral gabapentin 1 hour before surgery;Group 2: Placebo.VAS Gabapentin increased duration of analgesia, and pain intensity was significantly less in the Gabapentin group. Basnet 2018 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Basnet</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>10388</RecNum><DisplayText>[7]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10388</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433252" guid="b2e4e918-f02a-4975-a686-e3a28c782192">10388</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Basnet, U. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A comparative study of intrathecal hyperbaric Bupivacaine with or without Morphine for post-operative analgesia in hysterectomy</title><secondary-title>NJOG</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NJOG</full-title></periodical><pages>34-37</pages><volume>13</volume><number>25</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[7]Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (NJOG)Evaluate treatment effects of addition of morphine to hyperbaric bupivacaine.Post-operative pain following gynaecological surgeries100Adult 45 (9) years100%Randomised clinical trialGroup 1: spinal anaesthesia with heavy bupivacaine and morphine pre-operatively; Group 2: spinal anaesthesia with heavy bupivacaine alone pre-operatively.Not specified Mean duration for request of first analgesia post-operatively was significantly less in intervention group (362 minutes) than control group (209 minutes).Bhattarai 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bhattarai</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10390</RecNum><DisplayText>[10]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10390</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433257" guid="78ed31c2-339b-4b4b-b09a-08cd85c7d1a3">10390</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bhattarai, P. R.</author><author>Bhattarai, B. </author><author>Sah, B. P. </author><author>Rahman, T. R. </author><author>Ghimire, A. </author><author>Adhikary, A. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparison of postoperative analgesic effectiveness of combined intraperitoneal instillation and periportal infiltration of bupivacaine with intraperitoneal instillation or periportal infiltration alone for laparoscopic cholecystectomy</title><secondary-title>Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>59-64</pages><volume>1</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[10]Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of NepalEvaluate analgesic effectiveness and duration of analgesia following combined intraperitoneal instillation and periportal infiltration of bupivacaine Post-operativepain 90Adult38 (11) years 82%Prospectiverandomizeddouble blinded studyGroup 1: intraperitoneal instillation and periportal infiltration of bupivacaine;Group 2: intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine and periportal infiltration of bupivacaine. VASCombined intraperitoneal instillation and periportal infiltration of bupivacaine reduced postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy betterthan intraperitoneal instillation or periportal infiltration of bupivacaine alone.Deo 2016 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Deo</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>10396</RecNum><DisplayText>[15]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10396</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433264" guid="f821941b-3f23-4e55-ab80-9191fb6dbee4">10396</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Deo, G. P. </author><author>Shrestha, S. K. </author><author>Shrestha, I. N. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Epidural butorphanol for post operative analgesia in lower limb surgeries: A comparative study with epidural tramadol</title><secondary-title>Journal of Chitwan Medical College</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Chitwan Medical College</full-title></periodical><volume>6</volume><number>17</number><section>26-32</section><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[15]Journal of Chitwan Medical CollegeCompare the efficacy of epidural butorphanol and tramadol for post-operative analgesia in lower limb surgeries.Pain after lower limb surgeries 60Adult Group 1: 43 (12) years; Group 2: 46 (11) yearsGroup 1: 60%; Group 2 - 57%Prospective, randomized, controlled, doubleblind studyGroup 1: Bupivacaine + Butorphanol 2 mg; Group 2: Bupivacaine + Tramadol 100 mgVAS The onset of analgesia was faster with butorphanol but the duration of analgesia was longer withtramadol.Faisal 2013 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Faisal</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>10398</RecNum><DisplayText>[18]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10398</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433266" guid="e3f09e49-9a41-4c29-9720-71060e5c5bf3">10398</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Faisal, H. </author><author>Lamichhane, A. </author><author>Mahara, D. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Analgesic Effect of Intraarticular Tramadol with Morphine after Arthroscopic Knee Surgery</title><secondary-title>Nepal Orthopedic Association Journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nepal Orthopedic Association Journal</full-title></periodical><pages>14-18</pages><volume>3</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[18]Nepal Orthopedic Association journalCompare the efficacy of intra-articular tramadol and morphineElective arthroscopicsurgery of the knee60Adults 30 (13) years32%Prospectively randomized double-blind studyGroup 1: intra-articular tramadol 50mg;Group 2: morphine 5mg in equivalent volumes.VAS 50 mg IA tramadol provides analgesia equivalent to 5 mg IA morphine.Gami 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gami</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10399</RecNum><DisplayText>[19]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10399</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433267" guid="5ee34822-be73-4842-91b6-aade21a33d2d">10399</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gami, R. K. </author><author>Jahan, K. </author><author>Jha, C. B. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Efficacy and safety of intrathecal morphine for post cesarean section analgesia</title><secondary-title>Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>13-17</pages><volume>1</volume><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[19]Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of NepalEvaluate the efficacy and safety of intrathecal morphine for post caesarean analgesia under spinal anaesthesia.Pregnant women undergoing caesarean section. 300AdultsGroup 1: 25 (2) years; Group 2: 24 (5) years100%Prospective randomized case-control studyGroup 1: Morphine + Bupivacaine;Group 2: Bupivacaine aloneVASPostoperative analgesia was significantly greater when morphine was combined with Bupivacaine. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [20]Wilderness and Environmental MedicineCompare the effectiveness of ibuprofen and acetazolamide for the prevention of HAHHigh-altitude headaches (HAH) in healthy western trekkers343Adults38.3 (12) years29%Trekking route/ Base campMount Everest trail. Prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trialGroup 1: Ibuprofen 600 mg; Group 2: Acetazolamide 85 mg, or Group 3: PlaceboGhimire 2015b ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ghimire</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10401</RecNum><DisplayText>[21]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10401</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433270" guid="5cd8f012-c3d2-44e9-933a-456448071f8d">10401</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ghimire, A.</author><author>Bhattarai, B.</author><author>Koirala, S.</author><author>Subedi, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Analgesia before Performing Subarachnoid Block in the Sitting Position in Patients with Proximal Femoral Fracture: A Comparison between Fascia Iliaca Block and Femoral Nerve Block</title><secondary-title>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)</full-title><abbr-1>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</abbr-1></periodical><pages>152-155</pages><volume>50</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]Kathmandu University Medical JournalCompare the feasibility and effectiveness of fascia iliacacompartment block (FICB) and femoral nerve block (FNB) in reducing pain associatedwith positioning Patients undergoing proximal femoralfracture fixation procedures30Adults Group 1: 54 (8);Group 2: 55 (22) years43%Randomized controlled trial. Group 1: Fascia iliaca block with 30 ml of 1.5% lignocaine with adrenaline; Group 2: Femoral nerve block with 15 ml of 1.5% lignocaine with adrenalineVASFascia iliaca compartment block provides better analgesia than femoral nerve block in terms of facilitating optimal positioning for subarachnoid block.Ghimire 2015c ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ghimire</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10402</RecNum><DisplayText>[22]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10402</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433271" guid="6d133253-79d1-475b-bb91-a86053f6dc5b">10402</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ghimire, A.</author><author>Bhattarai, B.</author><author>Prasad, J. N.</author><author>Shah, S. P.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Analgesic Effectiveness of Ipsilateral Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Adult Patients Undergoing Appendectomy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial</title><secondary-title>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)</full-title><abbr-1>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</abbr-1></periodical><pages>361-365</pages><volume>52</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[22]Kathmandu University Medical JournalAssess the effectiveness of a transversus abdominis plane block with bupivacaine for post-operative analgesiaPatients undergoing appendectomy 40AdultsGroup 1: 44 (16) years; Group 2: 44 (16) years52%Double blinded placebo controlled trial Group 1: ipsilateral transabdominal plane (TAP) block with 20 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine;Group 2: TAP block with 20 ml of 0.9% isotonic salineVASPain intensity at 0, 30 min and 24 hours were similar between the two groups. Group A had significantly less pain at 6 hr and 12 hr. Giri 2015 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Giri</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10403</RecNum><DisplayText>[24]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10403</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433273" guid="0d3f7932-715e-41c9-9bb4-1c23c87d424a">10403</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Giri, S.</author><author>Chaudhuri, S.</author><author>Jirel, S. </author><author>Aryal, B. D.</author><author>Kumar, D. R. </author><author>Gupta, P. P. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pre operative use of injection diclofenac versus injection tramadol for pain management of acute appendicitis in emergency department</title><secondary-title>Health Renaissance</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Health Renaissance</full-title></periodical><pages>40-48</pages><volume>13</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[24]Health RenaissanceDetermine and compare the efficacy of injection diclofenac and injection tramadol for rapid pain management Acute appendicitis50Adolescent and Adults14 to 55 years42%Experimental clinical trialGroup 1: intramuscular injection diclofenac; Group 2: intravenous injectiontramadol.VAS(0=no pain and 10 = worst pain that can be imagined)There was rapid and marked decrease of VAS score or pain in tramadol group as compared to diclofenac group.Harris 2003 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IYXJyaXM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAzPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [26] Journal of Emergency MedicineCompare effectiveness of acetaminophen versus ibuprofen for high altitude headacheHigh-altitude headaches (HAH)74Adolescent and AdultsGroup 1: 34 years; Group 2: 33 yearsGroup 1: 59%; Group 2: 60%Prospective, randomized, double-blind, clinicaltrialGroup 1: 400 mg of ibuprofen (IBU); Group 2: 1000 mg of acetaminophen 10-cm VAS.No differences in mean VAS scores between the two groups were noted at time 0, 30, 60, or 120 mins.Kandel 2016 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kandel</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>10410</RecNum><DisplayText>[31]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10410</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433280" guid="c07a74ef-b341-4cb4-a6f6-bf0a48ce9765">10410</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kandel, Manoj</author><author>Thapa, Shrawan Kumar</author><author>Marasini, Rudra</author><author>Thapa, Sushil</author><author>Dhakal, Shankar</author><author>Shrestha, Robin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Intra-articular lignocaine as a means of analgesia during manual reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocation</title><secondary-title>Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>108-110</pages><volume>12</volume><number>3</number><section>108</section><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>2091-0673
2091-0657</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3126/jcmsn.v12i3.16015</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[31]Journal of College of Medical Sciences-NepalEvaluate the effectiveness of intra-articular lignocaine for reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocation. Acute anterior shoulder dislocation.21Adults45 (20) years29%Case seriesIntraarticular lignocaine for pain reduction during manual reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocationVAS (0-10)Manual reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation is a safe and effective but also reduces hospital stay and has negligible adverse effectsKC 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>KC</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10413</RecNum><DisplayText>[36]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10413</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433284" guid="b4945927-988b-4559-a03e-1b26224fab98">10413</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>KC, N. B.</author><author>Shrestha, S. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Outcome of corticosteriod injection for sciatica through caudal route</title><secondary-title>Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital</full-title></periodical><pages>15-19</pages><volume>13</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[36]Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital (MJSBH)Evaluate effect of corticosteroid injection for sciatica through caudal route Sciatica50Adults37 (9) years60%One arm pre-post design (case-series)Methyl-prednisolone deposited in epidural spaceVAS for pain intensity, slrt Most patients had pain relief after 12 weeks with no severe complication. VAS scores changed significantly on 35th day (17.89 + 25.23) than on the day of presentation (70.00 + 16.78).Koirala 2017 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Koirala</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>10415</RecNum><DisplayText>[37]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10415</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433286" guid="f90a3b7e-8966-4ffd-ae9f-0b6bc0a0f3fd">10415</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Koirala, Siddhartha</author><author>Lamichhane, Suraj</author><author>Karn, Navin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A case of acute discitis following spinal anaesthesia: a rarity or a tip of the iceberg?</title><secondary-title>Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>38-41</pages><volume>4</volume><number>1</number><section>38</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2467-9119
2362-1281</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3126/jsan.v4i1.17478</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[37]Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of NepalReport a case of an acute discitisAcute discitis 1Adult22 years100%Case studyPain medications (tramadol, tizanidine, alprazolam) with antibiotics. MRI lumbar spine, ESR Clinical examinationDiagnosis of Acute Infective Discitis made on Day 2 after MRI when pain did not resolve with tramadol, tizanidine and alprazolam. Antibiotics started on Day 3 and patient discharged symptom free on Day 16.Koju 2015 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Koju</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10416</RecNum><DisplayText>[38]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10416</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433288" guid="6b96e464-affd-49b9-940f-9b9cd5276737">10416</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Koju, R. B. </author><author>Gurung, B. S.</author><author>Dongol, Y. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effectiveness of Intrathecal Morphine for Analgesia following Elective Caesarean Section</title><secondary-title>NJOG</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NJOG</full-title></periodical><pages>57</pages><volume>10</volume><number>19</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[38]Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (NJOG)Evaluate effectiveness of morphine as post-op analgesia Post-operative pain (Gynaecological procedure)50Adult25 years100%Randomized controlled trialGroup 1: morphine plus bupivacaine; Group 2: bupivacaine with normal salineVAS for maximum pain in the first 24 hours, time for request of additional analgesiaDuration of complete analgesia and the time to request for additional analgesics was longer in test group than in control group. Lakhey 2010 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lakhey</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>10417</RecNum><DisplayText>[39]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10417</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433289" guid="89a0bd04-532e-494f-a8a8-f16e99ff4da9">10417</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lakhey, S.</author><author>Manandhar, R. R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>One year outcome of Subacromial Methylprednisolone Injection and Psychotherapy for Subacromial Impingement Syndrome</title><secondary-title>Nepal Orthopaedic Association Journal (NOAJ)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nepal Orthopaedic Association Journal (NOAJ)</full-title></periodical><volume>1</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[39]Nepal Orthopaedic Association Journal (NOAJ)Determine the one year clinical outcome of sub-acromialinjections of methylprednisolone and physiotherapy in patients with sub-acromial impingement syndromeSub-acromial Pain syndrome29Adults55 (9) years48%One arm pre-post design (case series) Each shoulder received xylocaine mixed with 2ml of methyl prednisolone, repeated at 2 to 3 weekly intervals (a max of 3 injections) until pain was 2 or less on the VAS. VAS and CMSSub-acromial methylprednisolone injections followed by physiotherapy exercises can provide statistically and clinically satisfactory pain relief and improvement of shoulder function at one year follow up in 96.7% patients with sub-acromial impingement syndrome. Mahara 2004 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mahara</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>10418</RecNum><DisplayText>[41]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10418</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433290" guid="e29ea58b-be55-4d92-abef-1e7b805ffb02">10418</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mahara, D. P.</author><author>Lamichhane, A. P.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Intraarticular morphine for post operative knee arthroscopy analgesia</title><secondary-title>Journal of Nepal Medical Association</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Nepal Medical Association</full-title></periodical><pages>192-194</pages><volume>43</volume><dates><year>2004</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[41]Journal of Nepal Medical AssociationStudy effects of intraarticular morphine in pain relief following arthroscopic knee procedures. Patients undergoing arthroscopic procedures of knee225Adults28 years31%Case series (single group prospective study)Routine intra-articular morphine (2 mg) was used for postoperative (knee arthroscopy) pain relief.Knee arthroscopyMeniscal pathology was found in 154 patients, synovial pathology in 14 patients, ACL and PCL insufficiency in 18 patients, chondral lesions in 25 patients, tight lateral structures in 6 patients and loose bodies in 8 patients.Maharjan 2009 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Maharjan</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>10419</RecNum><DisplayText>[42]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10419</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433291" guid="be81a48c-c91f-47b4-b7c6-61e0220d38b8">10419</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Maharjan, S. K.</author><author>Shrestha, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Intraperitoneal and periportal injection of bupivacaine for pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy</title><secondary-title>Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)</full-title><abbr-1>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</abbr-1></periodical><pages>50-53</pages><volume>7</volume><number>25</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[42]Kathmandu University Medical JournalEvaluate efficacy of intraperitonial and preiportal injection of bupivacaine after lap cholecystectomyPost-operative pain (General Surgery)40Adults36 years77%Randomized controlled trialGroup 1: 40 ml intraperitoneal injection of 0.25% bupivacaine and 20 ml of sameconcentration in 4 ports, 5 ml each at the end of surgery; Group 2: no treatmentVas When VAS score was analyzed in the two groups, the study group had less scores compared to control group though it was statistically not significant (p>0.05). The rescue analgesic requirement was significantly less in study group (p<0.00).Maharjan 2012 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Maharjan</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>10420</RecNum><DisplayText>[43]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10420</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433291" guid="0ac5c387-0ae7-4c04-99ef-6493903dab18">10420</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Maharjan, S. K.</author><author>Shrestha, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Intraperitoneal magnesium sulphate plus bupivacaine for pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomy</title><secondary-title>Journal of Kathmandu Medical College</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Kathmandu Medical College</full-title></periodical><pages>21</pages><volume>1</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[43]Journal of Kathmandu Medical collegeCompare efficacy of intraperitoneal bupivacaine vs bupivacaine plus magnesium sulphate for postoperative pain relief after laparoscopic cholecystectomyPost-operative pain (General Surgery)60Adults Group 1: 40 (13) years; Group 2: 35 (15) years92%Randomized Controlled trialGroup 1: Intraperitoneal instillation of 0.25% bupivacaine plus 50 mg/kg magnesium sulphate to total volume of 30 ml; Group 2: intraperitoneal instillation of 30 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine VAS, time of first analgesia demanded was noted Mean pain score was significantly less in magnesium sulphate group compared to sole bupivacaine group. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [46]Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and TraumaInvestigate and compare decrease in level of pain following treatment with Methylprednisolone injections (DMP) Vs Extra-Corporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) in plantar fasciitisPlantar fasciitis60Adolescent and Adults44.18 years (range: 15–65 years)73%Prospective comparative non-randomized studyGroup 1: Methylprednisolone injection; Group 2: ESWTVisual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS)87% patients in ESWT group improved at 6 weeks while 53% improved in steroid injection group. At the end of 6 months, 5 patients in DPM Group still had significant pain compared to 2 patients in ESWT group. Pandey 2017 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pandey</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>10424</RecNum><DisplayText>[50]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10424</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433295" guid="ad030ada-aae6-4c8e-bddf-f77a6ebbe410">10424</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pandey, A. </author><author>Shrestha, B. </author><author>Shrestha, K. M. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A comparative study of steroid injection with or without lignocaine in treating frozen shoulder</title><secondary-title>Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences</full-title></periodical><pages>22</pages><volume>5</volume><number>15</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[50]Journal of Universal College of Medical SciencesCompare effectiveness of steroid injection with or without lignocaine in treating frozen shoulderFrozen shoulder100AdultsGroup 1: 56 (10) years;Group 2: 57 (9) years43%Randomized controlled trialGroup 1: 2 ml (80 mg) of methylprednisolone and 3 ml of 1% Lignocaine;Group 2: 2 ml (80 mg) of methylprednisolone and 3 ml of Distilled water in the affected shoulder.VAS, Subjective Satisfaction Score Constant Murley ScoreEven though steroid and physical exercises play important role in managing frozen shoulder, addition of lignocaine tosteroid injection seems to be helpful. It relieves immediate pain on movement and improves exercise compliance thereby improving early outcomes. Evaluation of long-term benefits of lignocaine injection needs further studies.Pathak 2013 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pathak</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>10425</RecNum><DisplayText>[55]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10425</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433297" guid="02c21dbb-a297-4200-b4b9-b1761e080eba">10425</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pathak, L. </author><author>Chaturvedi, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effect of gabapentin premedication on preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain</title><secondary-title>Health Renaissance</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Health Renaissance</full-title></periodical><pages>254-259</pages><volume>11</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[55]Health Renaissance Evaluate effect of gabapentin premedication on preoperative anxiety and postoperative painPost-op pain (elective open cholecystectomy)80Adults Group 1: 41 (12) years;Group 2: 37 (8) years86%Randomized controlled trialGroup 1: Gabapentin (1200mg); Group 2: identical placebo capsules 2 hours prior to surgeryVAS 1200 mg gabapentin premedication in open cholecystectomy patients significantly reduced preoperative anxiety, postoperative pain and total pethidine consumption with negligible side effects.Pathak 2015 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pathak</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10426</RecNum><DisplayText>[54]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10426</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433298" guid="4f978288-1f95-407d-9faa-d5553ff18436">10426</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pathak, L. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effects of post-operative epidural analgesia after major orthopedic surgeries, a retrospective studies</title><secondary-title>Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences</full-title></periodical><pages>20</pages><volume>3</volume><number>10</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[54]Journal of Universal College of Medical SciencesEvaluate effectiveness of epidural analgesia in major orthopaedic surgeriesPost-op pain (Elective Orthopaedic surgery)57Adults Range 17 to 91 years37%One arm pre-post design (case-series)Epidural analgesia given according to Departmental protocolAverage time to demand for analgesic, Time till mobilization, hospital stayEpidural mixture of Bupivacaine-morphine in lower dose and concentration given as an intermittentbolus dosing via lumber epidural catheter is safe and very effective in relieving postoperative pain after major orthopaedic surgeries without any significant complications.Pokharel 2008 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pokharel</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>10428</RecNum><DisplayText>[58]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10428</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433300" guid="8fa6d37f-74fa-406e-88bb-4c7ddda6b786">10428</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pokharel, K.</author><author>Rahman, T. R. </author><author>Singh, S. N.</author><author>Bhattarai, B.</author><author>Khaniya, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Efficacy and Safety of Low Dose Epidural Butorphanol on Postoperative Analgesia following Cesarean Delivery</title><secondary-title>J Nepal Med Assoc</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Nepal Med Assoc</full-title></periodical><pages>57-61</pages><volume>47</volume><number>170</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[58]Journal of Nepal Medical AssociationAssess the analgesic efficacy and to monitor side-effects of low doses (0.5 mg and 0.75 mg) of epidural butorphanol with bupivacaine compared to bupivacaine alonePost-operative pain (patients undergoing caesarean section)117AdultsGroup 1: 28 (5) years; Group 2: 26 (4) years; Group 3: 25 (3)100%Randomized controlled trialGroup 1: Epidural 0.125% bupivacaine;Group 2: bupivacaine and 0.5 mg butorphanol; Group 3: bupivacaine and additional 0.75 mg butorphanol Onset, duration and quality of analgesia, VASAddition of a lower dose of epidural butorphanol with bupivacaine produces a significantly earlier onset, longer duration and better quality of analgesia than bupivacaine alone.Poudel 2017 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Poudel</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>10430</RecNum><DisplayText>[59]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10430</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433302" guid="3ec381e5-2daa-4922-98ed-7113a23d1fad">10430</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Poudel, A.</author><author>Dutta, P. K. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A comparative study of bilateral ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block for postoperative analgesia in lower segment cesarean section</title><secondary-title>Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>81-86</pages><volume>4</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[59]Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of NepalCompare efficacy of bupivacaine in opioid consumption and pain relief postoperatively with ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block in patients undergoing lower segment caesarean sectionPost-operative pain following lower segment caesarean section. 60AdultsGroup 1: 25 (4) years; Group 2: 26 (4) years100%Comparative studyGroup 1: Bilateral Iliinguinal and Iliohypogastric nerve block with10ml of 0.5% bupivacaine on each side (total 20 ml);Group 2: Bilateral Iliinguinal and Iliohypogastric nerve block with10ml of 0.9% normal saline (total 20ml).Total opioid consumption; NRSThe total postoperative tramadol consumption in the first 24hr post-operatively was significantly less in the intervention group (125 ± 34.11mg) than comparison group (205 ±37.93mg).Pradhan 2008 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pradhan</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>10432</RecNum><DisplayText>[62]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10432</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433306" guid="9597b34f-411a-4964-ac66-86192820cb2a">10432</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pradhan, B. </author><author>Marhatta, M. N. </author><author>Amatya, R. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Epidural steroid for low back pain in pain management clinic</title><secondary-title>Journal of Institute of Medicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Institute of Medicine</full-title></periodical><pages>2-5</pages><volume>30</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[62]Journal of Institute of MedicineDescribe the outcome of steroid injection for various causes of low back pain in the patients attending a pain management clinicLow back pain97UnclearNot availableNot availableCase seriesEpidural steroid injectionVAS Among the patients who received epidural steroid, 50 (51%) had significant relief of the symptoms and signs, whereas 18 (19%) patients had moderate relief, 8 (8%) patients had no relief and follow up (FU) was lost in 22 patients (22%)Rai 2013 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rai</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>10433</RecNum><DisplayText>[63]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10433</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433306" guid="d3f429cd-0e8d-46fa-a38f-096b08640565">10433</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rai, R.</author><author>Uprety, D. K.</author><author>Pradhan, T.</author><author>Bhattarai, B. K.</author><author>Acharya, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Subcutaneous Sterile Water Injection for Labor Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial</title><secondary-title>NJOG</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NJOG</full-title></periodical><pages>68-70</pages><volume>8</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[63]Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (NJOG)Evaluate the effectiveness of subcutaneous injection of sterile water compared with placebo in reduction of labor pain.Labour pain240AdultsGroup 1: 24 (4) years; Group 2: 24 (5) years100%Randomised controlled trialGroup 1: Subcutaneous injection of sterile water; Group 2: Subcutaneous injection of normal saline (both in lumbosacral region)VASThe low back pain scores were significantly lower among the intervention group compared to the control group at 10, 45, 90 minutes after injection. Ranjit 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ranjit</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10434</RecNum><DisplayText>[64]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10434</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433307" guid="4f235c79-cd12-4b63-8e9e-a52bdf0752a5">10434</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ranjit, S. </author><author>Shrestha, S. K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Versus Local Wound Infiltration for Post Operative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Gynaecological Surgery Under General Anaesthesia</title><secondary-title>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)</full-title><abbr-1>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</abbr-1></periodical><pages>93-96</pages><volume>12</volume><number>46</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[64]Kathmandu University Medical JournalEvaluate the efficacy of ultrasound guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block for postoperative analgesia.Post-operativepain following gynaecological surgeries45AdultsGroup 1 42 (11) years;Group 2: 38 (10) years; Group 3: 39 (12) years100%Randomized single blinded prospective studyGroup 1: Bilateral transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block with 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine; Group 2: Local infiltration of 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine; Group 3: No bupivacaine. VASBilateral Transversus abdominis plane block was effective in reducing postoperative pain scores for 8 to 12 hours postoperatively. This block was also successful in reducing postoperative opioid requirementRayamajhi 2015 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Rayamajhi</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10435</RecNum><DisplayText>[65]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10435</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433308" guid="fe85d518-cfbc-4c65-8c27-97c7c6b83615">10435</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rayamajhi, A. J. </author><author>Bhattarai, B. K. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Prospective randomized double blind comparison of analgesic efficacy of single shot epidural bupivacaine with or without dexamethasone in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgeries</title><secondary-title>Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>46-51</pages><volume>2</volume><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[65]Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of NepalInvestigate the effect of adding a single shot epidural dexamethasone to bupivacaine on postoperative analgesia and dose of rescue analgesics usedPost-operative pain in lower abdominal surgery90AdultsGroup 1: 39 (11) years;Group 2: 37 (11) years 65%Prospective randomized double blinded studyGroup 1: 9ml of 0.5% bupivacaine plain with 1 ml of normal saline; Group 2: received 9ml of 0.5% bupivacaine plain with 1 ml of dexamethasone (4mg).VAS Addition of dexamethasone to bupivacaine for single shot epidural block almost doubled the duration of analgesia. Single shot epidural block using bupivacaine with addition of dexamethasone provides effective post operative analgesia and significantly reduced the postoperative rescue analgesic (tramadol) requirement.Regmi 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Regmi</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10436</RecNum><DisplayText>[66]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10436</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433310" guid="82b21b37-0b00-4313-9115-ff96b7dd1382">10436</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Regmi, N. K.</author><author>Khatri, S.</author><author>Datta, P. K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparison of Propofol-Ketamine Combination with Propofol-Butorphanol Combination for Total Intravenous Anaesthesia on Short Surgical Procedures</title><secondary-title>Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College</full-title></periodical><pages>34</pages><volume>14</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[66]Journal of Nepalgunj Medical CollegeCompare propofol-ketamine combination with propofol-butorphanol combinationPost-operative pain60UnclearN/aN/aRandomized double blinded study Group 1: Propofol- Butorphanol combination; Group 2: Propofol-Ketamine combinationModified Ramsay sedation scorePropofol-Ketamine combination provided better hemodynamic and respiratory stability than Propofol-Butorpanol combination. Pain during injection of propofol was greater in Propofol-ketamine combination.Regmi 2017 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Regmi</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>10437</RecNum><DisplayText>[67]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10437</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433311" guid="e4b2e255-eb51-479e-aa8e-31b9e3dd48ec">10437</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Regmi, Upendra Krishna</author><author>Sapkota, Shanta</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Efficacy of tramadol as an adjuvant to bupivacaine for caudal analgesia in children: a randomised controlled trial</title><secondary-title>Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>11-15</pages><volume>4</volume><number>1</number><section>11</section><dates><year>2017</year></dates><isbn>2467-9119
2362-1281</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3126/jsan.v4i1.17379</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[67]Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of NepalExplore the duration of analgesia of caudal Bupivacaine in combination with Tramadol.Post-operativepain 60PaediatricsGroup 1: 45 (20) months;Group 2: 53 (23) months30%Prospective randomised double-blind comparative studyGroup 1: 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine; Group 2: 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine plus 1mg/kg of tramadol caudallyFLACC scaleTramadol 1mg/kg as an adjuvant to bupivacaine 0.25% for caudal analgesia in children is effective in increasing the duration of analgesia without an increase of adverse effectsRunu 2005 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Runu</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>10518</RecNum><DisplayText>[69]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10518</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552555636" guid="a7bc42a2-4439-4438-877e-ad0914e46eb1">10518</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Runu, R.</author><author>Sinha, N. K.</author><author>Pai, R.</author><author>Shankar, P. R.</author><author>Vijayabhaskar, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Orthopaedics, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal. riteshdr@</auth-address><titles><title>Our experience with epidural steroid injections in management of low backpain and sciatica</title><secondary-title>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)</full-title><abbr-1>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</abbr-1></periodical><pages>349-54</pages><volume>3</volume><number>4</number><edition>2006/02/02</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Glucocorticoids/*administration & dosage</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Injections, Epidural</keyword><keyword>Low Back Pain/*drug therapy</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Methylprednisolone/*administration & dosage</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Sciatica/*drug therapy</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2005</year><pub-dates><date>Oct-Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1812-2027 (Print)
1812-2027 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>16449834</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[69]Kathmandu University Medical JournalAssess effectiveness of epidural injection on low back painLow back pain and sciatica52Adults37.9 yrs (range, 20 - 65 yrs).42%HospitalManipal Teaching HospitalProspective clinical trial Epidural injections: 1 - 3 shots. Sharma 2013 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sharma</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>10439</RecNum><DisplayText>[73]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10439</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433314" guid="6e0563aa-6ec1-4f1f-8a81-a5a2af60ab6f">10439</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sharma, N. R.</author><author>Timalsena, P.</author><author>DC, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A comparison of epidural analgesia provided by Bupivacaine plus Pethidine, Bupivacaine plus Morphine, or Bupivacaine plus Morphine plus Midazolam for lower limb orthopaedic surgery</title><secondary-title>Journal of Kathmandu Medical College</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Kathmandu Medical College</full-title></periodical><pages>117</pages><volume>2</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[73]Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeAssess the duration of postoperative analgesia and complications in patients receiving different combinations of epidural anaesthesiaPost-operative pain after orthopaedic surgery75Adults50 (39) years36%Prospective studyGroup 1: 50 mg epidural pethidine (3 ml) with 13 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine; Group 2: 5 mg (3 ml) epidural morphine with 13 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine; Group 3: received 5 mg (1 ml) epidural morphine with 13 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine and 2 mg (2 ml) epidural midazolam.The use of epidural Morphine and Midazolam in combination with Bupivacaine is the satisfactory method of post operative analgesia. When Midazolam is added, duration of analgesia can be increased with decrease in incidence of nausea, vomiting and pruritusSharma 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sharma</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10440</RecNum><DisplayText>[74]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10440</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433324" guid="4cf21049-f697-4266-b924-3b5684029919">10440</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sharma, N. R </author><author>Timalsena, P. </author><author>Rai, U. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Penile nerve block at the base of penis in combination with intravenous ketamin plus midazolam versus general anaesthesia(ga) in children undergoing circumcision for post operative pain management in eastern nepal</title><secondary-title>Journal of Chitwan Medical College</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Chitwan Medical College</full-title></periodical><pages>33-36</pages><volume>4</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[74]Journal of Chitwan Medical CollegeCompare the post-operative analgesia requirement and child satisfaction between two groups, general anaesthesia (GA) alone and GA in combination with penile nerve blockPost-operative pain50Paediatrics7 years0%Prospective controlled studyGroup 1: General anaesthesia (GA) with a single shot ketamine 2mg/kg iv with midazolam 0.1 mg/kg) and penile nerve block; Group 2: GA (with ketamine 2mg/kg iv plus midazolam 0.1 mg/kg) plus halothane by laryngeal mask.CHEOPSCombined penile nerve block in combination with intravenous ketamine plus midazolam is the satisfactory method of post-operative pain management in children undergoing circumcisionSharma 2015a ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sharma</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10441</RecNum><DisplayText>[72]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10441</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433327" guid="252c7342-c0cc-4ac5-a7b9-4a03fb04f74b">10441</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sharma, Mahesh</author><author>Kharbuja, Kalpana</author><author>Sharma, Nil Raj</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Intraperitoneal Hydrocortisone plus Bupivacaine versus Bupivacaine alone for Pain Relief after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy</title><secondary-title>Journal of Lumbini Medical College</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Lumbini Medical College</full-title></periodical><volume>3</volume><number>2</number><section>41</section><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>2542-2618
2392-4632</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.22502/jlmc.v3i2.71</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[72]Journal of Lumbini Medical CollegeCompare the effect of intraperitoneal hydrocortisone plus bupivacaine with bupivacaine alone on pain relief following laparoscopic cholecystectomyPost-operative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy100AdultsGroup 1: 39 (11) years; Group 2: 42 (12) years86%Randomised studyGroup 1: 100 mg hydrocortisone plus 100 mg bupivacaine in 200 ml normal saline; Group 2: 100 mg bupivacaine in 200 ml normal saline into the peritoneumVAS Combination of hydrocortisone plusbupivacaine can relieve pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy better compared to bupivacaine alone when administered intraperitoneallyShrestha 2005 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shrestha</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>10447</RecNum><DisplayText>[84]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10447</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433382" guid="a84b7d09-90b1-4cd0-b9aa-aa3f3d54dc8d">10447</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shrestha, A. </author><author>Pradhan, B. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Use of intrathecal morphine for analgesia in a surgical camp set up in Nepal</title><secondary-title>Journal of Institute of Medicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Institute of Medicine</full-title></periodical><pages>34-37</pages><volume>27</volume><dates><year>2005</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[84]Journal of Institute of MedicineStudy practicality of using a drug combination for pain relief in a camp setting (Bupivacaine plus intrathecal morphine versus bupivacaine only)Post-operative pain (patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy under spinal anaesthesia)89AdultsRange from 35yrs to 80yrsN/ARandomized controlled trial Group 1: bupivacaine and intrathecal morphine (n=61); Group 2: bupivacaine only (n=28).Post-operative analgesia and side effects like nausea/ vomiting, pruritus and respiratory depression were compared.Significant pain relief was seen with the added intrathecal morphine but it also caused increased incidence of vomiting. Other serious effects were not seen. Morphine is effective in reducing post-operative pain but an effective antiemetic cover is also required.Shrestha 2014a ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shrestha</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10450</RecNum><DisplayText>[85]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10450</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433385" guid="dbfd6637-0182-4dcc-835e-5a8823930725">10450</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shrestha, B. B. </author><author>Karmacharya, M. </author><author>Gharti, B. B. </author><author>Timilsina, B. </author><author>Ghimire, P. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effect of Dexamethasone and Pheniramine Maleate in Patients Undergoing Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy</title><secondary-title>J Nepal Med assoc</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Nepal Med Assoc</full-title></periodical><pages>920-24</pages><volume>52</volume><number>195</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[85]Journal of Nepal Medical AssociationCompare treatment efficacy of drugs (effects of combination of two drugs versus normal saline on post-operative pain)Post-op pain following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy120Adults Group 1: 42 (12) years;Group 2: 45 (15) years77%Randomized clinical trialGroup 1: 8mg/2ml of Dexamethasone + 45.5/2ml Pheniramine hydrogen maleate; Group 2: 5 ml of normal saline 90 minutes before skin incision. VAS Use of Dexamethasone and Pheniramine hydrogen maleate prior to surgical skin incision helps to reduce both postoperative pain and acute physiological stress.Shrestha 2014b ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shrestha</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10451</RecNum><DisplayText>[91]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10451</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433387" guid="d180447f-0a5f-487b-b846-d255dd22601d">10451</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shrestha, N. </author><author>Gurung, R. </author><author>Marhatta, M. N. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pre-incisional epidural magnesium provides pre-emptive and postoperative analgesia in lower abdominal surgeries: a comparative study</title><secondary-title>Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>22-28</pages><volume>1</volume><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[91]Journal of Society of AnaesthesiologistsEvaluate treatment efficacy of bolus of magnesium Post-op pain (Abdominal surgery)60Adults38 yearsNot mentionedRandomized controlled trialGroup 1: bolus of magnesium 50 mg via epidural before induction of anaesthesia followed by boluses of 10 mg h-1 until end of surgery. Group 2: received epidural saline during all three periods. VASPatients in the magnesium groups received bolus epidural analgesia with Fentanyl 8mcg, Bupivacaine 0.1%, andMagnesium 8mg in a volume of 8 ml after operation, when patient complained of pain and VAS score was morethan 4. Patients in the control group received epidural analgesia with Fentanyl 8 mcg and Bupivacaine 0.1% in avolume of 8ml. Shrestha 2016a ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shrestha</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>10453</RecNum><DisplayText>[90]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10453</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433390" guid="866f4d2c-1e80-48d5-9d66-cd7fa6e9f683">10453</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shrestha, I. N. </author><author>Deo, G. P. </author><author>Shrestha, S. K. </author><author>Neupane, S. </author><author>Regmi, B. S. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Epidural tramadol improves the quality of pain relief during labor</title><secondary-title>Journal of Chitwan Medical College</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Chitwan Medical College</full-title></periodical><pages>14-19</pages><volume>6</volume><number>17</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[90]Journal of Chitwan Medical CollegeEvaluate treatment efficacy of tramadol and bupivacaineLabour pain100AdultsRange, 20-35 years100%Double blind, open prospective randomized studyGroup 1: 10 ml of 0.25% Bupivacaine; Group 2: 10ml of 0.25% Bupivacaine with 1mg/kg body weight of tramadol.VAS, other vital parameters (Blood Pressure, Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate) Epidural anaesthesia with bupivacaine and tramadol provided better pain relief and reduced the total dose of bupivacaine in majority of the patients with no adverse effects on mother and foetus. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [92]World Journal of Emergency MedicineExamine the treatment efficacy of intranasal ketamine Pain due to acute injury34Paediatrics and AdultsMedian 29 years; Range, 8 - 55 years35%Cross-sectional observationalThe initial dose of IN ketamine was 0.7 mg/kg with an additional dose of 0.3 mg/kg if VAS was more than 50 mm after 15 minutes. VAS at 0, 15, 30 and 60 minutes; Side-effects, sedation level, patient's satisfaction. The VAS decreased more than 20 mm at 15 minutes in 27 (80%) patients. The relief was not dependent on age, gender, type of injury, and the initial VAS score.Shrestha 2017 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shrestha</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>10455</RecNum><DisplayText>[87]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10455</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433393" guid="2c1cf20c-3d95-4b7d-b3ba-ee4cd02c139c">10455</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shrestha, B. R.</author><author>Khatiwada, S.</author><author>Shrestha, U.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ultrasound guided simultaneous adductor canal and sciatic nerve block for intractable pain following below knee amputation</title><secondary-title>Journal of Kathmandu Medical College</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Kathmandu Medical College</full-title></periodical><pages>32-34</pages><volume>6</volume><number>19</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[87]Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeTo describe management of pain in a lady with severe pain after below knee amputationPost-operative (amputation) pain1Adult42 year100%Case studyUltrasound guided sciatic nerve blockNot specifiedUltrasound can be used successful in adductor canal and sciatic nerve identification, and sciatic nerve block provides prolonged and good analgesia following below knee amputation.Singh 2012 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Singh</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>10461</RecNum><DisplayText>[98]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10461</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433399" guid="21e33f28-e088-42df-9960-cc5cb0b567f6">10461</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Singh, Jeevan</author><author>Hamal, Dikshya</author><author>Karmacharya, Avish</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparision of Caudal Ropivacaine, Ropivacaine Plus Ketamine and Ropivacaine Plus Fentanyl Administration for Postoperative Analgesia in Children</title><secondary-title>Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society</full-title><abbr-1>J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc.</abbr-1></periodical><pages>210-215</pages><volume>32</volume><number>3</number><section>210</section><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1990-7982
1990-7974</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6956</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[98] Journal of Nepal Paediatric SocietyInvestigate effectiveness of ketamine or fentanyl in addition to ropivacaine in post-operative pain in children. Post-operative pain (Lower abdominal surgery)90AdultsGroup 1: 5 (2) years;Group 2: 5 (1) years;Group 3: 5 (2) yearsNot specifiedProspective randomized control trialGroup 1: 0.75 ml/kg of 0.2% Ropivacaine in normal saline; Group 2: 0.75 ml/kg of 0.2% Ropivacaine with Ketamine 0.5 mg/kg; and Group 3: 0.75 ml/kg of 0.2% Ropivacaine with Fentanyl 1 mcg/kg.FLACC scaleMean duration of analgesia was significantly longer in Group 2 (621.00 ± 142.73 min) than in Group 3 (507.74 ± 122.12 min) and Group 1 (380.07 ± 141.21 min). Singh 2013 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Singh</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>10462</RecNum><DisplayText>[100]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10462</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433400" guid="91df117c-7faa-4516-9554-6a9cd1354a32">10462</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Singh, S. N. </author><author>Subedi, A. </author><author>Prasad, J. N. </author><author>Regmi, M. C. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A comparative study to assess the effect of intrathecal bupivacaine with morphine or butorphanol on post-operative pain relief following abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy</title><secondary-title>Health Renaissance</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Health Renaissance</full-title></periodical><pages>246-249</pages><volume>11</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[100]Health RenaissanceCompare theefficiency of morphine with that of butorphanol in controlling the postoperative pain relief.Post-operative pain (after abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy)75AdultsGroup 1: 32 (10) years;Group 2: 34 (11) years;Group 3: 36 (12) years100%Double-blind randomized clinical trialGroup 1: Intrathecal 3ml hyperbaric bupivacaine mixed with morphine (200 microgm-0.25ml); Group 2: Intrathecal 3ml hyperbaric bupivacaine mixed with butorphanol (200 microgm-0.25ml); Group 3: Intrathecal 3ml hyperbaric bupivacaine mixed with normal saline 0.25ml.VAS (10 cm)Intrathecal morphine provides prolonged and better analgesic effect after abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy than butorphanol. However, side effects like nausea, vomiting, itching and urinary retention can occur occasionally.Thapa 2013 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Thapa</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>10464</RecNum><DisplayText>[102]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10464</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433402" guid="9a3a51e5-af42-4897-9776-4990c61a5115">10464</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Thapa, A. S.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of General Surgery, Redcliffe Hospital, Redcliffe, Queensland, Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Amitriptyline versus tizanidine in the management of tension-type headache in Nepal</title><secondary-title>Emerg Med Australas</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Emergency Medicine Australasia</full-title><abbr-1>Emerg Med Australas</abbr-1></periodical><pages>609-11</pages><volume>25</volume><number>6</number><edition>2013/12/07</edition><keywords><keyword>Acute Disease</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>Catheterization</keyword><keyword>Colonic Diseases/*therapy</keyword><keyword>Embolization, Therapeutic/*methods</keyword><keyword>Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/*therapy</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1742-6723 (Electronic)
1742-6723 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24308619</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[102] Emergency Medicine AustraliaCompare amitriptyline and tizanidine in the management of Episodic Tension Type Headache, hypothesising tizanidine to be as effective as amitriptyline. Episodic tension type headache60Adolescent and Adults15-65 years88%Randomized controlled trial Group 1: amitriptyline 25 mg; Group 2: tizanidine 2 mg Wonca charts; visual body chart, and a pictorial scale (1= no pain and 5= severe pain)Amitriptyline provided more effective in ETTH management than tizanidine. Social involvement and body pain also showed similar improvement with amitriptyline. Trikhatri 2018 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Trikhatri</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>10466</RecNum><DisplayText>[106]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10466</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433405" guid="f9e41d15-d765-485f-a107-af8312fe2342">10466</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Trikhatri, Yojan</author><author>Singh, Satyendra Narayan</author><author>Koirala, Siddhartha</author><author>Prasad, Jagat Narayan</author><author>Adhikari, Sailesh</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Intraoperative Haemodynamics and Postoperative Analgesia in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy</title><secondary-title>Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>14-20</pages><volume>14</volume><number>1</number><section>14</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>2091-0673
2091-0657</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3126/jcmsn.v14i1.18881</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[106]Journal of College of Medical SciencesEvaluate the haemodynamiceffect of intravenous dexmedetomidine and the duration and quality of analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomyPost-operative pain (laparoscopic cholecystectomy)84AdultsGroup 1: 35 (12) years; Group 2: 37 (13) years68%Randomized clinical trialGroup 1: Dexmedetomidine loading dose infusion of 1?g/kg over10 minutes before induction and maintained with 0.4?g/kg/hr till the removal of gall bladder; Group 2: patient received Normal Saline Postoperative analgesia requirement and sedation score were assessedDexmedetomidine effectively attenuateshaemodynamic stress response during laparoscopic surgery with reduction in postoperative analgesic requirements.Vaidya 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Vaidya</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10467</RecNum><DisplayText>[108]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10467</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433407" guid="0b751b27-a5a2-409c-8478-25ef8fe878b4">10467</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vaidya, Binit</author><author>Nakarmi, Shweta</author><author>Chaudhary, Arvind</author><author>Batajoo, Poojan</author><author>Rajbhandari, Nija</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Study of hypovitaminosis D as a cause of chronic widespread pain in patients presenting to rheumatology clinic</title><secondary-title>Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Advances in Internal Medicine</full-title></periodical><pages>1-4</pages><volume>3</volume><number>1</number><section>1</section><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>2091-1440
2091-1432</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3126/jaim.v3i1.10694</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[108]Journal of Advances in Internal MedicineStudy the prevalence and causal relationship of hypovitaminosis D in patients with Chronic Widespread PainChronic widespread pain1680UnclearNot provided66%Prospective open-label study Patients with low Vitamin-D were given oral Vitamin-D 60,000 IU for 6 months. VAS; Vitamin-Dlevels in bloodHypovitaminosis-D was seen in 1388 (82?6%), of which 27?5% had severe deficiency with Vitamin D levels <10ng/ml. Fibromyalgia overlap present in 25?7%. After 6 months of treatment, no improvement was seen in 196 patients (11?6%) and all non-responders had fibromyalgia overlap. Vitamin-D level was checked again in non-responders and repeat vitamin-D levels were still low in 10 of them. Yadav 2013 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Yadav</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>10469</RecNum><DisplayText>[110]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10469</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433410" guid="fd9a861b-6d7a-4481-b6e6-5dfa03687650">10469</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yadav, R.K.</author><author>Majhi, P.C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A comparative study of efficacy of epidural versus interpleural bupivacaine for post operative analgesia after open cholecystectomy</title><secondary-title>Journal of College of Medical Sciences Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of College of Medical Sciences Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>15-23</pages><volume>9</volume><number>No-4</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[110] Journal of College of Medical Sciences Compare the efficacy of epidural verses interpleural administrationof bupivacaine (0.5%) with adrenaline for post-operative pain relieve in patients undergoing opencholecystectomyPost-operative pain (General Surgery)40AdultsRange 20 - 60 yearsN/ARandomized clinical trial Group 1: Thoracic epidural with 0.5%bupivacaine with adrenaline; Group 2: Interpleural instillation of0.5%bupivacaine with adrenaline VASBoth the techniques are equally effective in providing analgesia following cholecystectomy. However, neither technique rendered the patients completely pain free at all times during first 24 hoursAbbreviations. ACL, Anterior Cruciate Ligament; CHEOPS, Children’s Hospital Eastern Ontario Pain Scale; CMS, Constant Murley Score; FLACC, Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability; NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; PCL, Posterior Cruciate Ligament; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.Supplementary table 2. Evidence on surgical management.Author Year JournalPrimary aim of the study Type of pain condition Sample size PopulationAge Mean (SD) unless specifiedWomen %Study designIntervention (if applicable)Diagnostic tests or measures used Key findings related to study question(s)Chapagain 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chapagain</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10391</RecNum><DisplayText>[11]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10391</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433259" guid="78114d82-db38-4cbb-8448-0db228e54213">10391</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chapagain, S.</author><author>Subedi, P. P.</author><author>Thakur, D. K.</author><author>Poudel, S.</author><author>Luitel, B. R.</author><author>Chalise, P. R.</author><author>Sharma, U. K.</author><author>Gyawali, P. R.</author><author>Shrestha, G. K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Patterns of scrotal pain in a hospital setting</title><secondary-title>Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>31-34</pages><volume>17</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]Journal of Society of Surgeons of NepalSummarize disease patternsin patients presenting with scrotal painScrotal pain/urological condition83Adult Not availableNot availableProspective observational studySurgery for testicular torsionUrinalysis, ultrasonography, color dopplerCause of pain was not known for 47% of the cases. Other common cases were Epididymo-orchitis was found in 19.27% patients, and torsion of testis in 7.2%.Devkota 2009 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Devkota</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>10517</RecNum><DisplayText>[16]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10517</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552555635" guid="0288a66e-7bed-4af5-b3d0-9bb6654e2376">10517</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Devkota, U. P.</author><author>Lohani, S.</author><author>Joshi, R. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Bansbari, Nepal. devkotaup@.np</auth-address><titles><title>Minimally invasive open lumbar discectomy: An alternative to microlumbar discectomy</title><secondary-title>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)</full-title><abbr-1>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</abbr-1></periodical><pages>204-8</pages><volume>7</volume><number>27</number><edition>2010/01/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Diskectomy/*methods</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Intervertebral Disc Displacement/diagnosis/*surgery</keyword><keyword>*Lumbar Vertebrae</keyword><keyword>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/*methods</keyword><keyword>Prospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Jul-Sep</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1812-2078 (Electronic)
1812-2027 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20071863</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[16]Kathmandu University Medical JournalAscertain the effectiveness of Minimally Invasive Open Lumbar Discectomy in the treatment of lumbar disc prolapseLow back pain with disc prolapse120AdultsMedian age 37.14 (range: 16-70 years)32%HospitalMinimally Invasive Open Lumbar Discectomy Prolo Functional and Economic ScaleThere were three instances of inadvertent dural tear without fascicle injury, and one instance of residual disc requiring reoperation. At 6 months, 97% had good to excellent (grade 4, or 5) results reaching the premorbid states in the Prolo Functional and Economic Scale.Joshi 2015 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Joshi</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10407</RecNum><DisplayText>[27]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10407</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433278" guid="545e45c0-adf9-4224-b611-1cbd17837102">10407</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Joshi, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Prophylactic ilioinguinal neurectomy: Can it prevent chronic groin pain after Lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair?</title><secondary-title>Journal of Kathmandu Medical College</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Kathmandu Medical College</full-title></periodical><pages>39-44</pages><volume>4</volume><number>12</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[27]Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeEvaluate whether prophylactic ilioinguinal neurectomy prevents chronic groin pain Patients undergoing elective surgery for inguinal repair100Adults49 (15) years1%Interventional study (Randomized controlledtrial)Group 1: nerve excision (ilioinguinal neurectomy);Group 2: nerve preservation NRS, PDIExcision of the iilioinguinal nerve does not reduce the incidence of chronic groin pain significantlyMishra 2013 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Mishra</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>10421</RecNum><DisplayText>[45]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10421</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433292" guid="b8192c7d-753f-4b92-acbf-836e117e7a99">10421</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Mishra, A. K. </author><author>Chalise, P. K. </author><author>Shah, S. B. </author><author>Adhikari, V. </author><author>Singh, R. P. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparative study in surgical outcome of intracapsular fracture neck of femur in active elderly patients treated with hemiarthroplasty with Austin Moore’s and Bipolar prosthesis</title><secondary-title>Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ</full-title></periodical><pages>81-83</pages><volume>15</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[45]Nepal medical college journal Analyse the outcomes regarding pain, hip function, complications in patients treated with hemiarthroplastyPatients treated with hemiarthroplasty. 40Adults65 years 58%Trial Group 1: Hemiarthroplasty using Austin Moore’s; Group 2: Bipolar hemiarthroplastyHarris Hip Score to assess physical function.Austin Moore's hemiarthroplasty had better outcome regarding pain and hip function compared with bipolar hemiarthroplasty. Munakomi 2017 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NdW5ha29taTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [47]F1000 Research (not a journal)Report a rare case of sciatic nerve schwannoma causing sciaticaSciatica as a result of Schwannoma 1Adult69 years100%A single case studySurgery for the removal of tumour. Physical examination, MRI scan, and histopathological examination. MRI indicated presence of tumour alongside sciatic nerve. Sharma 2016c ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sharma</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>10443</RecNum><DisplayText>[70]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10443</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433330" guid="f464cb77-03d5-4564-841a-6823a2f7a689">10443</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sharma, A.</author><author>Gupta, S. N. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Drainage versus no Drainage after Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy</title><secondary-title>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)</full-title><abbr-1>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</abbr-1></periodical><pages>69-72</pages><volume>14</volume><number>53</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[70]Kathmandu university medical journalStudy effects of drain on post-operative pain Post-operative pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy60Adults37 yearsMale: female ratio= 1:3.7Randomized clinical trial Group 1: Drain placed in sub-hepatic space; Group 2: No drain.0-10 NRS*Postoperative mean pain score was similar at 6 hours after surgery in both groups. Postoperative pain was higher in the drain group by more than two points on the average in VAS at 24 hours and 48 hours. Length of hospital stay was more in the drainage group compared to non-drainage group. Sharma 2017b ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sharma</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>10444</RecNum><DisplayText>[71]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10444</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433332" guid="1a0a4769-3924-4ef2-a56a-f9d09a571553">10444</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sharma, G. R. </author><author>Jha, R. </author><author>Poudel, P. </author><author>Adhikari, D. R. </author><author>Bista, P. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia: Our Experiences at Bir Hospital</title><secondary-title>Nepal Journal of Neuroscience</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nepal Journal of Neuroscience</full-title></periodical><pages>3-7</pages><volume>14</volume><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[71]Nepal Journal of NeuroscienceDescribe management of trigeminal neuralgia patients who underwent micro vascular decompression (MVD)Trigeminal neuralgia20AdultsRange 30-70 years55%Retrospective case-series All patients underwent standard unilateral suboccipital retromastoid craniectomy and MVD of trigeminal nerve in park bench position under general anaesthesia. All patients were advocated for cranial MRI before surgery. MVD for trigeminal nerve in younger patientswho are refractory to medical treatment is one of the best treatment options which is safe and long term pain relief is achieved in majority of cases. One patient came after 3 years of MVD withrecurrence of pain and underwent second decompression surgery.Shrestha 2015 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shrestha</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10452</RecNum><DisplayText>[89]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10452</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433389" guid="bcec83b3-3acf-4a3b-88eb-786095586844">10452</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shrestha, D.</author><author>Shrestha, R.</author><author>Dhoju, D.</author><author>Kayastha, S. R.</author><author>Jha, S. C.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Study of Clinical Variables Affecting Long Term Outcome after Microdisectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation</title><secondary-title>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)</full-title><abbr-1>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</abbr-1></periodical><pages>333-340</pages><volume>52</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[89]Kathmandu university medical journalEvaluate predictors of outcome after surgery (lumbar disc herniation surgery)Post-operative pain (lumbar disc herniation)63Adults42 (9) years32%Retrospective studyMicrodisectomy VAS, ODI, Mcnab classification of post-operative outcome, objectiveassessment by health personal Being men, non-alcoholic, having low level of education and numbness as a predominant symptom, disc herniation at L4-L5 were significantly associated with better ODI at final follow-up. For ODI score interpretation, gender, smoking habit, presence of leg pain as a predominant symptom were statistically significant factors whereas smoking and drinking habit, level of education, occupation, back pain and numbness as predominant pre-operative symptom, types of disc in MRI were significantly related to Mcnab outcome. Shrestha 2018 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shrestha</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>10457</RecNum><DisplayText>[88]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10457</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433395" guid="3fca41a5-da82-4e6a-af57-38d7c1fc1a12">10457</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shrestha, D. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Evaluation of Pain Following the Use of Scalpel versus Diathermy for Skin Incision in Ear, Nose, Throat and Head and Neck Surgeries</title><secondary-title>Journal of Nepal Health Reseach Council</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Nepal Health Reseach Council</full-title></periodical><pages>58-60</pages><volume>16</volume><number>38</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[88]Journal of Nepal Health research CouncilCompare post-operative pain between incision and diathermyPost-op pain (ENT head and neck surgery)61Adults Group 1: 30 (13) years;Group 2: 32 (13) yearsNot available Prospective, randomized studyGroup 1: Scalpel group;Group 2: Diathermy groupVASThe early post-operative pain is less in ENT-Head and Neck surgery patients with skin incision by diathermy as compared to the patients with skin incision by scalpel.Abbreviations. NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; PDI, Patient Disability Index; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale. *Authors used a 0 – 10 NRS but called it a VAS. ADDIN EN.REFLIST Supplementary table 3. Rehabilitation. Author Year JournalPrimary aim of the study Type of pain condition Sample size PopulationAge Mean (SD) unless specifiedWomen %Study designInterventionMeasures used Key findings related to study question(s)Kayastha 2018 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kayastha</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>10412</RecNum><DisplayText>[34]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10412</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433283" guid="97a76f85-0fd4-4e98-b1c2-d65d6b326064">10412</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kayastha, Nirab</author><author>Joshi, Amit</author><author>Kunwar, Bhuwan</author><author>Khadka, Santosh</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effect of Body Position on Post-Lumbar Puncture Headache and Urinary Retention After Spinal Anaesthesia in Orthopaedic Cases: Concerns in Post-Operative Ambulation and Rehabilitation</title><secondary-title>Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital</full-title></periodical><pages>32-37</pages><volume>17</volume><number>2</number><section>32</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>2091-0193
2091-0185</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3126/mjsbh.v17i2.20191</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[34]Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital (MJSBH)Compare effect of body position on post-spinal anaesthesia headache and urinary retention.Post-surgical headache (spinal anaesthesia) in orthopaedic surgical cases200Adults Not available30%Randomised clinical trialGroup 1: Early ambulation; Group 2: Post-op bed rest for 24 hours without pillows.Onset of spinal headacheNo significant different in onset of headache in the two groups (17 in experimental group and 20 in control group). Bed rest may not be required to prevent spinal headache. KC 2017 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>KC</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>10414</RecNum><DisplayText>[35]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10414</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433285" guid="250508cd-72dd-4155-989c-d634a25f7258">10414</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>KC, H. B.</author><author>Pahari, T.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effect of Posture on Post Lumbar Puncture Headache after Spinal Anesthesia: A Prospective Randomized Study</title><secondary-title>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)</full-title><abbr-1>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</abbr-1></periodical><pages>324-328</pages><volume>60</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[35]Kathmandu University Medical JournalStudy the influence of posture in the incidence of post lumbar puncture headache after spinal anaesthesiaPost lumbar puncture headache112Adults40 (17) years40%Prospective randomized studyGroup 1: No restriction to position after surgery; and Group 2: 24 hours bed rest after spinal anaesthesia. 0 -10 NRSNon-significant difference in the incidence of spinal headache between the two groups (22% in group A and 24% in group B). Sharma 2018d ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sharma</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>4469</RecNum><DisplayText>[75]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4469</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1534501170" guid="5ae273d7-4da0-4238-89ba-4c3f03779ca9">4469</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sharma, S.</author><author>Jensen, M. P.</author><author>Moseley, G. L.</author><author>Abbott, J. H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Physiotherapy, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Bagmati, Nepal.
Centre for Musculoskeletal Outcomes Research, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.</auth-address><titles><title>Pain education for patients with non-specific low back pain in Nepal: protocol of a feasibility randomised clinical trial (PEN-LBP Trial)</title><secondary-title>BMJ Open</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BMJ Open</full-title></periodical><pages>e022423</pages><volume>8</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 10</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2044-6055 (Electronic)
2044-6055 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>30099402</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[75]BMJ OpenDetermine feasibility to conduct a full randomised clinical trial evaluating the effectiveness of pain education for individuals with LBPLow back pain40UnclearNot applicableNot applicableProtocol of a Feasibility clinical trialGroup 1: Pain education; Group 2: Guideline-based treatmentPROMIS pain intensity, PROMIS pain interference, PROMIS sleep disturbance, PROMIS depression, PCS, CDRISC, 2-item QOL scale, GROC Not applicableNote: CDRISC, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; FABQ, Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire; GROC = Global Rating of Change; NRS, Numerical Pain Scale; ODI = Oswestry Disability Index; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System; QOL, Quality of Life; TENS, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation. Supplementary table 4. Prevalence and incidence of pain conditions.Author Year JournalPrimary aim of the study Type of pain condition Sample size PopulationAge Mean (SD) unless specifiedWomen %Study designDiagnostic tests or measures used Key findings related to study question(s)Acharya 2010 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Acharya</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>10385</RecNum><DisplayText>[1]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10385</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433249" guid="ff6b500c-592a-45ab-9e28-8936e176dcaa">10385</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Acharya, R. S.</author><author>Acharya, S.</author><author>Pradhan, A.</author><author>Oraibi, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Musculoskeletal disorders among dentists in Nepal</title><secondary-title>Journal of Nepal Dental Association</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Nepal Dental Association</full-title></periodical><pages>107-113</pages><volume>11</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[1]Journal of Nepal Dental AssociationEstimate the prevalence and distribution of musculoskeletal symptoms among dentist in NepalMusculoskeletal pain 103Adults30 (6) years55%Cross-sectional studyNot specified.Prevalence of MSD during the past 12 months were reported at the neck and lower back (52.4% each), shoulder (49.5%), upper back (41.7%), and wrist/ hand (36.9%).Acharya 2018 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Acharya</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>10048</RecNum><DisplayText>[3]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10048</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552432974" guid="4fd74942-b41a-4a55-aef3-609af6c2a929">10048</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Acharya, S. </author><author>Chaulagain, R. </author><author>Pradhan, A. </author><author>Shah, A. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Temporomandibular Joint Disorders and its Relationship with Parafunctional Habits among Undergraduate Medical and Dental Students</title><secondary-title>Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>154-159</pages><volume>14</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3126/jcmsn.v14i3.20289</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[3]Journal of College of Medical Sciences NepalDetermine the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD)Temporomandibular disorders in dental students345Adults21 (2) years61%Cross-sectional studyFonseca Anamnestic QuestionnaireThe prevalence of TMD was 47.4% with mild and moderate type of TMD.Anderson 1984 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Anderson</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>9539</RecNum><DisplayText>[4]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>9539</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552432845" guid="e942feff-3d1f-400f-8009-8f89b138ff30">9539</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Anderson, R. T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Professor of Anthropology at Mills College, United States</auth-address><titles><title>An Orthopedic Ethnography in Rural Nepal</title><secondary-title>Medical Anthropology</secondary-title><alt-title>Med. Anthr. Cross Cult. Stud. Health Illn.</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Medical Anthropology</full-title></periodical><pages>46-59</pages><volume>8</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>adolescent</keyword><keyword>adult</keyword><keyword>aged</keyword><keyword>arthritis</keyword><keyword>article</keyword><keyword>backache</keyword><keyword>female</keyword><keyword>health</keyword><keyword>human</keyword><keyword>male</keyword><keyword>Nepal</keyword><keyword>Back Pain</keyword><keyword>Middle Age</keyword><keyword>Rural Health</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1984</year></dates><isbn>01459740 (ISSN)</isbn><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url>;[4]Medical AnthropologyPrevalence of spinal and extremity pain. Musculoskeletal pain646All Not specified Not specifiedCross-sectional study-18% community adults had back or neck pain, and only 4% had extremity pain. Bhandari 2015 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bhandari</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10389</RecNum><DisplayText>[8]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10389</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433256" guid="a908d656-df7a-4107-a350-6cdfd76408dc">10389</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bhandari, B. </author><author>Bhandari, R. </author><author>Shakya, D. R. </author><author>Maskey, R. </author><author>Paudel, M. </author><author>Giri, R. </author><author>Gupta, P. P. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Chronic headache among general practice out patients in a tertiary care hospital, Eastern Nepal</title><secondary-title>Health Renaissance</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Health Renaissance</full-title></periodical><pages>22-29</pages><volume>13</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]Health Renaissance Identify common diagnoses and clinical features and demographic profile of chronic headache Chronic Headache ( > 3months)168Adult29 (10) years79%Cross-SectionalNRS Chronic headache accounted for 1% of total general outpatient visits. Patients did not fit into any diagnostic criteria in 51% cases. The headache was classified as chronic migraine in 20%, chronic tension type headache in 17% and chronic daily persistent headache in 12%. The mean score for pain (numerical scale) was 7 (SD 2).Bhattarai 2007 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bhattarai</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>1155</RecNum><DisplayText>[9]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1155</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1534498079" guid="bf4f5773-55fe-4891-86f0-5a1a047d6b65">1155</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bhattarai, B.</author><author>Pokhrel, P. K.</author><author>Tripathi, M.</author><author>Rahman, T. R.</author><author>Baral, D. D.</author><author>Pande, R.</author><author>Bhattachaya, A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Dharan, Nepal. bhattaraibk@</auth-address><titles><title>Chronic pain and cost: an epidemiological study in the communities of Sunsari district of Nepal</title><secondary-title>Nepal Med Coll J</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nepal Med Coll J</full-title></periodical><pages>6-11</pages><volume>9</volume><number>1</number><edition>2007/06/28</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Chronic Disease</keyword><keyword>*Cost of Illness</keyword><keyword>Cross-Sectional Studies</keyword><keyword>Developing Countries</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Nepal/epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Pain/*economics/*epidemiology</keyword><keyword>Pain Management</keyword><keyword>Prevalence</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2007</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>17593670</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[9]Nepal Medical College JournalEstimate the prevalence of chronic pain in economically active population and its associated economic lossChronic pain1730Adolescent and Adults15 - 64 years52%Cross-sectional study-Out of 1730 individuals interviewed, 882 (50%) had pain of which 94% had chronic pain (826 of 1730, which is 48% of total sample). 44% were musculoskeletal pain with Backache (26%), headache (20%) and abdominal pain due to acid peptic disease (12%). About 14% of individuals had severe grade pain.Dhakal 2017 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Dhakal</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>10397</RecNum><DisplayText>[17]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10397</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433265" guid="2f45acd3-2e14-4a5b-94ab-9d3f834200d2">10397</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dhakal, I. </author><author>Sharma, S. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Occupational overuse syndrome and its severities in software professionals of Rupandehi District, Nepal</title><secondary-title>Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences</full-title></periodical><pages>26-30</pages><volume>5</volume><number>16</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]Journal of university college of medical sciencesEstimate prevalence of occupational overuse syndromes and severity in software professionals. Occupational overuse syndrome270Adults 20 - 30 years: 60.7%; 30 - 40 years: 28.1%26%Cross-sectional study designStructured questionnaire - unclear what questions were used. Headache (63%; 12% severe), back pain (63%; 9% severe) and neck pain (57%; 4% severe), Finger pain (40%; 1% severe), Shoulder pain (38%), General body pain (36%). Gupta 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gupta</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10404</RecNum><DisplayText>[25]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10404</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433274" guid="0390925b-7a3d-46de-b5d1-98be8aac6ead">10404</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gupta, U.</author><author>Aich, T. K.</author><author>Verma, A. K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Psychiatric comorbidity in chronic migraine Patients: A hospital based study</title><secondary-title>J Psychiatrists’ Association of Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Psychiatrists’ Association of Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>3-9</pages><volume>3</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[25]J Psychiatrists’ Association of NepalStudy the frequency and pattern of co-morbid psychiatric illnesses amongst patients with chronic migraine headacheChronic migraine48Adolescent and AdultsRange: 15 to 55 years85%Descriptive cross-sectional studyHAM-A, HAM-DComorbid psychiatric illness was present in 31 (65%) cases among which anxiety was the most common diagnosis (35%) followed by depressive disorders (29%).Joshi 2013b ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Joshi</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>10406</RecNum><DisplayText>[29]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10406</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433276" guid="04f069d4-9b1e-4bcf-8f35-a402fb5b50c7">10406</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Joshi, Sunil Kumar</author><author>Sherpa, Helen</author><author>Poudel, Agya</author><author>Dahal, Pranab</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Work related injuries and musculoskeletal disorders among child workers in the brick kilns of Nepal</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health</full-title></periodical><pages>2-7</pages><volume>3</volume><number>2</number><section>2</section><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>2091-0878</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3126/ijosh.v3i2.10271</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[29]International Journal of Occupational Safety and HealthIdentify work related physical ailments and discomforts dominate brick industries of Nepal.Work related musculoskeletal disorder305Paediatrics and adolescents1 year to 17 years 39% and 58% in two sitescross sectional studyNordic Ergonomic Questions73% of children experienced musculoskeletal pain in Bhaktapur district, and 56% in Sarlahi district. Working children were 8 times more likely to experience musculoskeletal pain compared to non-working children. Kafle 2017 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kafle</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>10409</RecNum><DisplayText>[30]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10409</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433279" guid="b513e808-bffa-455d-979f-2c9eada4bb65">10409</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kafle, B.</author><author>Bagale, Y. </author><author>Dhungana, M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Anxiety and Depression as Co-morbidities in Patients with Primary Headache</title><secondary-title>J Psychiatrists’ Association of Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Psychiatrists’ Association of Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>45-49</pages><volume>6</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[30]J Psychiatrists’ Association of NepalIdentify the frequency of the diagnosis of primary headache and its association with anxiety and depressionPrimary headache150Adults 20-39 years79%Cross- sectional study-69% had migraine headache and 29% had tension-type headache and 2% had cluster headache. Comorbid psychiatric illness was present in 80 (53%) cases among which Anxiety disorder was the most common (31%) followed by depressive disorders (22%).Linde 2017 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MaW5kZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [40]European Journal of NeurologyExplore the an association between migraine and chronic exposure to high altitudeHigh-altitude headaches (HAH)2100Adults36.4 (13) years59%Community, nationwideHARDSHIP QuestionnaireAge- and gender standardized migraine prevalence increased from 27.9% to 45.5% with altitude between 0 and 2499 m and thereafter decreased to 37.9% at ≥2500 m. The likelihood of having migraine was greater (odds ratio, 1.5–2.2; P ≤ 0.007) at all higher altitudes compared with <500 m.Manandhar 2015 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5NYW5hbmRoYXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [44]The Journal of Headache and Pain Estimate burden of headache disorders in Nepal from a population-based surveyHeadache 2100Adults36.10 (12.60) years62%Cross-sectional survey using structured interview. Validated HARDSHIP questionnaire. Pain intensity assessed using 3 point verbal scale - "not bad", "quite bad" and "very bad". 85% of total participants reported headache in the last year. Mean headache frequency was 4 (SD 6) days per month. Those with headache had significantly poor quality life compared to those without headache. Total lost productive time due to headache was 7%.Pambos 2012 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QYW1ib3M8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEyPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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Pn==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [49]Family Practice Describe the demographics, diagnoses and treatments offered to people attending threerural health camps in NepalAll cases presenting in a health camp including abdominal pain and musculoskeletal pain1574 Adults; 249 ChildrenAll age groups42.8 years (range 1 month to 98 years old)69%Cross-sectional studyNot specified.For adults, the most frequent complaints were stomach pain 20%, followed by musculoskeletal pain 19%.Pradhan 2003 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pradhan</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>10431</RecNum><DisplayText>[61]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10431</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433305" guid="f688b68e-9a94-4fb9-ae44-004e10e32bf9">10431</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pradhan, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Backache prevalence among groups with long and normal working day</title><secondary-title>Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)</full-title><abbr-1>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</abbr-1></periodical><pages>119-123</pages><volume>2</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[61]Kathmandu University Medical JournalDescribe the prevalence of backache among groups with long and normal working dayLow back pain64Adults Not availableNot availableA cross sectional studyNot specified.62% of the participants had back pain. 76% of individuals in long working day category, and 48% in normal working day group experienced back pain.Risal 2016 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5SaXNhbDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [82]Scandinavian Journal of PainIdentify factors associated with lost work days in nurses with back painLow Back Pain111Adults24.31 (3.7) years100%Cross-sectional studyNPRS (0 -10)65% nurses reported LBP. The average number of LWDs was 6.98 (SD = 5.33), and ranged from 0 to 14. Pain intensity was not associated with LWDs.Shrestha 2011 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shrestha</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>10448</RecNum><DisplayText>[86]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10448</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433383" guid="cf27135a-62ca-410f-b6fa-4a748e68291d">10448</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shrestha, B. P. </author><author>Niraula, S. </author><author>Chaudhary, P. </author><author>Khanal, G. P. </author><author>Rijal, R. </author><author>Karn, N. K. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Epidemiology of back pain in the teaching districts of B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences</title><secondary-title>Health Renaissance</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Health Renaissance</full-title></periodical><pages>152-156</pages><volume>9</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[86]Health RenaissanceEstimate the prevalence of back pain and to identify predictors of back pain in the community. Low Back Pain314Adults40.19 (15.19) years48%Cross-sectional study-The overall annual prevalence of LBP was 71%. The annual prevalence of back pain among males was 67.9% and females was 74.3%. The highest prevalence of back pain was found in the age group of 31-40 years. Older Age, marriage and occupation were related significantly to the occurrence of back pain. Farmers and housewives had greater prevalence of low back pain. The number of workdays lost was upto 5 days in 81% of people with back pain.Shrestha 2017b ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shrestha</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>10456</RecNum><DisplayText>[95]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10456</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433394" guid="eda7d3d7-b776-47cf-9dde-d88d5acb1050">10456</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shrestha, S. B., </author><author>Thapa, S. </author><author>Singh, R. </author><author>Khatiwada, R. </author><author>Pandey, S.</author><author>Srivastava, A. </author><author>Aryal, B. B. </author><author>Upreti, T. </author><author>Gurung, A. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Presenting complaints in Gynecology Outpatient Department (OPD) and Prevalence and Assessment of Dysmenorrhea</title><secondary-title>MJSBH</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>MJSBH</full-title></periodical><pages>47-51</pages><volume>16</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[95]Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital Estimate prevalence of dysmenorrhoeaGynaecological pain complaints427Adolescent and AdultsRange (15-49) years100%Cross-sectional studySemi-structured standardized questionnaire formulated after a pilot study The lifetime prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 86.4%, while point prevalence was 75.6%. Among dysmenorrhoeic individuals; 36.9%, 26.8% and 36.3% had mild, moderate, and severe pain respectively. Study showed no significant correlation of dysmenorrhea and its severity with family history, smoking and alcohol use. Shrestha 2016c ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shrestha</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>10454</RecNum><DisplayText>[93]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10454</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433391" guid="29f49244-8f0d-415c-9de3-694e43e310ad">10454</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shrestha, R.</author><author>Silwal, P.</author><author>Basnet, N.</author><author>Shakya, S. S.</author><author>Shrestha, R. </author><author>Pokharel, B. R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>A Prospective Study of Commonly Prescribed Drugs in the Management of Neuropathic Pain and its Medication Adherence Pattern</title><secondary-title>Kathmandu University Medical Journal (KUMJ)</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)</full-title><abbr-1>Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ)</abbr-1></periodical><volume>14</volume><number>1 (53)</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[93]Kathmandu University Medical JournalDescribe causes of neuropathic pain and commonly prescribed drugs in neuropathic pain management and the medication adherence pattern including its associated factorsNeuropathic pain84Adults45.6 (15.6) years69%Cross-sectional studyNot specified.54% of patient had low back pain as cause of neuropathic pain, followed by peripheral neuropathy (14%), cervical radiculopathy (11%), and unknown causes (7%). Anticonvulsants were mostly prescribed (75%) followed by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (52%) and Methyl-cobalamin (48%). 58% (n=49) patients were not adherent to the prescribed medications.Shubham 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shubham</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10458</RecNum><DisplayText>[96]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10458</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433396" guid="85a153f3-d536-46e7-b38a-c6213f314bb4">10458</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shubham, S.</author><author>Yadav, R. P.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Prevalence of low backache in practicing dentists of eastern region of Nepal</title><secondary-title>Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences</full-title></periodical><pages>29-32</pages><volume>1</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[96]Journal of Universal College of Medical SciencesEstimate the prevalence of low back pain among practicing dentists of Eastern NepalLow back pain 76UnclearNot specified Not specified Cross-sectional studyODIPrevalence of LBP in practicing dentist was 91% with 50% minimal pain, 37% moderate pain, and 4% severe pain.Silber 2013 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Silber</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>10459</RecNum><DisplayText>[97]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10459</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433397" guid="1580412e-6e68-4df4-914d-4d3110692690">10459</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Silber, E. </author><author>Sonnenberg, P. </author><author>Collier, D. J. </author><author>Pollard, A. J. </author><author>Murdoch, D. R. </author><author>Goadsby, P. J. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Clinical features of headache at altitude A prospective study</title><secondary-title>Neurology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Neurology</full-title></periodical><pages>1167–1171</pages><volume>60</volume><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[97] NeurologyEstimate prospectively the incidence of high-altitude headache (HAH) and to determine its risk factors and characteristics.High-altitude headaches (HAH)60Adults40.2 (11.8) years32%prospective observational studyStructured questionnaire incorporating IHS and AMS criteria.83% reported at least 1 HAH (median 2, range 0 to 10). Those who developed HAH were younger, were women. Persons with headaches in daily life were more likely to report severe headaches.Singh 2010 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Singh</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>10460</RecNum><DisplayText>[99]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10460</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433398" guid="a067ae71-f32b-49e1-baec-f94539e3751b">10460</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Singh, J.</author><author>Ranjit, S.</author><author>Shrestha,S. </author><author>Limbu, T. </author><author>Marahatta, S. B. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Post dural puncture headache</title><secondary-title>Journal of Institute of Medicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Institute of Medicine</full-title></periodical><pages>30-32</pages><volume>32</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2010</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[99]Journal of Institute of MedicineIdentifying the incidence and risk of post dural puncture headache in thepatientsSpinal Headache12Adults35.03 (9.66) yearsM:F = 1.1:1.0 Cross-sectional studyNot specified.The incidence of post-dural puncture headache was 25%.Toh 2018 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ub2g8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE4PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [104]PLOS Neglected Tropical DiseasesInvestigate Neuropathic Pain prevalence and its impact Neuropathic Pain following leprosy85Adults43 (14) years46%Cross-sectionalDN4 questionnaire, BPI, SALSA, and GHQ-1252% complained of pain, 35.3% had NP. Patients with NP suffered significantly higher intensity pain (p = 0.023) and daily life interference (p = 0.003) and were more likely to have moderate to extreme daily activity limitations (p = 0.005). 43% exhibited psychological distress, and medications only reduced moderatedegree (50–60%) of pain.Vaidya 2015 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Vaidya</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10468</RecNum><DisplayText>[107]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10468</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433408" guid="f765a1f5-7d8d-4acd-9b07-c81c799809c8">10468</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vaidya, A.</author><author>Sainju, N. K.</author><author>Joshi, S. K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Work related musculoskeletal disorders among surgeons working in a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health</full-title></periodical><pages>6 – 10</pages><volume>5</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[107]International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health Determine both prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders and types of ailments among surgeonsMusculoskeletal disorders50AdultsMean 38.9 years; Range 29 - 66 years20%Cross-sectional studyDutch Musculoskeletal Questionnaire on ergonomic hazards and, Nordic musculoskeletal disordersquestionnaire on pain and discomfort.Thirty-five respondents (70%) reported having at least one musculoskeletal disorder. Twenty-three (65.7%) surgeons had to miss their job at least once during last 12 month of which nineteen (54.3%) missed them in last 7 days. Thirty-five (70%) surgeons had at least one MSD. Twenty-one (60%) of them complained of pain in lower back, 45% neck pain, and 34% elbow pain and so on. Walters 2017 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5XYWx0ZXJzPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNzwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [109]Anaesthesia and AnalgesiaEstimate prevalence of chronic painChronic pain97AdultsNot available57%Cross-sectional studyVGPS, BPI, WHO DAS, PCS, FSQNepalese showed a pain point prevalence of 48%–50%.Abbreviations. AMS, Acute Mountain Sickness; FSQ, the Fibromyalgia Survey Questionnaire; GHQ-12, General Health Questionnaire-12; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); HADS-A, HADS for Anxiety; HADS-D, HADS for Depression; HAH, High-Altitude Headache; ODI, HAM-A, Hamilton Rating Scales for Anxiety; HAM-D, Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression; HIS, International Headache Society; MSD, Musculoskeletal Disorders; NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; Oswestry Disability Index; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; SALSA, Screening of Activity Limitation and Safety Awareness; VGPS, The Vanderbilt Global Pain Survey, WHO DAS, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale.Supplementary table 5. Studies on outcome measurement. Author Year JournalPrimary aim of the study Type of pain condition Sample size PopulationAge Mean (SD) unless specifiedWomen %Study designMeasures used Key findings related to study question(s)Acharya 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Acharya</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10509</RecNum><DisplayText>[2]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10509</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433475" guid="acc97224-c7dc-4dd0-81a7-5844aa61c960">10509</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Acharya, Ranjeeta S.</author><author>Al-Oraibi, Saleh</author><author>Adhikari, Shambhu P.</author><author>Parajuli, Nirajan</author><author>Limbu, Hem</author><author>Enezi, Farhan Al</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Validation in the Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Nepali Version of the Oswestry Disability Index</title><secondary-title>Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal</full-title></periodical><volume>8</volume><number>2</number><section>158</section><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>0973-5666
0973-5674</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.5958/j.0973-5674.8.2.079</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[2]Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational TherapyTranslation of the ODI into Nepali, and assess its psychometric properties.Low back pain101Adult36. 6 (12.6) years45%Longitudinal study ODIODI is reliable: Cronbach's alpha = 0.72; test-retest reliability = 0.87Pathak 2018 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pathak</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>9109</RecNum><DisplayText>[53]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>9109</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552432526" guid="e69b258f-0722-41f9-9cd6-e5e8ef1ba6f8">9109</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pathak, A.</author><author>Sharma, S.</author><author>Jensen, M. P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Physiotherapy, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal.
Centre for Musculoskeletal Outcomes Research, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>The utility and validity of pain intensity rating scales for use in developing countries</title><secondary-title>Pain Rep</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pain Rep</full-title></periodical><pages>e672</pages><volume>3</volume><number>5</number><edition>2018/12/12</edition><keywords><keyword>Culture</keyword><keyword>Musculoskeletal pain</keyword><keyword>Pain assessment</keyword><keyword>Pain intensity</keyword><keyword>Pain measurement</keyword><keyword>at the end of this article.</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Sep-Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2471-2531 (Electronic)
2471-2531 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>30534623</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[53]Pain Reports(1) Identify which of 4 commonly used pain scales is most preferred by Nepalese, (2) compare error rates, (3) determine whether preference and error rates are influenced by age or education levelMusculoskeletal pain 202Adults 54 (19) years57%Cross-sectional studyFPS-R, NRS, VAS, VRS FPS-R is the most preferred scale, followed by a VRS. The NRS and VAS were both least preferred and had higher rates of incorrect responses, especially among the older participants.Sharma 2016b PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TaGFybWE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE2PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [79]Journal of Pain ResearchTo evaluate the content validity of questionnaires used to assess pain quality in Nepalese with chronic pain Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain101Adults49.04 (14.96) years72%Qualitative studyN/AOnly the original McGill Pain Questionnaire wasfound to have content validity for assessing pain quality in patients from Nepal, although otherexisting pain quality measures could be adapted to be content valid by adding one or two additionaldescriptors, depending on the measure in question.Sharma 2017a PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TaGFybWE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE3PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [77]Health and Quality of Life OutcomesTo evaluate the psychometric properties of a measurement scale (NRS and GROC)Musculoskeletal pain104Adults41.2 (13.5)69%Cross-sectional studyNRS, GROCSignificant cultural adaptations were required to obtain relevant Nepali versions of both the NRS and GROC. The NRS-NP showed excellent test-retest reliability and a MDC of 1.13 points. NRS-NP demonstrated good construct validity and responsiveness.Sharma 2018a PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TaGFybWE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE4PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [78]Health and Quality of Life OutcomesTo translate and culturally adapt 10- and 2-item versions of the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale into Nepali and evaluate their psychometric propertiesChronic pain405Adults 46.7 (15.18) years70.33Longitudinal study PCS; CDRISCThe findings support the reliability and validity of the 10-item Nepali version of the CD-RISC, and use of the 2-item version in survey studies in individuals with chronic pain.Sharma 2018b ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sharma</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1283</RecNum><DisplayText>[83]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1283</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1534498455" guid="50e68558-6d12-4cff-9add-aedbe0797b4c">1283</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sharma, S.</author><author>Thibault, P.</author><author>Abbott, J. H.</author><author>Jensen, M. P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Physiotherapy, Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal.
Centre for Musculoskeletal Outcomes Research, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.
Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Clinimetric properties of the Nepali version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale in individuals with chronic pain</title><secondary-title>J Pain Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Pain Res</full-title></periodical><pages>265-276</pages><volume>11</volume><keywords><keyword>Bland-Altman plot</keyword><keyword>measurement error</keyword><keyword>measurement properties</keyword><keyword>outcome measure</keyword><keyword>pain assessment</keyword><keyword>reliability</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>1178-7090 (Print)
1178-7090 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29430196</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[83]Journal of Pain ResearchTo translate and culturally adapt the Pain Catastrophizing Scale into NepaliChronic pain415Adults46.68 (15.08) years69Longitudinal studyPCS, BDI, BAI, NRS. PCS-NP was comprehensible and culturally acceptable. The PCS-NP scores evidenced excellent reliability and temporal stability, and demonstrated validity via moderate-to-strong associations with measures of depression, anxiety, and pain intensity.Sharma 2018c ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sharma</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1280</RecNum><DisplayText>[76]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1280</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1534498450" guid="b9a7fb71-f557-4be6-8228-e260d2b0bf2f">1280</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sharma, S.</author><author>Palanchoke, J.</author><author>Abbott, J. H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Centre for Musculoskeletal Outcomes Research, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal.
Scheer Memorial Hospital; Banepa, Kavre, Nepal.</auth-address><titles><title>Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Nepali Translation of the Patient-Specific Functional Scale</title><secondary-title>J Orthop Sports Phys Ther</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Orthop Sports Phys Ther</full-title></periodical><pages>1-23</pages><number>0</number><keywords><keyword>clinimetrics</keyword><keyword>instruments</keyword><keyword>outcome measures</keyword><keyword>psychometric</keyword><keyword>responsiveness</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Apr 6</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1938-1344 (Electronic)
0190-6011 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29625533</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;[76]Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical TherapyTo translate and cross-culturally validate the PSFS to NepaliMusculoskeletal pain104Adults 41.2 (13.5) years69Longitudinal studyPSFS, ODI, GROC, NRSThe Nepali version of the PSFS showed good reliability. It demonstrated significant correlations with the Nepali versions of the ODI (r = –0.47, P = .001), GROC (r = 0.71, P<.001), and NRS.Sharma 2018f ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sharma</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>10470</RecNum><DisplayText>[81]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10470</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433411" guid="b7a29093-b537-413e-856b-ccdad8b7fbd7">10470</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sharma, S.</author><author>Pathak, A.</author><author>Maharjan, R.</author><author>Abbott, J. Haxby</author><author>Correia, H.</author><author>Jensen, M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Psychometric properties of nepali versions of PROMIS short from measures of pain intensity, pain interference, pain behaviour, depressions, and sleep disturbance</title><secondary-title>The Journal of Pain</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>The Journal of Pain</full-title></periodical><volume>19</volume><number>3</number><section>S59</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>15265900</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jpain.2017.12.152</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[81]Journal of Pain (APS Conference)To assess measurement properties of 5 PROMIS measures to assess Chronic pain275Adults46 (16) years73Longitudinal studyN/AAll measures were reliable (ICC of 0.71 to 0.81). Correlations between the measures ranged from 0.36 to 0.62. Sharma 2018g ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Sharma</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>10445</RecNum><DisplayText>[80]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10445</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433333" guid="4f1926f9-36bb-44a1-a6dc-de88698fe0a0">10445</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sharma, S. </author><author>Pathak, A. </author><author>Jensen, M. P. </author><author>Abbott. J. H. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>PSN021: Responsiveness and Minimum Important Change of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and Connor Davidson Resilience Scales in Individuals with Chronic Pain</title><secondary-title>World Congress on Pain</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2018</year></dates><pub-location>Boston, USA</pub-location><urls><related-urls><url>;[80]World Pain Conference Abstract Evaluate the responsiveness and estimate MIC of the validated Nepali versions of the PCS and the 10-item and 2-item CDRISCChronic pain 275Adults 46 (16) years73Longitudinal studyN/AThe findings support the PCS and CDRISC as being associated but distinct. However, the low AUCs indicate that the Nepali versions of the PCS nor CDRISC are unable to discriminate between the improved and unimproved groups when using a GROC scale as an anchor.Abbreviations. APS, American Pain Society; AUC, Area Under the Curve; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; CDRISC, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; FPS-R, Faces Pain Scale – Revised; GROC, Global Rating of Change; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; MIC, Minimal Important Change; NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; NRS-NP, Nepali version of NRS; PSFS, Patient-Specific Functional Scale; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale; VRS, Verbal Rating Scale. Supplementary table 6. Studies on diagnosis and imaging.Author Year JournalPrimary aim of the study Type of pain condition Sample size PopulationAge Mean (SD) unless specifiedWomen %Study designDiagnostic tests used Key findings related to study question(s)Bajracharya 2012 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Bajracharya</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>10387</RecNum><DisplayText>[6]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10387</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433252" guid="b2e9ce70-a629-40d2-982d-316bffc532b4">10387</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bajracharya, J. </author><author>Shrestha, N. S.</author><author>Karki, C.</author><author>Saha, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Laparoscopic findings in chronic pelvic pain</title><secondary-title>Journal of Kathmandu Medical College</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Kathmandu Medical College</full-title></periodical><pages>100-102</pages><volume>1</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[6]Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeDescribe etiology of chronic pelvic pain in consecutive sample. Chronic pelvic pain48Adult 33 years100%Observational descriptiveDiagnostic laparoscopyDiagnostic findings were negative in 29% of cases. Simple endometriosis was present in 56% cases, adhesion in 20%, pelvic congestion in 15%, pelvic inflammatory disease in 6%, chronic ectopic diseases in 3%Chapagain 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chapagain</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10391</RecNum><DisplayText>[11]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10391</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433259" guid="78114d82-db38-4cbb-8448-0db228e54213">10391</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chapagain, S.</author><author>Subedi, P. P.</author><author>Thakur, D. K.</author><author>Poudel, S.</author><author>Luitel, B. R.</author><author>Chalise, P. R.</author><author>Sharma, U. K.</author><author>Gyawali, P. R.</author><author>Shrestha, G. K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Patterns of scrotal pain in a hospital setting</title><secondary-title>Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>31-34</pages><volume>17</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]Journal of Society of Surgeons of NepalSummarize disease patterns in patients presenting with scrotal painScrotal pain/urological condition83Adult Not availableNot availableProspective observational studyUrinalysis, ultrasonography, color dopplerCause of pain was not known for 47% of the cases. Other common cases were Epididymo-orchitis was found in 19% patients, and torsion of testis in 7%.Chhetri 2009 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chhetri</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>10393</RecNum><DisplayText>[13]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10393</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433261" guid="f33822b1-dfba-45eb-826c-a49cf88bbe24">10393</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chhetri, S.</author><author>Khanna, S.</author><author>Poonam,</author><author>Sen, B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Laparoscopic Evaluation of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women</title><secondary-title>Journal of Nepal Health Reseach Council</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Nepal Health Reseach Council</full-title></periodical><pages>45-8</pages><volume>7</volume><number>14</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[13]Journal of Nepal Health Research CouncilIdentify causes of chronic pelvic painChronic pelvic pain of at least 6 months of duration55Adult 37 (2) years100%Descriptive studyUltrasonography and diagnostic Laparoscopy; Self-Reported Questionnaire (SRQ-20) 62% had normal ultrasonography findings. 13% of patients had cystic ovaries and 11% had PID. Diagnostic laparoscopy detected abnormalities in 45 (82%) of the patients with chronic pelvic pain. Pelvic adhesion was the most common etiology n=16 (29%), followed by PID (13%), 7% each of Endometriosis, pelvic congestion, and ovarian cysts.Chhetri 2012 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chhetri</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>10394</RecNum><DisplayText>[12]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10394</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433262" guid="6d723d4c-3b2c-497f-9168-5c26883c29a5">10394</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chhetri, P. K. </author><author>Tayal, A. </author><author>Deka, P. K. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>USG in evaluation of patients with scrotal pain</title><secondary-title>Journal of College of Medical Sciences Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of College of Medical Sciences Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>18-22</pages><volume>8</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[12]Journal of College of Medical Sciences-NepalEvaluate the role of ultrasonography in patients presenting with scrotal pain.Scrotal pain50Adult 21-30 years: 50%; 31 - 40 years: 40% 0Descriptive studyDiagnostic ultrasonography of scrotum.Epididymitis with or without orchitis were seen in 40% patients, followed by cystic lesions of the epididymis (18%). Normal scan was seen in 14%. Malignancy as a cause of scrotal pain was seen in only one patient (2%).Das 2006 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Das</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>10395</RecNum><DisplayText>[14]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10395</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433263" guid="07fb5dbf-91dc-40ff-b001-f43fcfe093a8">10395</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Das, R. N. </author><author>Paudel, R. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Spectrum of rheumatological disorders: an experience of 337 cases in a tertiary care hospital in Pokhara valley, Nepal</title><secondary-title>APLAR Journal of Rheumatology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>APLAR Journal of Rheumatology</full-title><abbr-1>APLAR J. Rheumatol.</abbr-1></periodical><pages>248–256</pages><volume>9</volume><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[14]APLAR Journal of RheumatologyTo classify important types of rheumatological disorders in patients presenting at a Rheumatological Department. Rheumatological disorders including different musculoskeletal pain365Adolescents and Adults15 - 75 yearsNot specifiedCross-sectionalACR criteria l; all patients underwent radio-imaging and laboratory investigations (general and specific tests for each rheumatological disorder)Soft tissue rheumatism (40%), inflammatory arthritis (21%) and bone and cartilage diseases (21%), Connective tissue disorders were only 5%, seronegative spondyloarthritis 3%, gout 4%, Rheumatoid arthritis 20%, fibromyalgia 20%. Osteoarthritis of knee, hand and hip were 10%. Lumbago, lumbar spondylolisthesis and spinal canal stenosis together comprised 14% of patients with low back pain. Cervical spondylosis and all types of shoulder joint pain syndromes comprised 6% and 5%, respectively.Ghimire 2015a ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ghimire</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10400</RecNum><DisplayText>[23]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10400</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433269" guid="0370f2ed-40e7-414c-8171-6d7cf26300ea">10400</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ghimire, P</author><author>Singh, B. P.</author><author>Chaturvedi, S. K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Role of Computed Tomography Scan in Non-Localized Headache in Tertiary Hospital of Mid Western Region of Nepal</title><secondary-title>Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Nepalgunj Medical College</full-title></periodical><pages>2-4</pages><volume>13</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[23]Journal of Nepalgunj Medical CollegeInvestigate the implication of a CT scan for headache with non-localizing signHeadache136Adults Men: 44 years; Women: 42.12 years73%Prospective longitudinal studyCT scanPositive scan report with significant findings was found only in 4% of cases. 70% cases had no pathology in CT scans, while 29% had positive findings with non-significant findings. Joshi 2013a ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Joshi</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>10405</RecNum><DisplayText>[28]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10405</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433275" guid="35aae95b-a072-482b-9e31-02d1b3eb315a">10405</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Joshi, Binita Gurubacharya</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Etiology of Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children</title><secondary-title>Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society</full-title><abbr-1>J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc.</abbr-1></periodical><pages>31-33</pages><volume>33</volume><number>1</number><section>31</section><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1990-7982
1990-7974</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3126/jnps.v33i1.7413</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[28]Nepal Paediatric Society JournalMap the etiology of recurrent abdominal pain in Nepalese children.Recurrent abdominal pain47PaediatricsRange: 4 to 15 yearsNot availableProspective studyStool examination, Urine culture, Upper Gastrointestinal anic causes were found in 41 (87%) children. Giardiasis was found to be thecommonest (46%) organic cause, followed by idiopathic chronic constipation (34%) and urinary tract infection confirmed by urine culture (7%).Karki 2015a ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Karki</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10411</RecNum><DisplayText>[33]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10411</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433282" guid="c2c7feba-6db8-4921-9feb-1ad2a3745f57">10411</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Karki, D. B. </author><author>Panta, O. B.</author><author>Gurung, G. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>MRI Findings of Non-Degenerative Pathoanatomical Changes in Low Back Pain</title></titles><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[33]Journal of Nepal Health Research CouncilEvaluate the MRI findings of degenerative changes in symptomatic patients.Chronic low back pain2037Adolescent and Adults44.66 years (range: 11-94 years) 45%Cross-sectional studyMRIDegenerative changes were present in 94% participants. Disc bulge along with disc desiccation was the most common degenerative findings noted in 82%. Disc herniation was seen in 51%, neural foraminal stenosis in 60%, central spinal canal in 56% and nerve root compression in 32%.Kari 2015b PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LYXJraTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [32]Journal of Nepal Health Research CouncilEvaluate the occurrence of cervical degenerative disc pathologies in symptomatic patient with neck pain and radiculopathyChronic Neck pain with/without radiculopathy750Adolescent and Adults45.0 (14) years (range: 11 - 95 years)30%Radiology departmentMRIDegenerative disc disease in the form of disc desiccation, disc bulge, disc herniation was the most common finding in 76% patients. 14% had normal MRI findings.Nepal 2013 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Nepal</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>10422</RecNum><DisplayText>[48]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10422</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433293" guid="9b546e09-a706-443b-942f-a8838d449b4c">10422</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nepal, P. </author><author>Shrestha, A. </author><author>Ghimire, N. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Evaluation of CT scan findings in patients presenting with headache</title><secondary-title>Journal of Chitwan Medical College</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Chitwan Medical College</full-title></periodical><pages>9-12</pages><volume>3</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[48]Journal of Chitwan Medical CollegeEvaluate all the CT scan findings in patients presenting with headacheHeadache256Paediatrics and adultsMean 35 years; Range 9 - 85 yearsNot availableCross-sectional studyCT scanOnly 10% showed some form of brain parenchymal pathology. Other associated findings were sinusitis in 28 (11%), bone related in 10 (4%), and mastoiditis in 6 (2%) patients. Pandey 2014 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pandey</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>10423</RecNum><DisplayText>[51]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10423</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433294" guid="b7042d41-2ed6-4617-a7f6-33bef27c9b2e">10423</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pandey, N. K. </author><author>Shrestha, N. </author><author>Karki, P. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Study of markers of inflammation as predictors and prognosticators of acute coronary syndrome in patients with acute chest pain</title><secondary-title>Health Renaissance</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Health Renaissance</full-title></periodical><pages>99-105</pages><volume>12</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[51]Health Renaissance Identify causes of acute chest pain. Chest pain 149Adults61.58 (11.95) years 41%Cross-sectional studyA full clinical history, physical examination and 12 leadelectrocardiogramsThe diagnosis of non-ischemic chest pain were made in 30 (20%) and Acute Coronary Syndrome in 119 (80%) patients.Panta 2015 PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QYW50YTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [52]Journal of Nepal Health Research CouncilCompare the morphological MRI findings in young and elderly patients with low back pain and also correlate them with the clinical symptomsLow back pain301Young adults: 35.57 (8.73) years; Older adults: 66.90 (4.86) yearsYoung adults: 44%; Older adults: 47%Radiology departmentMRIOne or more disc degeneration changes of the following were present in MRI of all the individuals. Disc desiccation change either focal or at multiple levels were more common in elderly (99%) than in young adults (90%) (p=0.02). Spinal canal stenosis was seen in almost half of patients in both groups.Poudel 2011 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Poudel</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>10429</RecNum><DisplayText>[60]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10429</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433302" guid="20bf590f-fb95-4da2-9a44-eac4c5e752aa">10429</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Poudel, M. </author><author>Bhandari, R. </author><author>Giri, R. </author><author>Ghimire, A. </author><author>Uprety, S. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pattern of Abdominal Pain Presenting in a General Outpatient Clinic in Teaching Hospitals of Eastern Nepal</title><secondary-title>Health Renaissance</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Health Renaissance</full-title></periodical><pages>31-34</pages><volume>9</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2011</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[60]Health RenaissanceTo describe the pattern of clinical presentations of abdominal pain in a general clinicAbdominal pain300Adolescent and adultsN/a59.40%Cross-sectional studyStool examination, Urine examination, blood tests, Ultrasonography when indicated43% had a gastrointestinal cause, 29% had genitourinary cause, 10% had psychiatric cause. Among gastrointestinal cause, IBS was the commonest gastrointestinal cause of abdominal pain (13%).Paudyal 2016 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Paudyal</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>10427</RecNum><DisplayText>[56]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10427</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433299" guid="5978ef64-8774-40aa-9c4b-6304696d91c9">10427</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Paudyal, B. P. </author><author>Gyawalee, M. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Clinical profile of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis</title><secondary-title>Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences</full-title></periodical><pages>10-14</pages><volume>3</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[56]Journal of Patan Academy of Health SciencesTo describe the clinical profile and functional outcome of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritisJuvenile idiopathic arthritis 78Paediatrics 14.24 years47.4%Cross-sectional studySerological tests, Rheumatic factor, antinuclear antibody (ANA) and HLA B27.Polyarticular disease was the most common form of JIA, followed by oligoarticular, enthesitis-related and systemic-onset JIAs. Systemic complications were frequent in polyarticular JIA with fixed flexion deformities of elbows and knees.Shrestha 2004 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Shrestha</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>10471</RecNum><DisplayText>[94]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10471</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433412" guid="f4d44fcc-a378-4cc5-b0a1-28723a976d12">10471</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shrestha, S. </author><author>Sen, T. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Analysis of mastalgia cases presented at Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal</title><secondary-title>Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ</full-title></periodical><pages>129-132</pages><volume>6</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2004</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[94]Nepal Medical College Journal (Abstract only)Describe characteristics of patients with mastalgia with treatments provided. Mastalgia (breast pain)221AdultNot available100%Cross-sectional studyNot availableOverall 37% presented with cyclical mastalgia and 43% with noncyclical mastalgia. Non-hormonal therapy like reassurance, breast support, reduction in dietary fat intake, Vitamin E, Vitamin B6 was preferred for initial therapy of mastalgia.Subedee 2012 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Subedee</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>10463</RecNum><DisplayText>[101]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10463</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433401" guid="f01d5e93-b11d-43c7-b252-31dc75d08468">10463</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Subedee, A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Evaluation of chronic headache by computed tomography: A retrospective study</title><secondary-title>Journal of Nobel Medical College</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Nobel Medical College</full-title></periodical><pages>57-63</pages><volume>1</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[101]Journal of Nobel Medical CollegeTo find out the proportion of intracranial abnormalities in patients with chronic headache without neurologic abnormality with the use of CTChronic Headache ( > 3months)56Paediatrics and adultsRange 5 to 72 years71%Cross-sectional studyCT ScanOf the 56 patients, 50 had normal CT (89%), 4 had minor abnormality (7.14%) that did not alter patient management and 2 had significant lesions (3.57%). This further corroborates the evidence that the ability of CT scan in detecting significant intracranial pathology is poor in this group of patients. Thapa 2015 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Thapa</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10465</RecNum><DisplayText>[103]</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10465</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="r2drezat6w5tfsexw5dpsavdp9esr9zsxvea" timestamp="1552433403" guid="ccd0f694-eab8-44ba-b157-4047f1f7ea36">10465</key><key app="ENWeb" db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Thapa, N. B. </author><author>Bajracharya, S. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with low backache</title><secondary-title>Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Society of Surgeons of Nepal</full-title></periodical><pages>11-15</pages><volume>18</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[103]Journal of Society of Surgeons of NepalTo determine the patterns of degenerative disc disease on MRI in patients with low backache.Low back pain (with symptoms suggestive of lumbar disc disease)202Adolescent and Adults44.26 ±15.61range (13-83) 42.6%Cross-sectional MRIThe most common category was disc bulge note in 46.5% of cases. Nerve root compression was observed in 56% cases.Abbreviations. 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