WordPress.com



Differences between APA 6th and HarvardAPA 6th is a very similar style to Harvard. However, there are some fundamental differences which are listed as follows:Quoting and paraphrasing: Quoting: include author, year and specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated material. If the quote comprises fewer than 40 words, incorporate it into the text and enclose the quotation with double quotation marks. If the quotation appears in midsentence, end the passage with quotation marks and cite the source in brackets immediately after the quotation marks and then continue the sentence. 40 or more words, display in a freestanding block of text and omit quotation marks. The quotation should be started on a new line and indented. Paraphrasing: you are strongly recommended to provide a page or paragraph number if you are rewriting a particular section of the text and putting it into your own words. If you are summarising, i.e. giving an overview of the whole article/paper or theory rather than focussing on a specific part of the text, then page numbers are not required.Citing references in textFor citing in the text, the main differences are that APA specifies that when a work has three, four or five authors, all are cited for the first time the referencing occurs. Then in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph. e.g. Smith, Jones, Brown and Fletcher (2007) found that… [first in-text citation]Smith et al. (2007) found [Subsequent in-text citations]For six authors or more, use et al. on all occasions.e.g. Lazer et al. (2009)The table below gives guidance on the format of citing references in the text:Guidance for citing different numbers of authors, using & or AND and when to abbreviateUse & in your reference list and to join authors when their names appear in brackets. Use the word AND when the names of the authors appear as a natural part of a sentence.Number of authorsFirst in-text CitationSubsequent in-text citationsOne authorAccording to Jarvis (2010), when adults return to education…..OR (Jarvis, 2010)As first citationTwo authors(Knight & Ruddock, 2008)OR Knight and Ruddock (2008) recommend….As first citationThree, four or five authorsCollier, Bide and Tortora (2009) explain that…OR (Collier, Bide & Tortora, 2009)(Collier et al., 2009) OR According to Collier et al. (2009)Six or more authors(Lazer et al., 2009)Lazer et al. (2009) describe…. As first citationCorporate author(National Health Service [NHS], 2012)The National Health Service (NHS, 2012) reported(NHS, 2012)The NHS (2012) reportedNo authorCite the first 2 or 3 words of the title followed by the year. Enclose titles of articles, a chapter, or web page in double quotation marks. Italicise the title of a journal, book, brochure or report.….in the recent book Oxford paperback thesaurus (2006).As first citationAnonymousWhen a work is anonymous, cite in text the word anonymous followed by a comma and the date.(Anonymous, 2007)As first citationThe Reference listThe main changesAll dates have a full stop after the bracketsSeparate authors with an ‘&’ rather than ‘and’. NB. In the citation, use the word ‘and’ if mentioning the authors as a natural part of your sentence. If you put the authors in brackets, you can separate them with an ‘&’.No inverted commas around the titles of chapter or journal articlesFor electronic materials:Instead of writing Available from:, you now put insert Retrieved from (without a colon)There is no need to insert the date of access. If the item has a doi (digital object identifier) you include this and omit the URL. For an explanation of doi, see the section below.Digital object identifier (doi)As part of the APA referencing style you may be asked to include a doi number (digital object identifier). It is a unique and permanent number used to identify electronic and physical documents that persist should a publisher or web address change. The doi begins with a 10 and contains a prefix and a suffix separated by a slash. You can find out if an item has a doi by searching for it in Summon, saving the item to a temporary folder, click on saved items at the bottom of the screen and then select APA. Alternatively, it will be listed on the opening page of the pdf:Item typeExampleChanges from HarvardBooks with 1 – 6 authorsCollier, B. J., Bide, M. J., & Tortora, P. G. (2009). Understanding textiles (7th ed). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall.Use & (not and) before the last authorDate: include a full stop after the bracketsEdition: insert brackets around the edition and include a full stop after the brackets Books with 8+ authorsGilbert, D.G., McClernon, J.F., Rabinovich, N.E., Sugai, C., Plath, L.C., Asgaard, G… Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking…..When a reference has 8 or more authors, include the first 6 authors in your reference list followed by 3 ellipses (…) and then the last authorChapter from an edited bookDunderstadt, J. (2009). Possible futures for the research library in the 21st century. In D. Barnet & F. Heath (Eds.), The research library in the 21st century (pp. 4-12). Abingdon: Routledge. Date: include a full stop after the bracketsNo inverted commas around the chapter titleThe editor/s are followed by (Eds.) with a capital EThe page numbers are put in brackets and are preceded with pp.Electronic book without a DOIWall, W. (2009). Forensic science in court: the role of the expert witness. Retrieved from Date: include a full stop after the bracketsInsert Retrieved from before the URLNo need to put date accessedElectronic book with DOISmith, A. (2008). The wealth of nations. doi: 10.1036/007142363x.Date: include a full stop after the bracketsThis eBook has a doi, so no need to include the URLPrinted journal articleTwigg, J. (2010). How does Vogue negotiate age?: Fashion, the body, and the older woman. Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body and Culture, 14(4), 471-490. Date: include a full stop after the bracketsNo inverted commas around the chapter titleVolume number should be in italicsNo pp. for the page numbersJournal article from a database with DOIHerbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J.A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi: 10.1007/s10755-012-9216-1 Date: include a full stop after the bracketsNo inverted commas around the chapter titleVolume number should be in italicsNo pp. for the page numbersThis eJournal has a doi, so no need to include the URLJournal article from a database without a DOILussier, R.N., & Pfeifer, S. (2010). A crossnational prediction model for business success. Journal of Small Business Management, 39(3), 228-239. Retrieved from ?Use & (not and) before the last authorDate: include a full stop after the bracketsNo inverted commas around the chapter titleVolume number should be in italicsNo pp. for the page numbersInsert Retrieved from before the URL (give the URL of the home page not the full URL)No need to put date accessedOnline newspaper article (freely available on the web)Linden, M. (2011). GM crops could feed the world says top scientist. The Independent. Retrieved from Date: include a full stop after the bracketsNo inverted commas around the chapter titleVolume number should be in italicsNo pp. for the page numbersInsert Retrieved from before the URL (give the URL of the home page not the full URL)No need to insert [online]after titleNo need to put date accessedThesis from the university repositoryChaudary, F. (2013). Hiding and seeking identity: the female figure in the novels of Pakistani female writers in English: a feminist approach (Doctoral thesis). Retrieved from : include a full stop after the bracketsInsert (doctoral thesis). after the thesis title and not [online]No need to write the name of the universityInsert Retrieved from and give the full repository URL Website with authorAtherton, J.S. (2005). Learning and teaching: cognitive theories of learning. Retrieved from Date: include a full stop after the brackets No need to insert [online] after titleInsert Retrieved from before the URLNo need to put date accessedFilmWright, G. (Director). (2007). Macbeth [Motion picture]. London: Revolver Entertainment. List director or producer (or both) in the author position followed by their role in round brackets, e.g. (Director)Insert the format of the film, e.g. DVD; motion picture (cinema film) in square brackets followed by a full stop after the title ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download