Overview of Parasomnias

Overview of the parasomnias TOC \o "1-2" \h \z \u What are parasomnias? PAGEREF _Toc247279293 \h 1What are the social and economic costs of parasomnias? PAGEREF _Toc247279294 \h 2What are REM sleep parasomnias? PAGEREF _Toc247279295 \h 3Nightmare disorder PAGEREF _Toc247279296 \h 3Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis PAGEREF _Toc247279297 \h 5REM sleep behavior disorder PAGEREF _Toc247279298 \h 6What are NREM sleep parasomnias? PAGEREF _Toc247279299 \h 8Confusional arousals PAGEREF _Toc247279300 \h 8Sleepwalking (somnambulism) PAGEREF _Toc247279301 \h 9Sleep terrors PAGEREF _Toc247279302 \h 9What other parasomnias are there? PAGEREF _Toc247279303 \h 10Sleep enuresis PAGEREF _Toc247279304 \h 10Sleep-related bruxism PAGEREF _Toc247279305 \h 11Sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder PAGEREF _Toc247279306 \h 11Somniloquy PAGEREF _Toc247279307 \h 12Sleep-related groaning PAGEREF _Toc247279308 \h 14References PAGEREF _Toc247279309 \h 15What are parasomnias?The American Academy of Sleep Medicine defines parasomnias as “undesirable physical events or experiences that occur during entry into sleep, within sleep or during arousals from sleep”. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16074</RecNum><IDText>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16074</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Task Force Chair,Hauri PJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>ASDA</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keywords>coding</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>erections</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>sinus arrest</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Volume>2nd</Volume><Pub_Place>Chicago</Pub_Place><Publisher>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>1 They are varied in their expression, ranging from simple movements (rocking, grinding, and groaning) to complex, seemingly purposeful behaviors (sleepwalking, REM behavior disorder). Most parasomnias are considered to be normal sleep phenomena and benign, especially when they occur in children. The incidence and prevalence of these undesirable sleep events decreases significantly with the onset of adolescence. In some cases they can lead to injuries, psychological distress and sleep disturbances for both the individual and family members. In legal cases of sleep-related violence (when a diagnosis of parasomnia has been established), parasomnias involve behaviors that are not clearly motivated, are devoid of sound judgment and not under conscious deliberate control. Parasomnias include many conditions with different pathophysiologies and responses to treatment. They are currently classified into primary parasomnias, which are disorders of sleep states per se, and secondary parasomnias, which are disorders of specific organ systems that manifest preferentially during sleep. Primary parasomnias are further classified into 1) disorders associated with NREM [non-REM] sleep (aka disorders of arousal), 2) parasomnias associated with REM sleep and 3) other parasomnias. Each of these divisions is further subdivided into more specific parasomnia types; subdivisions for the primary parasomnias are shown in Table 1.Table 1. Primary parasomnias classified by sleep stageParasomnias associated with NREM sleepParasomnias associated with REM sleepOther parasomniasConfusional arousalsNightmare disorderSleep enuresisSomnambulismRecurrent isolated sleep paralysisSleep-related bruxismSleep terrorsREM sleep behavior disorderRhythmic movement disorderSomniloquyNocturnal groaning What are the social and economic costs of parasomnias?Sleep is central to good health and daily functioning. Yet the full scale of the social and economic costs incurred by sleep disorders is not yet completely clear. For 2004, the direct and indirect cost of sleep disorders as a whole was estimated to be $7.5 billion for the Australian population (20.1 million people). This would translate to about $109 billion for the United States ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hillman</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>20676</RecNum><IDText>The economic cost of sleep disorders</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>20676</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The economic cost of sleep disorders</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hillman,D.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Murphy,A.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pezzullo,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006/3/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>australia</Keywords><Keywords>Cost of Illness</Keywords><Keywords>Direct Service Costs</Keywords><Keywords>economics</Keywords><Keywords>epidemiology</Keywords><Keywords>Health Care Costs</Keywords><Keywords>Health Services</Keywords><Keywords>Health Status</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>utilization</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>299</Start_Page><End_Page>305</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>29</Volume><Address>Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia. hillo@.au</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Hillman_S_299-305_2006_cost-of-sleep-disorders.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>2 and $12.3 billion for Canada. But little is known about the economic impact of specific parasomnias. At least two parasomnias, sleepwalking and RBD, warrant more immediate attention because of the injuries and severe sleep disruption they often inflict on patients and their families.Adult sleepwalking can lead to the destruction of property such as the breaking of walls, doors, windows and plumbing. Behaviors reported for either somnambulism or sleep terrors include running into walls and furniture, jumping out of windows, driving a car, wandering around streets, climbing ladders, sexual activity and manipulating weapons—even loaded shotguns. The fact that somnambulistic episodes can consist of complex and organized behaviors such as suspected suicide, attempted homicide and homicide, raises important medico-forensic questions. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Broughton</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>17556</RecNum><IDText>Homicidal somnambulism: a case report</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17556</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Homicidal somnambulism: a case report</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Broughton,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Billings,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cartwright,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Doucette,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Edmeads,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Edwardh,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ervin,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Orchard,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hill,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Turrell,G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1994/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>assessment</Keywords><Keywords>Assessments</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>case report</Keywords><Keywords>Complex</Keywords><Keywords>Criminal Law</Keywords><Keywords>Data</Keywords><Keywords>defense</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis,differential</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Dissociative</Keywords><Keywords>drug therapy</Keywords><Keywords>electroencephalography</Keywords><Keywords>electromyography</Keywords><Keywords>electrooculography</Keywords><Keywords>eye</Keywords><Keywords>Eye-movement</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement sleep</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>families</Keywords><Keywords>family</Keywords><Keywords>Family history</Keywords><Keywords>Histories</Keywords><Keywords>history</Keywords><Keywords>homicide</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>legal</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>mental disorders</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>Ontario</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>Oxazepam</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>Partial seizures</Keywords><Keywords>Pedigree</Keywords><Keywords>personal</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>drawer D-2 ppsm4med</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>probability</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>psychological tests</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>rapid-eye-movement</Keywords><Keywords>Rapid eye</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement sleep</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>seizure</Keywords><Keywords>seizures</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep 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Medicine</Keywords><Keywords>homicide</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>infant</Keywords><Keywords>legal</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>murder</Keywords><Keywords>night</Keywords><Keywords>Nights</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatrist</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatry</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>recording</Keywords><Keywords>RECORDINGS</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Keywords>Support</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>values</Keywords><Keywords>video</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>191</Start_Page><End_Page>194</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Forensic Sciences</Periodical><Volume>45</Volume><Address>Department of Psychiatry, The Toronto Hospital, Western 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pseudo-suicide</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Goldner,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bachelder,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cramer-Bornemann,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/9</Date_Primary><Keywords>awareness</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behaviors</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>cases</Keywords><Keywords>Complex</Keywords><Keywords>Consequences</Keywords><Keywords>death</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>example</Keywords><Keywords>examples</Keywords><Keywords>families</Keywords><Keywords>family</Keywords><Keywords>family members</Keywords><Keywords>insurance</Keywords><Keywords>literature</Keywords><Keywords>neurology</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>Period</Keywords><Keywords>personal</Keywords><Keywords>drawer D-2 ppsm4med</Keywords><Keywords>review</Keywords><Keywords>series</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>social</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Keywords>suicide</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1158</Start_Page><End_Page>1162</End_Page><Periodical>J Forensic Sci.</Periodical><Volume>48</Volume><Address>Department of Neurology, MN Regional Sleep Disorders Center, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Mahowald_JFS_48_1158-1162_2003.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Forensic 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subject</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Keywords>Populations</Keywords><Keywords>drawer D-2 ppsm4med</Keywords><Keywords>sex</Keywords><Keywords>sex dreams</Keywords><Keywords>sex during sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sex offenses</Keywords><Keywords>sexsomnia</Keywords><Keywords>sexual</Keywords><Keywords>SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR</Keywords><Keywords>sexual behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Sexual Dysfunctions,Psychological</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep medicine</Keywords><Keywords>sleepeating</Keywords><Keywords>Sleeping</Keywords><Keywords>sleepsex</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>use</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>269</Start_Page><End_Page>278</End_Page><Periodical>Archives of Sexual Behavior</Periodical><Volume>27</Volume><Address>Department of Neurology, Sleep Medicine Clinic Laboratory, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Rosenfeld_ASB_27_269_1998_Sleepsex.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Archives of Sexual Behavior</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Schenck</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>10884</RecNum><IDText>A polysomnographically documented case of adult somnambulism with long-distance automobile driving and frequent nocturnal violence: parasomnia with continuing danger as a noninsane automatism?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>10884</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A polysomnographically documented case of adult somnambulism with long-distance automobile driving and frequent nocturnal violence: parasomnia with continuing danger as a noninsane automatism?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatry</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Keywords>automobiles</Keywords><Keywords>driving</Keywords><Keywords>violence</Keywords><Keywords>automatism</Keywords><Keywords>childhood onset</Keywords><Keywords>injuries</Keywords><Keywords>activity</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Keywords>ANS</Keywords><Keywords>distance</Keywords><Keywords>state</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>PSG</Keywords><Keywords>Violent behavior</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>stage</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>treatment</Keywords><Keywords>bedtime</Keywords><Keywords>clonazepam</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>legal</Keywords><Keywords>forensic</Keywords><Keywords>published</Keywords><Keywords>literature</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement sleep</Keywords><Keywords>eye</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>examples</Keywords><Keywords>recurrent</Keywords><Keywords>Beds</Keywords><Keywords>concept</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>765</Start_Page><End_Page>772</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>18</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Shapiro</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>14732</RecNum><IDText>Sexsomnia--a new parasomnia?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14732</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sexsomnia--a new parasomnia?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Shapiro,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Trajanovic,N.N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fedoroff,J.P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/6</Date_Primary><Keywords>activity</Keywords><Keywords>alertness</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>Behaviour</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>description</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>eye</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>Features</Keywords><Keywords>Form</Keywords><Keywords>health</Keywords><Keywords>Issues</Keywords><Keywords>mentation</Keywords><Keywords>method</Keywords><Keywords>motor</Keywords><Keywords>motor activity</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>network</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal orgasm</Keywords><Keywords>Number</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>drawer D-2 ppsm4med</Keywords><Keywords>series</Keywords><Keywords>sex</Keywords><Keywords>sex during sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sexsomnia</Keywords><Keywords>sexual</Keywords><Keywords>significant</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>thought</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>311</Start_Page><End_Page>317</End_Page><Periodical>Can J Psychiatr</Periodical><Volume>48</Volume><Address>Sleep and Alertness Clinic, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario. colin.shapiro@uhn.on.ca</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Shapiro_CJP_48_311-317_2003.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Canadian Journal of Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Can J Psychiatr</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>3-12 The number of legal cases of sleep-related violence is on the rise ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Cartwright</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>21072</RecNum><IDText>Sleep-related violence: does the polysomnogram help establish the diagnosis?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21072</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep-related violence: does the polysomnogram help establish the diagnosis?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cartwright,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000/10/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>American</Keywords><Keywords>Area</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>arousals</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>attention</Keywords><Keywords>being</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>cases</Keywords><Keywords>Chicago</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keywords>Clinician</Keywords><Keywords>clinicians</Keywords><Keywords>coding</Keywords><Keywords>confusional arousal</Keywords><Keywords>congress</Keywords><Keywords>consciousness</Keywords><Keywords>description</Keywords><Keywords>development</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>differential diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>DOES</Keywords><Keywords>HELP</Keywords><Keywords>Impairment</Keywords><Keywords>Individuals</Keywords><Keywords>it</Keywords><Keywords>judgement</Keywords><Keywords>legal</Keywords><Keywords>literature</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>Need</Keywords><Keywords>Number</Keywords><Keywords>OR</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep medicine</Keywords><Keywords>sleep terror</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep terrors</Keywords><Keywords>sleep-related violence</Keywords><Keywords>sleep-walking</Keywords><Keywords>some</Keywords><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>Terrors</Keywords><Keywords>testing</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>violence</Keywords><Keywords>waking</Keywords><Keywords>walking</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>331</Start_Page><End_Page>335</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep Med</Periodical><Volume>1</Volume><Address>Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, IL 60612, Chicago, USA</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Sleep Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>13. RBD can frequently lead to serious injuries ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Schenck</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>18746</RecNum><IDText>Normal and abnormal REM sleep regulation: REM sleep behaviour disorder: an update on a series of 96 patients and a review of the world literature</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18746</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Normal and abnormal REM sleep regulation: REM sleep behaviour disorder: an update on a series of 96 patients and a review of the world literature</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hurwitz,T.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1993</Date_Primary><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>rbd dreams</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>224</Start_Page><End_Page>231</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Olson</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>13507</RecNum><IDText>Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>13507</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Olson,E.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boeve,B.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Silber,M.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>Behaviour</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>cases</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>eye</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>laboratories</Keywords><Keywords>laboratory</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>rapid-eye-movement</Keywords><Keywords>Rapid eye</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement sleep</Keywords><Keywords>rbd dreams</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>331</Start_Page><End_Page>339</End_Page><Periodical>Brain</Periodical><Volume>123</Volume><Address>Silber MH Mayo Clin, Dept Neurol 200 1st St SW Rochester, MN 55905 USA Mayo Clin, Dept Neurol Rochester, MN 55905 USA Mayo Clin, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med Rochester, MN 55905 USA Mayo Clin, Sleep Disorders Ctr Rochester, MN 55905 USA 53</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Olson_B_123_331-339_2000.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Brain</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>14,15 and are a main reason for clinical consultation. RBD episodes may also cause severe sleep disruption for the bed partner and major marital discord, mood changes, even suicide attempts. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Yeh</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>15643</RecNum><IDText>A case of marital discord and secondary depression with attempted suicide resulting from REM sleep behavior disorder in a 35-year-old woman</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15643</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A case of marital discord and secondary depression with attempted suicide resulting from REM sleep behavior disorder in a 35-year-old woman</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Yeh,S.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>arm</Keywords><Keywords>attempted suicide</Keywords><Keywords>bedtime</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>childhood onset</Keywords><Keywords>clonazepam</Keywords><Keywords>depression</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>evaluation</Keywords><Keywords>Histories</Keywords><Keywords>history</Keywords><Keywords>marriage</Keywords><Keywords>Monitoring</Keywords><Keywords>neurology</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Rem sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>suicide</Keywords><Keywords>treatment</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>151</Start_Page><End_Page>154</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep Med</Periodical><Volume>5</Volume><Address>Department of Neurology (and Sleep Center), St Martin de Porres Hospital, Chai-Yi, Taiwan, ROC</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Yeh_SM_5_151-154_2004.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Sleep Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>16 Beyond these consequences, RBD may be a prodrome for neurodegenerative diseases, especially Parkinson and Lewy body diseases. In fact, 45% of patients with RBD develop either Parkinson disease, Lewy body disease or multisystemic atrophy after a follow-up of only 5 years. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Iranzo</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>18679</RecNum><IDText>Rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder as an early marker for a neurodegenerative disorder: a descriptive study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18679</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder as an early marker for a neurodegenerative disorder: a descriptive study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Iranzo,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Molinuevo,J.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Santamaria,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Serradell,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Marti,M.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Valldeoriola,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tolosa,E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>Aged</Keywords><Keywords>comparative study</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis,differential</Keywords><Keywords>Disease Progression</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>follow-up studies</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>middle aged</Keywords><Keywords>Neurodegenerative Diseases</Keywords><Keywords>neurologic examination</Keywords><Keywords>Neuropsychological tests</Keywords><Keywords>physiopathology</Keywords><Keywords>Rem sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Retrospective Studies</Keywords><Keywords>Severity of Illness Index</Keywords><Keywords>statistics</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>572</Start_Page><End_Page>577</End_Page><Periodical>Lancet Neurology</Periodical><Volume>5</Volume><Address>Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona and Institut D'Investigacio Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain. airanzo@clinic.ub.es</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Iranzo_LN_5_572-577_2006_RBD.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Lancet Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>17 A longer follow-up (11 years) reveals that 65% of RBD patients develop a neurodegenerative disorder leading mainly to dementia. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Schenck</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>21074</RecNum><IDText>REM behavior disorder (RBD): delayed emergence of parkinsonism and/or dementia in 65% of older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic RBD, and an analysis of the minimum & maximum tonic and/or phasic electromyographic abnormalities found during REM sleep</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Abstract"><Ref_Type>Abstract</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21074</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>REM behavior disorder (RBD): delayed emergence of parkinsonism and/or dementia in 65% of older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic RBD, and an analysis of the minimum & maximum tonic and/or phasic electromyographic abnormalities found during REM sleep</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bundlie,S.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>emergence</Keywords><Keywords>dementia</Keywords><Keywords>men</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>tonic</Keywords><Keywords>phasic</Keywords><Keywords>abnormalities</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>A316</Start_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>26</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>4</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>18What are REM sleep parasomnias? Nightmare disorderClinical features Nightmare disorder is the persistence of disturbing dreams that arise primarily from REM sleep (more rarely from stage 2 sleep) and that usually end up awakening the sleeper. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16074</RecNum><IDText>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16074</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Task Force Chair,Hauri PJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>ASDA</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keywords>coding</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>erections</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>sinus arrest</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Volume>2nd</Volume><Pub_Place>Chicago</Pub_Place><Publisher>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>1 Autonomic activation is usually much less than in sleep terrors. There may be dream-enacting behaviors at the end of some nightmares, especially if you are enduring a situation of intense emotional stress and/or sleep disruption, e.g., the postpartum state. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>15510</RecNum><IDText>Dream-associated behaviors affecting pregnant and postpartum women</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15510</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dream-associated behaviors affecting pregnant and postpartum women</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paquette,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>activity</Keywords><Keywords>BIB</Keywords><Keywords>Complex</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>motor</Keywords><Keywords>motor activity</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>postpartum</Keywords><Keywords>tnpaper</Keywords><Keywords>women</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1162</Start_Page><End_Page>1169</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>30</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Nielsen reprints\Nielsen_Paquette Reprint_S_30_1162-1169_2007_BIB1.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>19 Awakenings from nightmares are usually abrupt and a detailed disturbing dream is easily recalled. Idiopathic nightmares have no apparent cause and are distinguished from post-traumatic nightmares, which are due to trauma.Incidence and prevalenceThe prevalence of nightmare symptoms is estimated together with their frequency. Nightmares occur occasionally in over 85% of the general population, at least once a month in 8-29% and at least once a week in 2-6%. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Belicki</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>10924</RecNum><IDText>Nightmares in a university population</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>10924</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nightmares in a university population</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Belicki,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Belicki,K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1982</Date_Primary><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>116</Start_Page><End_Page>116</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>11</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Bixler</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>2427</RecNum><IDText>Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2427</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bixler,E.O.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kales,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Soldatos,C.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kales,J.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Healy,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979</Date_Primary><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>hypersomnia</Keywords><Keywords>incidence PC</Keywords><Keywords>insomnia</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>notes</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1257</Start_Page><End_Page>1262</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Psychiatr</Periodical><Volume>136</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Psychiatr</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Am.J.Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Haynes</Author><Year>1975</Year><RecNum>2447</RecNum><IDText>Nightmares: etiological, theoretical, and behavioral treatment considerations</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2447</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nightmares: etiological, theoretical, and behavioral treatment considerations</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Haynes,S.N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mooney,D.K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1975</Date_Primary><Keywords>incidence PC</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare treatment</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>behavioral treatment</Keywords><Keywords>sleep patterns</Keywords><Keywords>implosive therapy</Keywords><Keywords>insomnia</Keywords><Keywords>notes</Keywords><Keywords>laberge paper</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>225</Start_Page><End_Page>236</End_Page><Periodical>Psychol Rec</Periodical><Volume>25</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Haynes_PR_25_225-236_1975_Nightmares.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">The Psychological Record</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Psychol Rec</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Ohayon</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>10583</RecNum><IDText>Prevalence of nightmares and their relationship to psychopathology and daytime functioning in insomnia subjects</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>10583</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Prevalence of nightmares and their relationship to psychopathology and daytime functioning in insomnia subjects</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ohayon,M.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Morselli,P.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Guilleminault,C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>ANS</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety disorders</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>attention</Keywords><Keywords>awakening</Keywords><Keywords>being</Keywords><Keywords>calculation</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>conditioning</Keywords><Keywords>definition</Keywords><Keywords>depressive disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>drug</Keywords><Keywords>DSM-IV</Keywords><Keywords>effects</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>feeling</Keywords><Keywords>France</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>group</Keywords><Keywords>groups</Keywords><Keywords>habits</Keywords><Keywords>history</Keywords><Keywords>Impairment</Keywords><Keywords>independent variables</Keywords><Keywords>Information</Keywords><Keywords>insomnia</Keywords><Keywords>insomniac</Keywords><Keywords>interviews</Keywords><Keywords>latency</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>memory</Keywords><Keywords>men</Keywords><Keywords>method</Keywords><Keywords>negative</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>onset</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric disorders</Keywords><Keywords>psychopathology</Keywords><Keywords>Quebec</Keywords><Keywords>Rates</Keywords><Keywords>reasoning</Keywords><Keywords>regression</Keywords><Keywords>regression analysis</Keywords><Keywords>relationship</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>significant</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep complaint</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep onset</Keywords><Keywords>Sleeping</Keywords><Keywords>suffering</Keywords><Keywords>System</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>Traits</Keywords><Keywords>women</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>340</Start_Page><End_Page>348</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>20</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Ohayon_S_20_340-348_1997.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>20-23 A frequency of one nightmare per week likely reflects clinical pathology. Nightmares are less frequent among preschoolers (1.5-3.9% parents report their children have them often or always) than previously thought but may appear as early as 29 months and remain highly stable until age 6 yrs. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Simard</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>15494</RecNum><IDText>Longitudinal study of bad dreams in preschool children: prevalence, demographic correlates, risk and protective factors</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15494</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Longitudinal study of bad dreams in preschool children: prevalence, demographic correlates, risk and protective factors</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Simard,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boivin,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.Y.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2008</Date_Primary><Keywords>bad dreams</Keywords><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parental behaviors</Keywords><Keywords>Preschoolers</Keywords><Keywords>protective factors</Keywords><Keywords>Risk factors</Keywords><Keywords>tninpress</Keywords><Keywords>tnpaper</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>62</Start_Page><End_Page>70</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>31</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Nielsen reprints\Nielsen_Simard_S_31_62-70_2008_preschool BD.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>24 An internet survey of 24,102 respondents ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>17135</RecNum><IDText>Nightmare frequency by age, gender and 9/11: findings from an internet questionnaire</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17135</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nightmare frequency by age, gender and 9/11: findings from an internet questionnaire</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Levin,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>APSS</Keywords><Keywords>Colorado</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>gender</Keywords><Keywords>Internet</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare frequency</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>tnabstract</Keywords><Keywords>tnpresentation</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>A52</Start_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>28 (Abstract Supplement)</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Abstracts & other\TN 911 APSS 2005 abstract 3.doc</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>25 found the number of nightmares recalled per month peaks between ages 20-29 and then declines steadily. A second internet survey of 3978 respondents found that the distress caused by nightmares increased abruptly at an earlier age for women than for men. A gender difference favoring girls appears in adolescence ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>13049</RecNum><IDText>Development of disturbing dreams during adolescence and their relationship to anxiety symptoms</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>13049</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Development of disturbing dreams during adolescence and their relationship to anxiety symptoms</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Laberge,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vitaro,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>adolescence</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>bad dreams</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>cases</Keywords><Keywords>development</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dream recall</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>longitudinal</Keywords><Keywords>longitudinal studies</Keywords><Keywords>longitudinal study</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>recall</Keywords><Keywords>relationship</Keywords><Keywords>review</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>tnabstract</Keywords><Keywords>tnarticle</Keywords><Keywords>tnreprint</Keywords><Keywords>typical</Keywords><Keywords>typical dreams</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>727</Start_Page><End_Page>736</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>23</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Nielsen reprints\Nielsen Reprint_S_23_727-736_2000_NM ado.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Schredl</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>12545</RecNum><IDText>Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in Angsttraumen von Schulerinnen und Schulern [Gender differences in anxiety dreams of school-aged children]</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12545</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede in Angsttraumen von Schulerinnen und Schulern [Gender differences in anxiety dreams of school-aged children]</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schredl,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pallmer,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>anxiety dreams</Keywords><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>463</Start_Page><End_Page>476</End_Page><Periodical>Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie</Periodical><Volume>47</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>26,27 and continues throughout the lifespan, as shown in Figure1. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>17135</RecNum><IDText>Nightmare frequency by age, gender and 9/11: findings from an internet questionnaire</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17135</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nightmare frequency by age, gender and 9/11: findings from an internet questionnaire</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Levin,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>APSS</Keywords><Keywords>Colorado</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>gender</Keywords><Keywords>Internet</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare frequency</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>tnabstract</Keywords><Keywords>tnpresentation</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>A52</Start_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>28 (Abstract Supplement)</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Abstracts & other\TN 911 APSS 2005 abstract 3.doc</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>25Figure 1. Retrospective estimates of monthly nightmare frequency by 5-year age strata in an internet sample of 24,000 respondents. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>17135</RecNum><IDText>Nightmare frequency by age, gender and 9/11: findings from an internet questionnaire</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17135</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nightmare frequency by age, gender and 9/11: findings from an internet questionnaire</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Levin,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>APSS</Keywords><Keywords>Colorado</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>gender</Keywords><Keywords>Internet</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare frequency</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>tnabstract</Keywords><Keywords>tnpresentation</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>A52</Start_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>28 (Abstract Supplement)</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Abstracts & other\TN 911 APSS 2005 abstract 3.doc</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>25 *=significant difference between female and male subjects at that stratum, p<.0500Polysomnographic characteristics Nightmares are often associated with autonomic fluctuations (increased heart and respiratory variability) during REM sleep. But these fluctuations are often less than might be expected from hearing the content of the nightmare. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Fisher</Author><Year>1970</Year><RecNum>3135</RecNum><IDText>A psychophysiological study of nightmares</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>3135</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A psychophysiological study of nightmares</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fisher,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Byrne,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Edwards,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kahn,E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1970</Date_Primary><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>aggression</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>drive</Keywords><Keywords>electroencephalography</Keywords><Keywords>electrooculography</Keywords><Keywords>eye movements</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>fitness</Keywords><Keywords>heart rate</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>punishment</Keywords><Keywords>respiration</Keywords><Keywords>sleep stages</Keywords><Keywords>sleep,rem</Keywords><Keywords>stress disorders,post-traumatic</Keywords><Keywords>tn-eeg</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>wakefulness</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>747</Start_Page><End_Page>782</End_Page><Periodical>J Am Psychoanal Assoc</Periodical><Volume>18</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Am Psychoanal Assoc</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>28 In contrast, post-traumatic nightmares are accompanied by heightened reactivity in the form of more frequent awakenings, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Germain</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>13776</RecNum><IDText>Sleep pathophysiology in PTSD and idiopathic nightmare sufferers</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>13776</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep pathophysiology in PTSD and idiopathic nightmare sufferers</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Germain,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dream theme</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare sufferers</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>tnarticle</Keywords><Keywords>tnreprint</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1092</Start_Page><End_Page>1098</End_Page><Periodical>Biol Psychiatry</Periodical><Volume>54</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Nielsen reprints\Nielsen_Germain Reprint_BP_54_1092-1098_2003_NM sleep pathophysiology.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Biological Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Biol Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Biol.Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>29 longer time awake after sleep onset, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Germain</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>13776</RecNum><IDText>Sleep pathophysiology in PTSD and idiopathic nightmare sufferers</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>13776</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep pathophysiology in PTSD and idiopathic nightmare sufferers</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Germain,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dream theme</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare sufferers</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>tnarticle</Keywords><Keywords>tnreprint</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1092</Start_Page><End_Page>1098</End_Page><Periodical>Biol Psychiatry</Periodical><Volume>54</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Nielsen reprints\Nielsen_Germain Reprint_BP_54_1092-1098_2003_NM sleep pathophysiology.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Biological Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Biol Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Biol.Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Woodward</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>13899</RecNum><IDText>Laboratory sleep correlates of nightmare complaint in PTSD inpatients</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>13899</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Laboratory sleep correlates of nightmare complaint in PTSD inpatients</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Woodward,S.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Arsenault,N.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Murray,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bliwise,D.L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000/12/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>architecture</Keywords><Keywords>assessment</Keywords><Keywords>Care</Keywords><Keywords>cihr2001</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>combat</Keywords><Keywords>Combat veterans</Keywords><Keywords>Complaints</Keywords><Keywords>Correlate</Keywords><Keywords>correlates</Keywords><Keywords>Data</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>dreaming</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>education</Keywords><Keywords>eye</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>health</Keywords><Keywords>health care</Keywords><Keywords>laboratories</Keywords><Keywords>laboratory</Keywords><Keywords>method</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>normal</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>Rapid eye</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement sleep</Keywords><Keywords>relationship</Keywords><Keywords>Sample</Keywords><Keywords>Samples</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>Stress-disorder</Keywords><Keywords>stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>System</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>tonic</Keywords><Keywords>treatment</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>veterans</Keywords><Keywords>vietnam</Keywords><Keywords>Vietnam combat veterans</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1081</Start_Page><End_Page>1087</End_Page><Periodical>Biol Psychiatry</Periodical><Volume>48</Volume><Address>National Center for PTSD, Clinical Laboratory and Education Division, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Woodward_BP_48_1081-1087_2000.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Biological Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Biol Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Biol.Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>29,30 increased motor and rapid eye movement activity during REM sleep, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Harvey</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>15824</RecNum><IDText>Sleep and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15824</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep and posttraumatic stress disorder: a review</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Harvey,A.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jones,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schmidt,D.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003/5</Date_Primary><Keywords>abnormalities</Keywords><Keywords>Acute stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Area</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>asd</Keywords><Keywords>body</Keywords><Keywords>body movement</Keywords><Keywords>cognitive therapy</Keywords><Keywords>Complex</Keywords><Keywords>content</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>disturbance</Keywords><Keywords>epidemiology</Keywords><Keywords>etiology</Keywords><Keywords>experimental psychology</Keywords><Keywords>eye</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>future</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>human sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Individuals</Keywords><Keywords>literature</Keywords><Keywords>methodology</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>middle aged</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>normal</Keywords><Keywords>paper</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>psychophysiology</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>Rapid eye</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>relationship</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>research</Keywords><Keywords>review</Keywords><Keywords>role</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disturbance</Keywords><Keywords>sleep,rem</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>theories</Keywords><Keywords>theory</Keywords><Keywords>therapy</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>treatment</Keywords><Keywords>treatment of PTSD</Keywords><Keywords>UK</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>veterans</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>377</Start_Page><End_Page>407</End_Page><Periodical>Clin Psychol Rev</Periodical><Volume>23</Volume><Issue>3</Issue><Address>Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, OX1 3UD, UK. allison.harvey@psy.ox.ac.uk</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Harvey_CPR_23_377-407_2003.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Clinical Psychology Review</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Clin Psychol Rev</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Clin.Psychol.Rev.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Orr</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>14203</RecNum><IDText>Psychophysiological assessment: clinical applications for PTSD</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14203</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Psychophysiological assessment: clinical applications for PTSD</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Orr,S.P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Roth,W.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000/12</Date_Primary><Keywords>Affairs</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>Anxiety disorder</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety disorders</Keywords><Keywords>application</Keywords><Keywords>applications</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>assessment</Keywords><Keywords>brain</Keywords><Keywords>Brain potentials</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>clinical application</Keywords><Keywords>cognitive</Keywords><Keywords>Cognitive processing</Keywords><Keywords>combat disorders</Keywords><Keywords>concern</Keywords><Keywords>conditioning</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>cues</Keywords><Keywords>description</Keywords><Keywords>development</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis of PTSD</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>eng</Keywords><Keywords>experience</Keywords><Keywords>Features</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>Information</Keywords><Keywords>insight</Keywords><Keywords>journal</Keywords><Keywords>judgement</Keywords><Keywords>measure</Keywords><Keywords>measurement</Keywords><Keywords>neglect</Keywords><Keywords>Netherlands</Keywords><Keywords>paper</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>persistence</Keywords><Keywords>persistence of PTSD</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>physiopathology</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Potentials</Keywords><Keywords>practice</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>Psychophysiological assessment</Keywords><Keywords>psychophysiology</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>PTSD patients</Keywords><Keywords>reactivity</Keywords><Keywords>reliability</Keywords><Keywords>research</Keywords><Keywords>response</Keywords><Keywords>review</Keywords><Keywords>startle</Keywords><Keywords>Startle response</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>Stress-disorder</Keywords><Keywords>stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>stress disorders,post-traumatic</Keywords><Keywords>success</Keywords><Keywords>test</Keywords><Keywords>tests</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>treatment</Keywords><Keywords>tutorial</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>use</Keywords><Keywords>validity</Keywords><Keywords>veterans</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>225</Start_Page><End_Page>240</End_Page><Periodical>J Affect Disord</Periodical><Volume>61</Volume><Address>Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Veterans Affairs Research Service, 228 Maple St., Second Floor, Manchester, NH 03103, USA. scott_orr@hms.harvard.edu</Address><Web_URL>PM:11163424</Web_URL><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Orr_JAD_61_225-40.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Affective Disorders</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Affect Disord</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Pitman</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>13203</RecNum><IDText>Psychophysiological alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>13203</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Psychophysiological alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pitman,R.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Orr,S.P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Shalev,A.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Metzger,L.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mellman,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>alteration</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>Post-traumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>post traumatic stress</Keywords><Keywords>Post traumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>psychophysiology</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>234</Start_Page><End_Page>241</End_Page><Periodical>Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry</Periodical><Volume>4</Volume><Web_URL> name="System">Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>31-33 and higher REM and NREM sleep respiration rates. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Woodward</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>15065</RecNum><IDText>Sleep respiratory concomitants of comorbid panic and nightmare complaint in post-traumatic stress disorder</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15065</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep respiratory concomitants of comorbid panic and nightmare complaint in post-traumatic stress disorder</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Woodward,S.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Leskin,G.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sheikh,J.I.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>California</Keywords><Keywords>Care</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>depression</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disturbance</Keywords><Keywords>education</Keywords><Keywords>fear</Keywords><Keywords>health</Keywords><Keywords>health care</Keywords><Keywords>hr</Keywords><Keywords>laboratories</Keywords><Keywords>laboratory</Keywords><Keywords>light</Keywords><Keywords>measure</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>night</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>Nights</Keywords><Keywords>non-rapid-eye-movement</Keywords><Keywords>normal</Keywords><Keywords>NREM</Keywords><Keywords>nrem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>panic</Keywords><Keywords>panic disorder</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>Pattern</Keywords><Keywords>Post-traumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Post traumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>rapid-eye-movement</Keywords><Keywords>Rapid eye</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>Rates</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>respiration</Keywords><Keywords>reversal</Keywords><Keywords>Severity</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Suppression</Keywords><Keywords>symptom</Keywords><Keywords>symptoms</Keywords><Keywords>System</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>variability</Keywords><Keywords>veterans</Keywords><Keywords>vietnam</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>198</Start_Page><End_Page>204</End_Page><Periodical>Depress Anxiety</Periodical><Volume>18</Volume><Address>National Center for PTSD, Clinical Laboratory and Education Division, Veterans' Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\woodward_DA_18_198-204_2003.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Depression and Anxiety</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Depress Anxiety</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>34 Both idiopathic and post-traumatic nightmare patients have elevated levels of periodic leg movements (PLMs) in REM and NREM sleep. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Germain</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>13776</RecNum><IDText>Sleep pathophysiology in PTSD and idiopathic nightmare sufferers</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>13776</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep pathophysiology in PTSD and idiopathic nightmare sufferers</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Germain,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dream theme</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare sufferers</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>tnarticle</Keywords><Keywords>tnreprint</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1092</Start_Page><End_Page>1098</End_Page><Periodical>Biol Psychiatry</Periodical><Volume>54</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Nielsen reprints\Nielsen_Germain Reprint_BP_54_1092-1098_2003_NM sleep pathophysiology.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Biological Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Biol Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Biol.Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>29 Associated factors A genetic contribution to nightmares has been found to be 44% for men and 45% for women in the case of childhood nightmares. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hublin</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>12771</RecNum><IDText>Nightmares: Familial aggregation and association with psychiatric disorders in a nationwide twin cohort</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12771</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nightmares: Familial aggregation and association with psychiatric disorders in a nationwide twin cohort</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hublin,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kaprio,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Partinen,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Koskenvuo,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999/8/20</Date_Primary><Keywords>alcohol</Keywords><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>children's nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>frequent nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare frequency</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>Psychiatric disorder</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric disorders</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatry</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>structural equation modeling</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>329</Start_Page><End_Page>336</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Med Genet</Periodical><Volume>88</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>0148-7299</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Hublin C Haaga Neurol Res Ctr Makipellontie 15 FIN-00320 Helsinki Finland Haaga Neurol Res Ctr FIN-00320 Helsinki Finland Univ Helsinki, Dept Publ Hlth, Finnish Twin Cohort FIN-00014 Helsinki Finland Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Mental Hlth & Alcohol Res Helsinki Finland Univ Turku, Dept Publ Hlth SF-20500 Turku Finland Univ Helsinki, Cent Hosp, Dept Clin Neurosci Helsinki Finland 2</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Hublin_AJMG_88_329-336_1999.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Medical Genetics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Med Genet</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>35 Bad dreams among 29-month-old preschoolers are predicted by mother ratings of difficult temperament as early as 5 months of age and by mother and father ratings of child anxiety as early as 17 months. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Simard</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>15494</RecNum><IDText>Longitudinal study of bad dreams in preschool children: prevalence, demographic correlates, risk and protective factors</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15494</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Longitudinal study of bad dreams in preschool children: prevalence, demographic correlates, risk and protective factors</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Simard,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boivin,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.Y.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2008</Date_Primary><Keywords>bad dreams</Keywords><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parental behaviors</Keywords><Keywords>Preschoolers</Keywords><Keywords>protective factors</Keywords><Keywords>Risk factors</Keywords><Keywords>tninpress</Keywords><Keywords>tnpaper</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>62</Start_Page><End_Page>70</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>31</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Nielsen reprints\Nielsen_Simard_S_31_62-70_2008_preschool BD.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>24 Among adults, nightmares are also associated with psychopathological traits ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Kales</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>2615</RecNum><IDText>Nightmares: clinical characteristics and personality patterns</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2615</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nightmares: clinical characteristics and personality patterns</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kales,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Soldatos,C.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Caldwell,A.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Charney,D.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kales,J.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Markel,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cadieux,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1980</Date_Primary><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>emotion</Keywords><Keywords>etiology</Keywords><Keywords>insomnia</Keywords><Keywords>mmpi</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>personality</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>schizoid</Keywords><Keywords>scl-90</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>trauma</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1197</Start_Page><End_Page>1201</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Psychiatr</Periodical><Volume>137</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>Z:\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Kales_AJP_137_1197-1201_1980_NM personality theory.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Psychiatr</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Am.J.Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Zadra</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>13447</RecNum><IDText>Nightmares and bad dreams: their prevalence and relationship to well-being</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>13447</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nightmares and bad dreams: their prevalence and relationship to well-being</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zadra,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Donderi,D.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>bad dreams</Keywords><Keywords>Behavioral</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>expression</Keywords><Keywords>first</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>imagery</Keywords><Keywords>logs</Keywords><Keywords>measure</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare frequency</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>personality</Keywords><Keywords>phenomenon</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>prospective questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>psychopathology</Keywords><Keywords>relationship</Keywords><Keywords>sciences</Keywords><Keywords>significant</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disturbances</Keywords><Keywords>Sufferer</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>well-being</Keywords><Keywords>Well Being</Keywords><Keywords>wellbeing</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>273</Start_Page><End_Page>281</End_Page><Periodical>J Abn Psychol</Periodical><Volume>109</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>0021-843X</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Zadra A Univ Montreal, Dept Psychol CP 6128,Succ Ctr Ville Montreal PQ H3C 3J7 Canada Univ Montreal, Dept Psychol Montreal PQ H3C 3J7 Canada McGill Univ, Dept Psychol Montreal PQ Canada</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Zadra_JAP_109_273-281_2000_NM BD well being.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Abnormal Psychology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Abn Psychol</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Abn.Psychol.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>36,37 and personality variables such as:physical and emotional reactivity ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Kales</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>2615</RecNum><IDText>Nightmares: clinical characteristics and personality patterns</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2615</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nightmares: clinical characteristics and personality patterns</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kales,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Soldatos,C.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Caldwell,A.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Charney,D.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kales,J.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Markel,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cadieux,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1980</Date_Primary><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>emotion</Keywords><Keywords>etiology</Keywords><Keywords>insomnia</Keywords><Keywords>mmpi</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>personality</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>schizoid</Keywords><Keywords>scl-90</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>trauma</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1197</Start_Page><End_Page>1201</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Psychiatr</Periodical><Volume>137</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>Z:\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Kales_AJP_137_1197-1201_1980_NM personality theory.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Psychiatr</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Am.J.Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Kramer</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>1798</RecNum><IDText>Psychological and behavioral features of disturbed dreamers</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1798</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Psychological and behavioral features of disturbed dreamers</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kramer,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schoen,L.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kinney,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1984</Date_Primary><Keywords>adulthood</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>awareness</Keywords><Keywords>content</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>cornell</Keywords><Keywords>diary</Keywords><Keywords>disturbance</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dream content</Keywords><Keywords>dream experiences</Keywords><Keywords>dream recall</Keywords><Keywords>dreaming</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>emotional responses</Keywords><Keywords>events</Keywords><Keywords>experience</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>interview</Keywords><Keywords>interviews</Keywords><Keywords>mmpi</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>psychodynamics</Keywords><Keywords>psychological & behavioral characteristics</Keywords><Keywords>psychopathology</Keywords><Keywords>psyclit</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>recall</Keywords><Keywords>response</Keywords><Keywords>right</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sss</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>tension</Keywords><Keywords>tnnotes</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>trait</Keywords><Keywords>transfer</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>102</Start_Page><End_Page>106</End_Page><Periodical>Psychiatr J U Ottawa</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Psychiatr J U Ottawa</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Psychiatr.J.U.Ottawa</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>36,38 fantasy proneness ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Starker</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>825</RecNum><IDText>Daydreams, nightmares, and insomnia: The relation of waking fantasy to sleep disturbances</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>825</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Daydreams, nightmares, and insomnia: The relation of waking fantasy to sleep disturbances</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Starker,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1984</Date_Primary><Keywords>incidence PC</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>insomnia</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>dream recall</Keywords><Keywords>sex differences</Keywords><Keywords>insomnia & nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>notes</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>237</Start_Page><End_Page>248</End_Page><Periodical>Imagination, Cognition and Personality</Periodical><Volume>4</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Imagination, Cognition and Personality</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>39 thin boundaries. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Cowen</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>10139</RecNum><IDText>The use of the Hartmann boundary questionnaire with an adolescent population</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>10139</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The use of the Hartmann boundary questionnaire with an adolescent population</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cowen,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Levin,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>current contents</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>use</Keywords><Keywords>boundary</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>ANS</Keywords><Keywords>adolescent</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>structure</Keywords><Keywords>boundaries</Keywords><Keywords>adults</Keywords><Keywords>scale</Keywords><Keywords>validity</Keywords><Keywords>adolescents</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>dream recall</Keywords><Keywords>recall</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare frequency</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>disturbance</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>group</Keywords><Keywords>personality</Keywords><Keywords>personality measures</Keywords><Keywords>new york</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>105</Start_Page><End_Page>114</End_Page><Periodical>Dreaming</Periodical><Volume>5</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Dreaming</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Hartmann</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>10934</RecNum><IDText>Personality and dreaming: the dreams of people with very thick or very thin boundaries.</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>10934</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Personality and dreaming: the dreams of people with very thick or very thin boundaries.</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hartmann,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Elkin,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Garg,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1991</Date_Primary><Keywords>personality</Keywords><Keywords>dreaming</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>boundaries</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>311</Start_Page><End_Page>324</End_Page><Periodical>Dreaming</Periodical><Volume>1</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Dreaming</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Schredl</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>16245</RecNum><IDText>Dream content and personality: thick vs. thin boundaries</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16245</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dream content and personality: thick vs. thin boundaries</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schredl,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schafer,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hofmann,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jacob,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dream content</Keywords><Keywords>content</Keywords><Keywords>personality</Keywords><Keywords>Thick</Keywords><Keywords>boundaries</Keywords><Keywords>boundary</Keywords><Keywords>diary</Keywords><Keywords>diaries</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>gender</Keywords><Keywords>relationship</Keywords><Keywords>concept</Keywords><Keywords>dreaming</Keywords><Keywords>Sample</Keywords><Keywords>Young</Keywords><Keywords>young adults</Keywords><Keywords>Young-adults</Keywords><Keywords>adults</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>person</Keywords><Keywords>recall</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>negative</Keywords><Keywords>creative</Keywords><Keywords>verbal</Keywords><Keywords>interaction</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>257</Start_Page><End_Page>263</End_Page><Periodical>Dreaming</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Schredl_D_9_257-263_1999.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Dreaming</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Pietrowsky</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>16244</RecNum><IDText>Personal boundaries and nightmare consequences</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16244</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Personal boundaries and nightmare consequences</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pietrowsky,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Köthe,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>personal</Keywords><Keywords>boundaries</Keywords><Keywords>boundary</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>Consequences</Keywords><Keywords>concept</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>relationship</Keywords><Keywords>cognitive</Keywords><Keywords>Behavioral</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare sufferers</Keywords><Keywords>Sufferers</Keywords><Keywords>Sufferer</Keywords><Keywords>Period</Keywords><Keywords>diaries</Keywords><Keywords>diary</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaires</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare frequency</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>SCORE</Keywords><Keywords>Boundary questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>Scales</Keywords><Keywords>scale</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>245</Start_Page><End_Page>254</End_Page><Periodical>Dreaming</Periodical><Volume>13</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Pietrowsky_D_13_245-254_2003.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Dreaming</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>40-43 Nightmares are more frequent and prevalent in psychiatric populations ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Ohayon</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>10583</RecNum><IDText>Prevalence of nightmares and their relationship to psychopathology and daytime functioning in insomnia subjects</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>10583</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Prevalence of nightmares and their relationship to psychopathology and daytime functioning in insomnia subjects</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ohayon,M.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Morselli,P.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Guilleminault,C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>ANS</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety disorders</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>attention</Keywords><Keywords>awakening</Keywords><Keywords>being</Keywords><Keywords>calculation</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>conditioning</Keywords><Keywords>definition</Keywords><Keywords>depressive disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>drug</Keywords><Keywords>DSM-IV</Keywords><Keywords>effects</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>feeling</Keywords><Keywords>France</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>group</Keywords><Keywords>groups</Keywords><Keywords>habits</Keywords><Keywords>history</Keywords><Keywords>Impairment</Keywords><Keywords>independent variables</Keywords><Keywords>Information</Keywords><Keywords>insomnia</Keywords><Keywords>insomniac</Keywords><Keywords>interviews</Keywords><Keywords>latency</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>memory</Keywords><Keywords>men</Keywords><Keywords>method</Keywords><Keywords>negative</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>onset</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric disorders</Keywords><Keywords>psychopathology</Keywords><Keywords>Quebec</Keywords><Keywords>Rates</Keywords><Keywords>reasoning</Keywords><Keywords>regression</Keywords><Keywords>regression analysis</Keywords><Keywords>relationship</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>significant</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep complaint</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep onset</Keywords><Keywords>Sleeping</Keywords><Keywords>suffering</Keywords><Keywords>System</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>Traits</Keywords><Keywords>women</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>340</Start_Page><End_Page>348</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>20</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Ohayon_S_20_340-348_1997.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Tanskanen</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>14878</RecNum><IDText>Nightmares as predictors of suicide</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14878</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nightmares as predictors of suicide</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tanskanen,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tuomilehto,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Viinamaki,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vartiainen,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lehtonen,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Puska,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>1995</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Cross-Sectional Studies</Keywords><Keywords>death</Keywords><Keywords>design</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>Finland</Keywords><Keywords>first</Keywords><Keywords>Follow-up</Keywords><Keywords>follow-up studies</Keywords><Keywords>follow-up study</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>frequent nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>general population</Keywords><Keywords>health</Keywords><Keywords>Health Behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Histories</Keywords><Keywords>history</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>identification</Keywords><Keywords>Information</Keywords><Keywords>injuries</Keywords><Keywords>injury</Keywords><Keywords>Intervention</Keywords><Keywords>Interventions</Keywords><Keywords>local</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>measurement</Keywords><Keywords>men</Keywords><Keywords>middle age</Keywords><Keywords>model</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>personal</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Keywords>pp1 chapter</Keywords><Keywords>Predictive Value of Tests</Keywords><Keywords>predictor</Keywords><Keywords>Predictors</Keywords><Keywords>Prospective</Keywords><Keywords>prospective studies</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatry</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>Psychosocial</Keywords><Keywords>psychosocial factors</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaires</Keywords><Keywords>regression</Keywords><Keywords>relationship</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>Risk factors</Keywords><Keywords>risk of suicide</Keywords><Keywords>setting</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Socioeconomic Factors</Keywords><Keywords>suicide</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>women</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>845</Start_Page><End_Page>848</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>24</Volume><Address>Department of Psychiatry, University of Kuopio and Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. antti@tanskanen@kuh.fi</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Tanskanen_S_24_845-848_2001.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>23,44 and are associated with pathological symptoms such as anxiety, neuroticism, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms, suicide risk, dissociative phenomena, problematic health behaviors and sleep disorders (see reviews ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Levin</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>16959</RecNum><IDText>Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: a review and neurocognitive model</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16959</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: a review and neurocognitive model</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Levin,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>affect</Keywords><Keywords>distress</Keywords><Keywords>disturbed dreaming</Keywords><Keywords>model</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>review</Keywords><Keywords>tnpaper</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>482</Start_Page><End_Page>528</End_Page><Periodical>Psychol Bull</Periodical><Volume>133</Volume><Address>Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, USA. rlevin@yu.edu</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\DNL-Net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Nielsen reprints\Nielsen_Levin Reprint_PB_133_482-528_2007_NM model.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Psychological Bulletin</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Psychol Bull</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Psychol.Bull.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>20302</RecNum><IDText>Nightmares: A new neurocognitive model</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>20302</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nightmares: A new neurocognitive model</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Levin,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007/5/9</Date_Primary><Keywords>disturbed dreaming</Keywords><Keywords>fear extinction</Keywords><Keywords>function</Keywords><Keywords>model</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>review</Keywords><Keywords>tnpaper</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>295</Start_Page><End_Page>310</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep Med Rev</Periodical><Volume>11</Volume><Address>Dream & Nightmare Laboratory, Sleep Research Centre, Sacre-Coeur Hospital of Montreal, 5400 boul. Gouin Ouest, Montreal, Que., Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Que., Canada</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\DNL-Net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Nielsen_reprint_SMR_xxx_xx-xx_2007_epub ahead.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep Medicine Reviews</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Sleep Med Rev</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Sleep Med.Rev.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>45,46). Nightmares are also more likely during periods of increased life stress. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Barrett</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>9344</RecNum><IDText>Trauma and dreams</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>9344</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Trauma and dreams</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Barrett,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996</Date_Primary><Keywords>trauma</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Keywords>incest</Keywords><Keywords>sex</Keywords><Keywords>burns</Keywords><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>war dreams</Keywords><Keywords>holocaust</Keywords><Keywords>refugee</Keywords><Keywords>rape</Keywords><Keywords>firestorm</Keywords><Keywords>bereavement</Keywords><Keywords>grief</Keywords><Keywords>divorce</Keywords><Keywords>adaptation</Keywords><Keywords>function</Keywords><Keywords>transplant</Keywords><Keywords>recurrent dreams</Keywords><Keywords>dreambook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Authors_Secondary>Barrett,D.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Cambridge, Massachusetts</Pub_Place><Publisher>Harvard University Press</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Husni</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>16209</RecNum><IDText>Nightmares of refugees from Kurdistan</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16209</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nightmares of refugees from Kurdistan</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Husni,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cernovsky,Z.Z.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Koye,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Haggarty,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001/8</Date_Primary><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>age factors</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>comparative study</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>epidemiology</Keywords><Keywords>ethnic groups</Keywords><Keywords>ethnology</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>Great Britain</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>Iran</Keywords><Keywords>Iraq</Keywords><Keywords>life change events</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>refugee</Keywords><Keywords>refugees</Keywords><Keywords>statistics & numerical data</Keywords><Keywords>Turkey</Keywords><Keywords>violence</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>557</Start_Page><End_Page>558</End_Page><Periodical>J Nerv Ment Dis</Periodical><Volume>189</Volume><Address>Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex, United Kingdom</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Husni_JNMD_189_557-558_2001.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Nerv Ment Dis</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Nerv.Ment.Dis.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Kramer</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>1798</RecNum><IDText>Psychological and behavioral features of disturbed dreamers</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1798</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Psychological and behavioral features of disturbed dreamers</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kramer,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schoen,L.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kinney,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1984</Date_Primary><Keywords>adulthood</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>awareness</Keywords><Keywords>content</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>cornell</Keywords><Keywords>diary</Keywords><Keywords>disturbance</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dream content</Keywords><Keywords>dream experiences</Keywords><Keywords>dream recall</Keywords><Keywords>dreaming</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>emotional responses</Keywords><Keywords>events</Keywords><Keywords>experience</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>interview</Keywords><Keywords>interviews</Keywords><Keywords>mmpi</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>psychodynamics</Keywords><Keywords>psychological & behavioral characteristics</Keywords><Keywords>psychopathology</Keywords><Keywords>psyclit</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>recall</Keywords><Keywords>response</Keywords><Keywords>right</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sss</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>tension</Keywords><Keywords>tnnotes</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>trait</Keywords><Keywords>transfer</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>102</Start_Page><End_Page>106</End_Page><Periodical>Psychiatr J U Ottawa</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Psychiatr J U Ottawa</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Psychiatr.J.U.Ottawa</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>38,47,48 Recurrent isolated sleep paralysisClinical features Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis (aka isolated sleep paralysis or sleep paralysis, SP) is common and generally benign, being characterized by brief episodes of motor or vocal paralysis combined with a waking state of consciousness. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16074</RecNum><IDText>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16074</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Task Force Chair,Hauri PJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>ASDA</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keywords>coding</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>erections</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>sinus arrest</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Volume>2nd</Volume><Pub_Place>Chicago</Pub_Place><Publisher>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>1 Frightening dreamlike hallucinations often intrude and can cause considerable distress. SP episodes occur at sleep onset (hypnagogic) and upon awakening (hypnopompic) and is one characteristic of individuals with narcolepsy, which is characterized by cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness in addition to SP and hypnagogic hallucinations. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16074</RecNum><IDText>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16074</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Task Force Chair,Hauri PJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>ASDA</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keywords>coding</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>erections</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>sinus arrest</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Volume>2nd</Volume><Pub_Place>Chicago</Pub_Place><Publisher>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>1 SP is commonly associated with feelings of fear or terror ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Cheyne</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>13240</RecNum><IDText>Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations during sleep paralysis: neurological and cultural construction of the night-mare</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>13240</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations during sleep paralysis: neurological and cultural construction of the night-mare</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cheyne,J.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rueffer,S.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Newby-Clark,I.R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999/9</Date_Primary><Keywords>activation</Keywords><Keywords>alien</Keywords><Keywords>assault</Keywords><Keywords>auditory</Keywords><Keywords>body</Keywords><Keywords>breathing</Keywords><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>Cheyne</Keywords><Keywords>conflict</Keywords><Keywords>culture</Keywords><Keywords>description</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>effects</Keywords><Keywords>experience</Keywords><Keywords>Experiences</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>fear</Keywords><Keywords>feeling</Keywords><Keywords>hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>historical</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic</Keywords><Keywords>hypnopompic</Keywords><Keywords>hypnopompic hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>hypnosis</Keywords><Keywords>incubus</Keywords><Keywords>intruder</Keywords><Keywords>mechanism</Keywords><Keywords>Mechanisms</Keywords><Keywords>midbrain</Keywords><Keywords>model</Keywords><Keywords>motoneuron</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>neurophysiology</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>orientation</Keywords><Keywords>out of body experiences</Keywords><Keywords>pain</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>perception</Keywords><Keywords>position</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>pressure</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>REM state</Keywords><Keywords>respiration</Keywords><Keywords>Sample</Keywords><Keywords>schizophrenia</Keywords><Keywords>sensation</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>sources</Keywords><Keywords>state</Keywords><Keywords>States</Keywords><Keywords>supernatural</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>visual</Keywords><Keywords>Visual hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>Work</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>319</Start_Page><End_Page>337</End_Page><Periodical>Conscious Cogn</Periodical><Volume>8</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>1053-8100</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. acheyne@watarts.uwaterloo.ca</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Cheyne_CC_319-337.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Consciousness and Cognition</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Conscious Cogn</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Conscious.Cogn.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>49 and are often linked to the hallucination of an unseen presence in the room (‘sensed presence’). ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Solomonova</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>18629</RecNum><IDText>Sensed presence as a correlate of sleep paralysis distress, social anxiety and waking state social imagery</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18629</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sensed presence as a correlate of sleep paralysis distress, social anxiety and waking state social imagery</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Solomonova,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Stenstrom,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Simard,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Frantova,E</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Donderi,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2008</Date_Primary><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>distress</Keywords><Keywords>sensed presence</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>social anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>social imagery</Keywords><Keywords>tnsubmitted</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>49</Start_Page><End_Page>63</End_Page><Periodical>Conscious Cogn</Periodical><Volume>17</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Solomonova_CC_epub_2007_sensed presence soc anx.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Consciousness and Cognition</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Conscious Cogn</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Conscious.Cogn.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Cheyne</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>14033</RecNum><IDText>The ominous numinous</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14033</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The ominous numinous</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cheyne,J.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001/9</Date_Primary><Keywords>assault</Keywords><Keywords>body</Keywords><Keywords>breathing</Keywords><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>Cheyne</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>fear</Keywords><Keywords>hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic</Keywords><Keywords>hypnopompic</Keywords><Keywords>hypnopompic hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>incubus</Keywords><Keywords>intruder</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>pressure</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>supernatural</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>Visual hallucinations</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>133</Start_Page><End_Page>150</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Consciousness Studies</Periodical><Volume>8</Volume><Address>Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Cheyne_JCS_8_133-150.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Consciousness Studies</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>50,51Incidence and prevalenceVariations in prevalence estimates (5-40%) depend upon differences in operational definitions, age of subjects and sociocultural factors. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Ohayon</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>12828</RecNum><IDText>Night terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousals in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Night terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousals in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ohayon,M.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Guilleminault,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Priest,R.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>hypnagogic</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>night</Keywords><Keywords>night terrors</Keywords><Keywords>night terror</Keywords><Keywords>Night-terrors</Keywords><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>relationship</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>mental disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Mental-disorders</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sciences</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>method</Keywords><Keywords>Sample</Keywords><Keywords>Telephone</Keywords><Keywords>System</Keywords><Keywords>Night tenors</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>gender</Keywords><Keywords>gender difference</Keywords><Keywords>multivariate</Keywords><Keywords>models</Keywords><Keywords>model</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>Shift</Keywords><Keywords>shift-work</Keywords><Keywords>Work</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>Daytime</Keywords><Keywords>daytime sleepiness</Keywords><Keywords>sleepiness</Keywords><Keywords>sleep talking</Keywords><Keywords>smoking</Keywords><Keywords>adjustment</Keywords><Keywords>bipolar</Keywords><Keywords>bipolar disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Sense</Keywords><Keywords>breathing</Keywords><Keywords>obstructive sleep apnea</Keywords><Keywords>sleep apnea</Keywords><Keywords>sleep apnea syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>apnea</Keywords><Keywords>syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>alcohol</Keywords><Keywords>bedtime</Keywords><Keywords>Behaviors</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>effects</Keywords><Keywords>sleep deprivation</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep-deprivation</Keywords><Keywords>deprivation</Keywords><Keywords>Life</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>expression</Keywords><Keywords>Need</Keywords><Keywords>events</Keywords><Keywords>Event</Keywords><Keywords>Rates</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>England</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>268</Start_Page><End_Page>276</End_Page><Periodical>J Clin Psychiatr</Periodical><Volume>60</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>0160-6689</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Ohayon MM Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Sleep Disorders Ctr 401 Quarry Rd,Suite 3301 Stanford, CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Sleep Disorders Ctr Stanford, CA 94305 USA Ctr Rech Philippe Pinel Montreal Montreal PQ Canada Univ London, St Marys Hosp, Acad Dept Psychiat London England</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Clinical Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Clin Psychiatr</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Kotorii</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>13973</RecNum><IDText>Questionnaire relating to sleep paralysis</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>13973</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Questionnaire relating to sleep paralysis</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kotorii,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Uchimura,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hashizume,Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Shirakawa,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Satomura,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tanaka,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakazawa,Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Maeda,H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001/6</Date_Primary><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>articles</Keywords><Keywords>Bed</Keywords><Keywords>being</Keywords><Keywords>Cumulative experience age</Keywords><Keywords>Current</Keywords><Keywords>dreaming</Keywords><Keywords>english</Keywords><Keywords>experience</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>Gender differences</Keywords><Keywords>insomnia</Keywords><Keywords>japan</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>men</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>nursing</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>People</Keywords><Keywords>person</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>Shift</Keywords><Keywords>Shift worker</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>survey</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>waking</Keywords><Keywords>women</Keywords><Keywords>Young</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>265</Start_Page><End_Page>266</End_Page><Periodical>Psychiatr Clin Neurosci</Periodical><Volume>55</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>1323-1316</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Kotorii T Kurume Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neuropsychiat Kurume 67 Asahimati Kurume Fukuoka 8300011 Japan Kurume Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neuropsychiat Kurume Fukuoka 8300011 Japan 4</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Psychiatr Clin Neurosci</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Fukuda</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>6867</RecNum><IDText>High prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis: Kanashibari phenomenon in Japan</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6867</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>High prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis: Kanashibari phenomenon in Japan</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fukuda,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Miyasita,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Inugami,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ishihara,K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>japan</Keywords><Keywords>kanashibari</Keywords><Keywords>old hag</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>phenomenon</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>279</Start_Page><End_Page>286</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>10</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>52-54 Age of onset is typically 14-17 yrs. Accompanying sensed presence hallucinations occur in 60-69% of cases. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Solomonova</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>18629</RecNum><IDText>Sensed presence as a correlate of sleep paralysis distress, social anxiety and waking state social imagery</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18629</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sensed presence as a correlate of sleep paralysis distress, social anxiety and waking state social imagery</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Solomonova,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Stenstrom,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Simard,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Frantova,E</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Donderi,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2008</Date_Primary><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>distress</Keywords><Keywords>sensed presence</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>social anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>social imagery</Keywords><Keywords>tnsubmitted</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>49</Start_Page><End_Page>63</End_Page><Periodical>Conscious Cogn</Periodical><Volume>17</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Solomonova_CC_epub_2007_sensed presence soc anx.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Consciousness and Cognition</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Conscious Cogn</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Conscious.Cogn.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Cheyne</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>14033</RecNum><IDText>The ominous numinous</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14033</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The ominous numinous</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cheyne,J.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001/9</Date_Primary><Keywords>assault</Keywords><Keywords>body</Keywords><Keywords>breathing</Keywords><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>Cheyne</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>fear</Keywords><Keywords>hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic</Keywords><Keywords>hypnopompic</Keywords><Keywords>hypnopompic hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>incubus</Keywords><Keywords>intruder</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>pressure</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>supernatural</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>Visual hallucinations</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>133</Start_Page><End_Page>150</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Consciousness Studies</Periodical><Volume>8</Volume><Address>Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Cheyne_JCS_8_133-150.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Consciousness Studies</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Spanos</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>8335</RecNum><IDText>The frequency and correlates of sleep paralysis in a university sample</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>8335</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The frequency and correlates of sleep paralysis in a university sample</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Spanos,N.P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>DuBreuil,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McNulty,S.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pires,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Burgess,M.F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>abstract</Keywords><Keywords>affect</Keywords><Keywords>American</Keywords><Keywords>articles</Keywords><Keywords>body</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>cognitive</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>correlates</Keywords><Keywords>dimension</Keywords><Keywords>dimensions</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>experience</Keywords><Keywords>Experiences</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogia</Keywords><Keywords>Hypnotizability</Keywords><Keywords>Hypothesis</Keywords><Keywords>imagery</Keywords><Keywords>intensity</Keywords><Keywords>journal</Keywords><Keywords>men</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>out of body experiences</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>pbook</Keywords><Keywords>personality</Keywords><Keywords>personality correlates</Keywords><Keywords>phase</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>psychopathology</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaires</Keywords><Keywords>review</Keywords><Keywords>right</Keywords><Keywords>salience</Keywords><Keywords>SAS</Keywords><Keywords>sex</Keywords><Keywords>sex differences</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>Sufferer</Keywords><Keywords>Sufferers</Keywords><Keywords>symptom</Keywords><Keywords>symptoms</Keywords><Keywords>Term</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>unpublished</Keywords><Keywords>Variables</Keywords><Keywords>women</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>285</Start_Page><End_Page>305</End_Page><Periodical>J Res Pers</Periodical><Volume>29</Volume><Address>SA McNulty, Dept Psychology, Carleton Univ, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6 Unpublished manuscript, under review in above journal. Formerly, abstract in Can.Psych., 1994, 35:139</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Research in Personality</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Res Pers</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Hufford</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>18514</RecNum><IDText>Awakening paralyzed in the presence of a "strange visitor"</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18514</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Awakening paralyzed in the presence of a "strange visitor"</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hufford,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>348</Start_Page><End_Page>353</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Alien Discussions: proceedings of the abduction study conference, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, June 1992</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Pritchard,A.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Pritchard,D.E.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Mack,J.E.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Kasey,P.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Yapp,C.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Cambridge, MA</Pub_Place><Publisher>North Cambridge Press</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>50,51,55,56Polysomnographic characteristics SP episodes most often arise from sleep-onset REM periods (see Figure 2), ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hishikawa</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>8423</RecNum><IDText>Physiology of REM sleep, cataplexy, and sleep paralysis</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>8423</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Physiology of REM sleep, cataplexy, and sleep paralysis</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hishikawa,Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Shimizu,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>cataplexy</Keywords><Keywords>char</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogia</Keywords><Keywords>motor</Keywords><Keywords>narcolepsy</Keywords><Keywords>neurology</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>pbook</Keywords><Keywords>pcbook</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>245</Start_Page><End_Page>271</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Negative motor phenomena. Advances in neurology, Vol. 67</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Fahn,S.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Hallett,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Luders,H.O.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Marsden,C.D.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Philadelphia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Lippincott-Raven</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Takeuchi</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>14167</RecNum><IDText>Factors related to the occurrence of isolated sleep paralysis elicited during a multi-phasic sleep-wake schedule</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14167</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Factors related to the occurrence of isolated sleep paralysis elicited during a multi-phasic sleep-wake schedule</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Takeuchi,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fukuda,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sasaki,Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Inugami,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Murphy,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>covert REM sleep</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-3 dream by author</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>isolated sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>Schedule</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>89</Start_Page><End_Page>96</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>25</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Takeuchi_S_25_89-96_2002.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>57,58 leading to the view that the episodes are bouts of state dissociation during which some REM sleep mechanisms–muscle atonia and vivid dreaming in particular–intrude upon the waking state. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Giaquinto</Author><Year>1964</Year><RecNum>18224</RecNum><IDText>Supraspinal modulation of heteronymous monosynaptic and of polysynaptic reflexes during natural sleep and wakefulness</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18224</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Supraspinal modulation of heteronymous monosynaptic and of polysynaptic reflexes during natural sleep and wakefulness</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Giaquinto,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pompeiano,O.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Somogyi,I.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1964</Date_Primary><Keywords>autonomic</Keywords><Keywords>drawer B-2 sleep by subject</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>230</Start_Page><End_Page>244</End_Page><Periodical>Archives Italiennes de Biologie</Periodical><Volume>102</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Archives Italiennes de Biologie</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Cheyne</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18018</RecNum><IDText>Sleep paralysis episode frequency and number, types, and structure of associated hallucinations</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18018</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep paralysis episode frequency and number, types, and structure of associated hallucinations</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cheyne,J.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>hypnagogic hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>319</Start_Page><End_Page>324</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Address>Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. acheyne@watarts.uwaterloo.ca</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Cheyne_JSR_14_319-324_2005_SP HH freq types structure.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>59,60Figure 2. Somnograms of five healthy subjects reporting sleep paralysis episodes during a multiphasic sleep-wake schedule. Vertical arrows above somnograms indicate awakening points where sleep paralysis episodes were reported. Of 184 awakenings, 8 sleep paralysis episodes were recorded; 2 just prior to impending REM episodes (spontaneous awakenings) and 6 from sleep onset REM episodes (from Takeuchi, et al., 2002). ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Takeuchi</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>14167</RecNum><IDText>Factors related to the occurrence of isolated sleep paralysis elicited during a multi-phasic sleep-wake schedule</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14167</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Factors related to the occurrence of isolated sleep paralysis elicited during a multi-phasic sleep-wake schedule</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Takeuchi,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fukuda,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sasaki,Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Inugami,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Murphy,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>covert REM sleep</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-3 dream by author</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>isolated sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>Schedule</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>89</Start_Page><End_Page>96</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>25</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Takeuchi_S_25_89-96_2002.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>5800Associated factorsAmong the factors associated with sleep paralysis episodes are stress, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Fukuda</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>6867</RecNum><IDText>High prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis: Kanashibari phenomenon in Japan</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>6867</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>High prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis: Kanashibari phenomenon in Japan</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fukuda,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Miyasita,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Inugami,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ishihara,K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>japan</Keywords><Keywords>kanashibari</Keywords><Keywords>old hag</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>phenomenon</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>279</Start_Page><End_Page>286</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>10</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Takeuchi</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>14167</RecNum><IDText>Factors related to the occurrence of isolated sleep paralysis elicited during a multi-phasic sleep-wake schedule</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14167</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Factors related to the occurrence of isolated sleep paralysis elicited during a multi-phasic sleep-wake schedule</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Takeuchi,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fukuda,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sasaki,Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Inugami,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Murphy,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>covert REM sleep</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-3 dream by author</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>isolated sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>Schedule</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>89</Start_Page><End_Page>96</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>25</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Takeuchi_S_25_89-96_2002.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Wing</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>8491</RecNum><IDText>Sleep paralysis in Chinese: Ghost oppression phenomenon in Hong Kong</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>8491</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep paralysis in Chinese: Ghost oppression phenomenon in Hong Kong</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wing,Y.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lee,S.T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chen,C.N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1994</Date_Primary><Keywords>char</Keywords><Keywords>chinese</Keywords><Keywords>cross-cultural</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>ghost</Keywords><Keywords>narcolepsy</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>old hag</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>phenomenon</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>transfer</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>609</Start_Page><End_Page>613</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>17</Volume><Address>Department of Psychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>54,58,61 shift work and irregular sleep-wake schedules. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Kotorii</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>13973</RecNum><IDText>Questionnaire relating to sleep paralysis</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>13973</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Questionnaire relating to sleep paralysis</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kotorii,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Uchimura,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hashizume,Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Shirakawa,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Satomura,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tanaka,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nakazawa,Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Maeda,H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001/6</Date_Primary><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>articles</Keywords><Keywords>Bed</Keywords><Keywords>being</Keywords><Keywords>Cumulative experience age</Keywords><Keywords>Current</Keywords><Keywords>dreaming</Keywords><Keywords>english</Keywords><Keywords>experience</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>Gender differences</Keywords><Keywords>insomnia</Keywords><Keywords>japan</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>men</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>nursing</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>People</Keywords><Keywords>person</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>Shift</Keywords><Keywords>Shift worker</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>survey</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>waking</Keywords><Keywords>women</Keywords><Keywords>Young</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>265</Start_Page><End_Page>266</End_Page><Periodical>Psychiatr Clin Neurosci</Periodical><Volume>55</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>1323-1316</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Kotorii T Kurume Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neuropsychiat Kurume 67 Asahimati Kurume Fukuoka 8300011 Japan Kurume Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neuropsychiat Kurume Fukuoka 8300011 Japan 4</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Psychiatr Clin Neurosci</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Wing</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>8491</RecNum><IDText>Sleep paralysis in Chinese: Ghost oppression phenomenon in Hong Kong</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>8491</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep paralysis in Chinese: Ghost oppression phenomenon in Hong Kong</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wing,Y.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lee,S.T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chen,C.N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1994</Date_Primary><Keywords>char</Keywords><Keywords>chinese</Keywords><Keywords>cross-cultural</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>ghost</Keywords><Keywords>narcolepsy</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>old hag</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>phenomenon</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>transfer</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>609</Start_Page><End_Page>613</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>17</Volume><Address>Department of Psychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>53,61 A genetic component has also been reported, e.g., 36% of respondents in a Japanese sample had family members who experienced sleep paralysis. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Arikawa</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>14166</RecNum><IDText>The structure and correlates of Kanashibari</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14166</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The structure and correlates of Kanashibari</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Arikawa,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Templer,D.I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Brown,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cannon W.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Thomas-Dodson,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>structure</Keywords><Keywords>correlates</Keywords><Keywords>Correlate</Keywords><Keywords>kanashibari</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>369</Start_Page><End_Page>375</End_Page><Periodical>J Psychol</Periodical><Volume>133</Volume><Address>California School of Professional Psychology 93727-2014, USA</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Psychology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Psychol</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>62 Several studies link sleep paralysis to various neurological and psychiatric disorders. It is predicted by bipolar disorder, automatic behavior and use of anxiolytic medications. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Ohayon</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>12828</RecNum><IDText>Night terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousals in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Night terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousals in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ohayon,M.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Guilleminault,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Priest,R.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>hypnagogic</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>night</Keywords><Keywords>night terrors</Keywords><Keywords>night terror</Keywords><Keywords>Night-terrors</Keywords><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>relationship</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>mental disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Mental-disorders</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sciences</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>method</Keywords><Keywords>Sample</Keywords><Keywords>Telephone</Keywords><Keywords>System</Keywords><Keywords>Night tenors</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>gender</Keywords><Keywords>gender difference</Keywords><Keywords>multivariate</Keywords><Keywords>models</Keywords><Keywords>model</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>Shift</Keywords><Keywords>shift-work</Keywords><Keywords>Work</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>Daytime</Keywords><Keywords>daytime sleepiness</Keywords><Keywords>sleepiness</Keywords><Keywords>sleep talking</Keywords><Keywords>smoking</Keywords><Keywords>adjustment</Keywords><Keywords>bipolar</Keywords><Keywords>bipolar disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Sense</Keywords><Keywords>breathing</Keywords><Keywords>obstructive sleep apnea</Keywords><Keywords>sleep apnea</Keywords><Keywords>sleep apnea syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>apnea</Keywords><Keywords>syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>alcohol</Keywords><Keywords>bedtime</Keywords><Keywords>Behaviors</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>effects</Keywords><Keywords>sleep deprivation</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep-deprivation</Keywords><Keywords>deprivation</Keywords><Keywords>Life</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>expression</Keywords><Keywords>Need</Keywords><Keywords>events</Keywords><Keywords>Event</Keywords><Keywords>Rates</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>England</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>268</Start_Page><End_Page>276</End_Page><Periodical>J Clin Psychiatr</Periodical><Volume>60</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>0160-6689</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Ohayon MM Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Sleep Disorders Ctr 401 Quarry Rd,Suite 3301 Stanford, CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Sleep Disorders Ctr Stanford, CA 94305 USA Ctr Rech Philippe Pinel Montreal Montreal PQ Canada Univ London, St Marys Hosp, Acad Dept Psychiat London England</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Clinical Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Clin Psychiatr</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>52 It is also comorbid with PTSD, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hinton</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>17412</RecNum><IDText>Sleep paralysis among Cambodian refugees: association with PTSD diagnosis and severity</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17412</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep paralysis among Cambodian refugees: association with PTSD diagnosis and severity</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hinton,D.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pich,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chhean,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pollack,M.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McNally,R.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/8/10</Date_Primary><Keywords>annual</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>attack</Keywords><Keywords>Attacks</Keywords><Keywords>Boston</Keywords><Keywords>Clinician</Keywords><Keywords>clinicians</Keywords><Keywords>depression</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>distress</Keywords><Keywords>Episodes</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>it</Keywords><Keywords>panic</Keywords><Keywords>Panic attacks</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>phenomenon</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic</Keywords><Keywords>Posttraumatic stress</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Posttraumatic-stress</Keywords><Keywords>Posttraumatic-stress-disorder</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatry</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>PTSD patients</Keywords><Keywords>refugee</Keywords><Keywords>refugees</Keywords><Keywords>response</Keywords><Keywords>Sample</Keywords><Keywords>school</Keywords><Keywords>SCORE</Keywords><Keywords>SCORES</Keywords><Keywords>Severity</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Stress-disorder</Keywords><Keywords>trauma</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>47</Start_Page><End_Page>51</End_Page><Periodical>Depress Anxiety</Periodical><Volume>22</Volume><Address>Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Hinton_DA_in press_2005.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Depression and Anxiety</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Depress Anxiety</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Yeung</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>17136</RecNum><IDText>Prevalence and illness beliefs of sleep paralysis among Chinese psychiatric patients in China and the United States</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17136</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Prevalence and illness beliefs of sleep paralysis among Chinese psychiatric patients in China and the United States</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Yeung,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Xu,Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chang,D.F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>belief</Keywords><Keywords>beliefs</Keywords><Keywords>Boston</Keywords><Keywords>China</Keywords><Keywords>chinese</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>Clinics</Keywords><Keywords>Consequences</Keywords><Keywords>depression</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>experience</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>fatigue</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>ghost</Keywords><Keywords>Help-seeking</Keywords><Keywords>illness</Keywords><Keywords>Lifetime</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>outpatients</Keywords><Keywords>panic</Keywords><Keywords>panic disorder</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>perception</Keywords><Keywords>Period</Keywords><Keywords>personal</Keywords><Keywords>post traumatic stress</Keywords><Keywords>Post traumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Post-traumatic</Keywords><Keywords>Post-traumatic stress</Keywords><Keywords>Post-traumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic</Keywords><Keywords>Posttraumatic stress</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>Program</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric outpatients</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric patient</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric patients</Keywords><Keywords>Psychiatric-patients</Keywords><Keywords>Psychosocial</Keywords><Keywords>psychosocial factors</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>research</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>state</Keywords><Keywords>States</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Stress-disorder</Keywords><Keywords>supernatural</Keywords><Keywords>united states</Keywords><Keywords>United-states</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>135</Start_Page><End_Page>145</End_Page><Periodical>Transcultural Psychiatry</Periodical><Volume>42</Volume><Address>Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, USA. ayeung@</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Yeung_TP_42_135-145_2005.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Transcultural Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>63,64 depression symptoms, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>McNally</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>17138</RecNum><IDText>Sleep paralysis, sexual abuse, and space alien abduction</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17138</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep paralysis, sexual abuse, and space alien abduction</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>McNally,R.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Clancy,S.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>abduction</Keywords><Keywords>abuse</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>adults</Keywords><Keywords>alien</Keywords><Keywords>awakening</Keywords><Keywords>being</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>Childhood sexual abuse</Keywords><Keywords>consciousness</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>Episodes</Keywords><Keywords>experience</Keywords><Keywords>eye</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>first</Keywords><Keywords>group</Keywords><Keywords>hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>hypnopompic</Keywords><Keywords>hypnopompic hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>Individuals</Keywords><Keywords>intruder</Keywords><Keywords>intrusion</Keywords><Keywords>Memories</Keywords><Keywords>memory</Keywords><Keywords>mentation</Keywords><Keywords>motor</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>Narratives</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>People</Keywords><Keywords>person</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>Rapid eye</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>rapid-eye-movement</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>sexual</Keywords><Keywords>sexual abuse</Keywords><Keywords>Sexual-abuse</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>space</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>waking</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>113</Start_Page><End_Page>122</End_Page><Periodical>Transcultural Psychiatry</Periodical><Volume>42</Volume><Address>Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. rjm@wjh.harvard.edu</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\McNally_TP_42_113-122_2005.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Transcultural Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Szklo-Coxe</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21082</RecNum><IDText>Depression: relationships to sleep paralysis and other sleep disturbances in a community sample</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21082</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Depression: relationships to sleep paralysis and other sleep disturbances in a community sample</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Szklo-Coxe,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Young,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Finn,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mignot,E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007/9</Date_Primary><Keywords>adjustment</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>after</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>Aged</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>associations</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>cataplexy</Keywords><Keywords>Causality</Keywords><Keywords>Cohort Studies</Keywords><Keywords>cohort study</Keywords><Keywords>communities</Keywords><Keywords>Community</Keywords><Keywords>comorbidity</Keywords><Keywords>Correlate</Keywords><Keywords>correlates</Keywords><Keywords>cross-sectional</Keywords><Keywords>Data</Keywords><Keywords>depression</Keywords><Keywords>descriptive</Keywords><Keywords>disturbance</Keywords><Keywords>Disturbances</Keywords><Keywords>Dyssomnias</Keywords><Keywords>epidemiologic</Keywords><Keywords>Epidemiologic Studies</Keywords><Keywords>epidemiology</Keywords><Keywords>eye</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>health</Keywords><Keywords>Health Status</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>insomnia</Keywords><Keywords>interaction</Keywords><Keywords>Inventories</Keywords><Keywords>Inventory</Keywords><Keywords>it</Keywords><Keywords>Logistic Models</Keywords><Keywords>longitudinal</Keywords><Keywords>longitudinal studies</Keywords><Keywords>longitudinal study</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>Mediator</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>middle aged</Keywords><Keywords>model</Keywords><Keywords>models</Keywords><Keywords>narcolepsy</Keywords><Keywords>OR</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>Outcome</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Keywords>problems</Keywords><Keywords>psychometrics</Keywords><Keywords>Public Health</Keywords><Keywords>Quality of life</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaires</Keywords><Keywords>RANGE</Keywords><Keywords>Rapid eye</Keywords><Keywords>regression</Keywords><Keywords>relationship</Keywords><Keywords>Reproducibility of Results</Keywords><Keywords>research</Keywords><Keywords>Sample</Keywords><Keywords>scale</Keywords><Keywords>school</Keywords><Keywords>science</Keywords><Keywords>sciences</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disturbance</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disturbances</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep problem</Keywords><Keywords>sleep problems</Keywords><Keywords>sleepiness</Keywords><Keywords>SP</Keywords><Keywords>study</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>trait</Keywords><Keywords>trait anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>typical</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>Wisconsin</Keywords><Keywords>zung</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>297</Start_Page><End_Page>312</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>16</Volume><Address>Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706-1510, USA. mszklo@wisc.edu</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\DNL-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Szklo-Coxe_JSR_16_297-312_2007_depression and sleep disturbance.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>65,66 anxiety disorder with agoraphobia, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Alfonso</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>18423</RecNum><IDText>Isolated sleep paralysis in patients with disorders due to anxiety crisis</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18423</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Isolated sleep paralysis in patients with disorders due to anxiety crisis</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Alfonso,Suarez S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1991/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>agoraphobia</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety disorders</Keywords><Keywords>complications</Keywords><Keywords>english abstract</Keywords><Keywords>etiology</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric status rating scales</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>58</Start_Page><End_Page>61</End_Page><Periodical>Actas Luso Esp Neurol Psiquiatr Cienc Afines</Periodical><Volume>19</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><Address>Psiquiatra adjunto, C. S. M. Usera, Comunidad de Madrid</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Actas Luso Esp Neurol Psiquiatr Cienc Afines</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>67 panic disorder, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bell</Author><Year>1988</Year><RecNum>8414</RecNum><IDText>The relationship of isolated sleep paralysis and panic disorder to hypertension</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>8414</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The relationship of isolated sleep paralysis and panic disorder to hypertension</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bell,C.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hildreth,C.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Jenkins,E.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Carter,C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1988</Date_Primary><Keywords>char</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>hr</Keywords><Keywords>hypertension</Keywords><Keywords>narcolepsy</Keywords><Keywords>panic</Keywords><Keywords>panic disorder</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>pbook</Keywords><Keywords>pcbook</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>289</Start_Page><End_Page>294</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of the National Medical Association</Periodical><Volume>80</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of the National Medical Association</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Paradis</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>17137</RecNum><IDText>Sleep paralysis in African Americans with panic disorder</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17137</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep paralysis in African Americans with panic disorder</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paradis,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Friedman,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>acculturation</Keywords><Keywords>african</Keywords><Keywords>American</Keywords><Keywords>communities</Keywords><Keywords>Community</Keywords><Keywords>cultural factors</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Event</Keywords><Keywords>events</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>genetic</Keywords><Keywords>LEVEL</Keywords><Keywords>Life</Keywords><Keywords>Life events</Keywords><Keywords>Lifetime</Keywords><Keywords>new york</Keywords><Keywords>panic</Keywords><Keywords>panic disorder</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Keywords>Populations</Keywords><Keywords>poverty</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>Psychosocial</Keywords><Keywords>RANGE</Keywords><Keywords>Rates</Keywords><Keywords>recurrent</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>state</Keywords><Keywords>Stressful life events</Keywords><Keywords>stressor</Keywords><Keywords>Stressors</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>variation</Keywords><Keywords>Volunteers</Keywords><Keywords>whites</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>123</Start_Page><End_Page>134</End_Page><Periodical>Transcultural Psychiatry</Periodical><Volume>42</Volume><Address>Marymount Manhattan College and State University of New York, USA. cparadis@mmm.edu</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Paradis_TP_42_123-134_2005.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Transcultural Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Yeung</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>17136</RecNum><IDText>Prevalence and illness beliefs of sleep paralysis among Chinese psychiatric patients in China and the United States</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17136</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Prevalence and illness beliefs of sleep paralysis among Chinese psychiatric patients in China and the United States</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Yeung,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Xu,Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chang,D.F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>belief</Keywords><Keywords>beliefs</Keywords><Keywords>Boston</Keywords><Keywords>China</Keywords><Keywords>chinese</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>Clinics</Keywords><Keywords>Consequences</Keywords><Keywords>depression</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>experience</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>fatigue</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>ghost</Keywords><Keywords>Help-seeking</Keywords><Keywords>illness</Keywords><Keywords>Lifetime</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>outpatients</Keywords><Keywords>panic</Keywords><Keywords>panic disorder</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>perception</Keywords><Keywords>Period</Keywords><Keywords>personal</Keywords><Keywords>post traumatic stress</Keywords><Keywords>Post traumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Post-traumatic</Keywords><Keywords>Post-traumatic stress</Keywords><Keywords>Post-traumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic</Keywords><Keywords>Posttraumatic stress</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>Program</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric outpatients</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric patient</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric patients</Keywords><Keywords>Psychiatric-patients</Keywords><Keywords>Psychosocial</Keywords><Keywords>psychosocial factors</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>research</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>state</Keywords><Keywords>States</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Stress-disorder</Keywords><Keywords>supernatural</Keywords><Keywords>united states</Keywords><Keywords>United-states</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>135</Start_Page><End_Page>145</End_Page><Periodical>Transcultural Psychiatry</Periodical><Volume>42</Volume><Address>Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, USA. ayeung@</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Yeung_TP_42_135-145_2005.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Transcultural Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>64,68,69 generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Simard</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>15629</RecNum><IDText>Sensed presence as a possible manifestation of social anxiety</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15629</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sensed presence as a possible manifestation of social anxiety</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Simard,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>narcolepsy</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>theme</Keywords><Keywords>tnarticle</Keywords><Keywords>tnsubmitted</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>social</Keywords><Keywords>social anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>245</Start_Page><End_Page>260</End_Page><Periodical>Dreaming</Periodical><Volume>15</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Nielsen reprints\Nielsen_Simard_D_15_245-260_2005_presence soc anxiety.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Dreaming</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>70 This wide comorbidity has recently been attributed to mediation by an affect distress personality style (‘sleep paralysis distress’) in a manner analogous to that proposed for nightmare disorder (‘nightmare distress’). ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Solomonova</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>18629</RecNum><IDText>Sensed presence as a correlate of sleep paralysis distress, social anxiety and waking state social imagery</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18629</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sensed presence as a correlate of sleep paralysis distress, social anxiety and waking state social imagery</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Solomonova,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Stenstrom,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Simard,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Frantova,E</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Donderi,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2008</Date_Primary><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>distress</Keywords><Keywords>sensed presence</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>social anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>social imagery</Keywords><Keywords>tnsubmitted</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>49</Start_Page><End_Page>63</End_Page><Periodical>Conscious Cogn</Periodical><Volume>17</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Solomonova_CC_epub_2007_sensed presence soc anx.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Consciousness and Cognition</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Conscious Cogn</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Conscious.Cogn.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>50Associations of SP with psychiatric conditions vary among ethnic groups. Atypically high rates were found in African Americans with panic disorders, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Paradis</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>17137</RecNum><IDText>Sleep paralysis in African Americans with panic disorder</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17137</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep paralysis in African Americans with panic disorder</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paradis,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Friedman,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>acculturation</Keywords><Keywords>african</Keywords><Keywords>American</Keywords><Keywords>communities</Keywords><Keywords>Community</Keywords><Keywords>cultural factors</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Event</Keywords><Keywords>events</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>genetic</Keywords><Keywords>LEVEL</Keywords><Keywords>Life</Keywords><Keywords>Life events</Keywords><Keywords>Lifetime</Keywords><Keywords>new york</Keywords><Keywords>panic</Keywords><Keywords>panic disorder</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Keywords>Populations</Keywords><Keywords>poverty</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>Psychosocial</Keywords><Keywords>RANGE</Keywords><Keywords>Rates</Keywords><Keywords>recurrent</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>state</Keywords><Keywords>Stressful life events</Keywords><Keywords>stressor</Keywords><Keywords>Stressors</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>variation</Keywords><Keywords>Volunteers</Keywords><Keywords>whites</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>123</Start_Page><End_Page>134</End_Page><Periodical>Transcultural Psychiatry</Periodical><Volume>42</Volume><Address>Marymount Manhattan College and State University of New York, USA. cparadis@mmm.edu</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Paradis_TP_42_123-134_2005.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Transcultural Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>69 Moroccan patients, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>de Jong</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>17140</RecNum><IDText>Cultural variation in the clinical presentation of sleep paralysis</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17140</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cultural variation in the clinical presentation of sleep paralysis</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>de Jong,J.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>culture</Keywords><Keywords>Event</Keywords><Keywords>example</Keywords><Keywords>examples</Keywords><Keywords>Form</Keywords><Keywords>interpretation</Keywords><Keywords>isolated sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>meaning</Keywords><Keywords>Morocco</Keywords><Keywords>Narratives</Keywords><Keywords>Netherlands</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>phenomenology</Keywords><Keywords>presentation</Keywords><Keywords>psychopathology</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>types</Keywords><Keywords>variation</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>78</Start_Page><End_Page>92</End_Page><Periodical>Transcultural Psychiatry</Periodical><Volume>42</Volume><Address>Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands. jdejong.tpo@pom.nl</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\De Jong_TP_42_78-92_2005.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Transcultural Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>71 Magrebins ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>de Jong</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>17140</RecNum><IDText>Cultural variation in the clinical presentation of sleep paralysis</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17140</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cultural variation in the clinical presentation of sleep paralysis</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>de Jong,J.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>culture</Keywords><Keywords>Event</Keywords><Keywords>example</Keywords><Keywords>examples</Keywords><Keywords>Form</Keywords><Keywords>interpretation</Keywords><Keywords>isolated sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>meaning</Keywords><Keywords>Morocco</Keywords><Keywords>Narratives</Keywords><Keywords>Netherlands</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>phenomenology</Keywords><Keywords>presentation</Keywords><Keywords>psychopathology</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>types</Keywords><Keywords>variation</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>78</Start_Page><End_Page>92</End_Page><Periodical>Transcultural Psychiatry</Periodical><Volume>42</Volume><Address>Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands. jdejong.tpo@pom.nl</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\De Jong_TP_42_78-92_2005.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Transcultural Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>71 and Cambodians. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hinton</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>17412</RecNum><IDText>Sleep paralysis among Cambodian refugees: association with PTSD diagnosis and severity</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17412</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep paralysis among Cambodian refugees: association with PTSD diagnosis and severity</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hinton,D.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pich,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chhean,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pollack,M.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McNally,R.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/8/10</Date_Primary><Keywords>annual</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>attack</Keywords><Keywords>Attacks</Keywords><Keywords>Boston</Keywords><Keywords>Clinician</Keywords><Keywords>clinicians</Keywords><Keywords>depression</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>distress</Keywords><Keywords>Episodes</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>it</Keywords><Keywords>panic</Keywords><Keywords>Panic attacks</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>phenomenon</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic</Keywords><Keywords>Posttraumatic stress</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Posttraumatic-stress</Keywords><Keywords>Posttraumatic-stress-disorder</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatry</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>PTSD patients</Keywords><Keywords>refugee</Keywords><Keywords>refugees</Keywords><Keywords>response</Keywords><Keywords>Sample</Keywords><Keywords>school</Keywords><Keywords>SCORE</Keywords><Keywords>SCORES</Keywords><Keywords>Severity</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Stress-disorder</Keywords><Keywords>trauma</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>47</Start_Page><End_Page>51</End_Page><Periodical>Depress Anxiety</Periodical><Volume>22</Volume><Address>Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Hinton_DA_in press_2005.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Depression and Anxiety</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Depress Anxiety</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>63 Some of these differences may stem from cultural interpretations of sleep paralysis hallucinations, sensed presence in particular, as a form of spiritual entity, e.g., “ghost oppression” in China, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Wing</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>8491</RecNum><IDText>Sleep paralysis in Chinese: Ghost oppression phenomenon in Hong Kong</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>8491</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep paralysis in Chinese: Ghost oppression phenomenon in Hong Kong</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wing,Y.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lee,S.T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chen,C.N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1994</Date_Primary><Keywords>char</Keywords><Keywords>chinese</Keywords><Keywords>cross-cultural</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>ghost</Keywords><Keywords>narcolepsy</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>old hag</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>phenomenon</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>transfer</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>609</Start_Page><End_Page>613</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>17</Volume><Address>Department of Psychiatry, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>61 “Old Hag” in Newfoundland, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hufford</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>7036</RecNum><IDText>The terror that comes in the night: An experience-centered study of supernatural assault traditions</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>7036</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The terror that comes in the night: An experience-centered study of supernatural assault traditions</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hufford,D.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1982</Date_Primary><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>night</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Keywords>ANS</Keywords><Keywords>assault</Keywords><Keywords>pcbook</Keywords><Keywords>dreambook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Philadelphia</Pub_Place><Publisher>University of Pennsylvania Press</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>72 “the ghost that pushes you down” in Cambodia, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hinton</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>17412</RecNum><IDText>Sleep paralysis among Cambodian refugees: association with PTSD diagnosis and severity</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17412</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep paralysis among Cambodian refugees: association with PTSD diagnosis and severity</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hinton,D.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pich,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chhean,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pollack,M.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McNally,R.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/8/10</Date_Primary><Keywords>annual</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>attack</Keywords><Keywords>Attacks</Keywords><Keywords>Boston</Keywords><Keywords>Clinician</Keywords><Keywords>clinicians</Keywords><Keywords>depression</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>distress</Keywords><Keywords>Episodes</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>it</Keywords><Keywords>panic</Keywords><Keywords>Panic attacks</Keywords><Keywords>paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>phenomenon</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic</Keywords><Keywords>Posttraumatic stress</Keywords><Keywords>posttraumatic stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Posttraumatic-stress</Keywords><Keywords>Posttraumatic-stress-disorder</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatry</Keywords><Keywords>ptsd</Keywords><Keywords>PTSD patients</Keywords><Keywords>refugee</Keywords><Keywords>refugees</Keywords><Keywords>response</Keywords><Keywords>Sample</Keywords><Keywords>school</Keywords><Keywords>SCORE</Keywords><Keywords>SCORES</Keywords><Keywords>Severity</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>stress disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Stress-disorder</Keywords><Keywords>trauma</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>47</Start_Page><End_Page>51</End_Page><Periodical>Depress Anxiety</Periodical><Volume>22</Volume><Address>Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Hinton_DA_in press_2005.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Depression and Anxiety</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Depress Anxiety</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>63 among many others. REM sleep behavior disorderClinical features REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), first described as a clinical entity in 1986, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Schenck</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>1332</RecNum><IDText>Chronic behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1332</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Chronic behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bundlie,S.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ettinger,M.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1986</Date_Primary><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>atonia</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>notes</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>293</Start_Page><End_Page>308</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Schenck_S_9_293-308_1986.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>73 is characterized by the loss of skeletal muscle atonia normally present during REM sleep and the occurrence of complex dream-enacting motor behaviors. Diagnostic criteria include a) complaint of violent or injurious behaviors during sleep, b) limb or body movements associated with dream mentation and c) one of the following: harmful or potentially harmful sleep behaviorsdream appears to be acted outsleep behaviors disrupt sleep continuity. In addition, the dream process and its content appear altered. Most patients (87%) report that their dreams become more vivid, intense, action-filled, and violent with the onset of RBD. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Schenck</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>14917</RecNum><IDText>REM sleep behavior disorder: clinical, developmental, and neuroscience perspectives 16 years after its formal identification in SLEEP</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14917</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>REM sleep behavior disorder: clinical, developmental, and neuroscience perspectives 16 years after its formal identification in SLEEP</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002/3/15</Date_Primary><Keywords>adolescent</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>Anticonvulsants</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>chronic disease</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>clonazepam</Keywords><Keywords>developmental</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis,differential</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>drug therapy</Keywords><Keywords>electroencephalography</Keywords><Keywords>etiology</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>HLA Antigens</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>identification</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>middle age</Keywords><Keywords>narcolepsy</Keywords><Keywords>neuroscience</Keywords><Keywords>Parkinsonian Disorders</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatry</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Rem sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>REM Sleep Parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>therapeutic use</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>Videotape Recording</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>120</Start_Page><End_Page>138</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>25</Volume><Address>Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center and Department of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415, USA. schen010@umn.edu</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Schenck_S_25_120-138_2002.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>74 Dream themes associated with behaviors are largely stereotyped in structure and emotional content. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Mahowald</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16871</RecNum><IDText>REM sleep parasomnias</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16871</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>REM sleep parasomnias</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>practice</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>REM Sleep Parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep medicine</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>897</Start_Page><End_Page>916</End_Page><Volume>4th</Volume><Title_Secondary>Principles and practice of sleep medicine</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Kryger,M.H.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Roth,T.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Dement,W.C</Authors_Secondary><Issue>75</Issue><Pub_Place>Philadelphia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier Saunders</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Schenck</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>1332</RecNum><IDText>Chronic behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1332</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Chronic behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bundlie,S.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ettinger,M.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1986</Date_Primary><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>atonia</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>notes</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>293</Start_Page><End_Page>308</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Schenck_S_9_293-308_1986.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>73,75 Among published reports of dreams for which investigators identified specific behaviors, the most frequent pattern is of vigorous defense against attacks by people (58.8%) and animals (23.5%) (see review ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>15349</RecNum><IDText>Disturbed dreaming in medical conditions</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15349</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Disturbed dreaming in medical conditions</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>chronobiology</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>disturbed dreaming</Keywords><Keywords>dreaming</Keywords><Keywords>EDS</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>mentation</Keywords><Keywords>Philadelphia</Keywords><Keywords>practice</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>rbd dreams</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep medicine</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep mentation</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Keywords>tnchapter</Keywords><Keywords>tnreprint</Keywords><Keywords>typical</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>936</Start_Page><End_Page>945</End_Page><Volume>4th</Volume><Title_Secondary>Principles and practice of sleep medicine</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Kryger,M.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Roth,N.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Dement,W.C.</Authors_Secondary><Issue>78</Issue><Pub_Place>Philadelphia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier Saunders</Publisher><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Nielsen reprints\Nielsen Chapter_PPSM4_78_936-945_2004_disturbed dreaming in medical conditions.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>76). Analyses of recently remembered dreams reveal a high percentage of aggressive contents but, paradoxically, normal levels of aggressiveness during the daytime. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Fantini</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>17570</RecNum><IDText>Aggressive dream content without daytime aggressiveness in REM sleep behavior disorder</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17570</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Aggressive dream content without daytime aggressiveness in REM sleep behavior disorder</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fantini,M.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Corona,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Clerici,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferini-Strambi,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/10/11</Date_Primary><Keywords>activity</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>aggression</Keywords><Keywords>aggressiveness</Keywords><Keywords>animal</Keywords><Keywords>background</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>character</Keywords><Keywords>characters</Keywords><Keywords>content</Keywords><Keywords>Contrast</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>control subjects</Keywords><Keywords>Daytime</Keywords><Keywords>description</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dream characteristics</Keywords><Keywords>dream content</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>duration</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>generator</Keywords><Keywords>group</Keywords><Keywords>groups</Keywords><Keywords>Hall</Keywords><Keywords>hyperactivity</Keywords><Keywords>interaction</Keywords><Keywords>Italy</Keywords><Keywords>LEVEL</Keywords><Keywords>men</Keywords><Keywords>mentation</Keywords><Keywords>method</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>motor</Keywords><Keywords>motor activity</Keywords><Keywords>muscle</Keywords><Keywords>muscle activity</Keywords><Keywords>neurology</Keywords><Keywords>normal</Keywords><Keywords>OR</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>phasic</Keywords><Keywords>Physical</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>RATIO</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>rbd dreams</Keywords><Keywords>recall</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Rem sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>SCORE</Keywords><Keywords>SCORES</Keywords><Keywords>sexuality</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>symptom</Keywords><Keywords>symptoms</Keywords><Keywords>women</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1010</Start_Page><End_Page>1015</End_Page><Periodical>Neurology</Periodical><Volume>65</Volume><Address>Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. fantini.marialivia@hsr.it</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Fantini_N_65_1010-1015_2005.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>77Sleep behaviors can produce injuries to the patient or the bedpartner; these might include ecchymoses, lacerations, fractures and subdural hematomas. Injuries are a main reason for consultation, being reported by 79%-96% of consulting cases. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Schenck</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>18746</RecNum><IDText>Normal and abnormal REM sleep regulation: REM sleep behaviour disorder: an update on a series of 96 patients and a review of the world literature</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18746</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Normal and abnormal REM sleep regulation: REM sleep behaviour disorder: an update on a series of 96 patients and a review of the world literature</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hurwitz,T.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1993</Date_Primary><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>rbd dreams</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>224</Start_Page><End_Page>231</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Olson</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>13507</RecNum><IDText>Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>13507</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Olson,E.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boeve,B.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Silber,M.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>Behaviour</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>cases</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>eye</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>laboratories</Keywords><Keywords>laboratory</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>rapid-eye-movement</Keywords><Keywords>Rapid eye</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement sleep</Keywords><Keywords>rbd dreams</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>331</Start_Page><End_Page>339</End_Page><Periodical>Brain</Periodical><Volume>123</Volume><Address>Silber MH Mayo Clin, Dept Neurol 200 1st St SW Rochester, MN 55905 USA Mayo Clin, Dept Neurol Rochester, MN 55905 USA Mayo Clin, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med Rochester, MN 55905 USA Mayo Clin, Sleep Disorders Ctr Rochester, MN 55905 USA 53</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Olson_B_123_331-339_2000.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Brain</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>14,15Incidence and prevalenceThe prevalence of RBD is still largely unknown. A telephone survey of violent and injurious sleep behaviors in the British general population (N=4972; 15-100 yrs of age) produced a prevalence of about 0.5 %. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Ohayon</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>10746</RecNum><IDText>Violent behavior during sleep</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>10746</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Violent behavior during sleep</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ohayon,M.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Caulet,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Priest,R.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>alcohol</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety disorders</Keywords><Keywords>bedtime</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>being</Keywords><Keywords>bruxism</Keywords><Keywords>caffeine</Keywords><Keywords>Daytime</Keywords><Keywords>daytime sleepiness</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>epidemiologic</Keywords><Keywords>Episodes</Keywords><Keywords>experience</Keywords><Keywords>experiencing</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>group</Keywords><Keywords>hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>health</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>interaction</Keywords><Keywords>interview</Keywords><Keywords>jerk</Keywords><Keywords>lifestyle</Keywords><Keywords>men</Keywords><Keywords>method</Keywords><Keywords>mood</Keywords><Keywords>mood disorders</Keywords><Keywords>night</Keywords><Keywords>night terror</Keywords><Keywords>night terrors</Keywords><Keywords>Number</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>percent</Keywords><Keywords>phenomenon</Keywords><Keywords>drawer D-2 ppsm4med</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>Risk-factors</Keywords><Keywords>Sample</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep talking</Keywords><Keywords>sleepiness</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>smoking</Keywords><Keywords>survey</Keywords><Keywords>surveys</Keywords><Keywords>symptom</Keywords><Keywords>symptoms</Keywords><Keywords>System</Keywords><Keywords>Telephone</Keywords><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>variability</Keywords><Keywords>violence</Keywords><Keywords>Violent behavior</Keywords><Keywords>women</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>369</Start_Page><End_Page>376</End_Page><Periodical>J Clin Psychiatr</Periodical><Volume>58</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Clinical Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Clin Psychiatr</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>78 Another study of 1034 Hong Kong area residents (70+ yrs) found a prevalence of 0.4%. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chiu</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>18582</RecNum><IDText>Sleep-related injury in the elderly - an epidemiological study in Hong Kong</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18582</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep-related injury in the elderly - an epidemiological study in Hong Kong</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chiu,H.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wing,Y.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lam,L.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Li,S.W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lum,C.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Leung,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ho,C.K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>elderly</Keywords><Keywords>injury</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>513</Start_Page><End_Page>517</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>15</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>79 It is predominant in males (87%), primarily men over age 50. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Schenck</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>14917</RecNum><IDText>REM sleep behavior disorder: clinical, developmental, and neuroscience perspectives 16 years after its formal identification in SLEEP</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14917</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>REM sleep behavior disorder: clinical, developmental, and neuroscience perspectives 16 years after its formal identification in SLEEP</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002/3/15</Date_Primary><Keywords>adolescent</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>Anticonvulsants</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>chronic disease</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>clonazepam</Keywords><Keywords>developmental</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis,differential</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>drug therapy</Keywords><Keywords>electroencephalography</Keywords><Keywords>etiology</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>HLA Antigens</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>identification</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>middle age</Keywords><Keywords>narcolepsy</Keywords><Keywords>neuroscience</Keywords><Keywords>Parkinsonian Disorders</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatry</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Rem sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>REM Sleep Parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>therapeutic use</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>Videotape Recording</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>120</Start_Page><End_Page>138</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>25</Volume><Address>Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center and Department of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415, USA. schen010@umn.edu</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Schenck_S_25_120-138_2002.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>74 Milder forms of RBD with less aggressive behaviors that do not lead to clinical consultation have been postulated for women. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Schenck</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>14917</RecNum><IDText>REM sleep behavior disorder: clinical, developmental, and neuroscience perspectives 16 years after its formal identification in SLEEP</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14917</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>REM sleep behavior disorder: clinical, developmental, and neuroscience perspectives 16 years after its formal identification in SLEEP</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002/3/15</Date_Primary><Keywords>adolescent</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>Anticonvulsants</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>chronic disease</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>clonazepam</Keywords><Keywords>developmental</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis,differential</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>drug therapy</Keywords><Keywords>electroencephalography</Keywords><Keywords>etiology</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>HLA Antigens</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>identification</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>middle age</Keywords><Keywords>narcolepsy</Keywords><Keywords>neuroscience</Keywords><Keywords>Parkinsonian Disorders</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatry</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Rem sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>REM Sleep Parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>therapeutic use</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>Videotape Recording</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>120</Start_Page><End_Page>138</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>25</Volume><Address>Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center and Department of Psychiatry, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55415, USA. schen010@umn.edu</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Schenck_S_25_120-138_2002.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>74 Also, dream-enacting behaviors among healthy young students and pregnant and postpartum women have recently been identified by our group. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>21926</RecNum><IDText>Dream-enacting behaviors in a normal population</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21926</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dream-enacting behaviors in a normal population</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Svob,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kuiken,D.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2009</Date_Primary><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>(in press)</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Nielsen</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>15510</RecNum><IDText>Dream-associated behaviors affecting pregnant and postpartum women</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15510</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dream-associated behaviors affecting pregnant and postpartum women</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paquette,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>activity</Keywords><Keywords>BIB</Keywords><Keywords>Complex</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>motor</Keywords><Keywords>motor activity</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>postpartum</Keywords><Keywords>tnpaper</Keywords><Keywords>women</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1162</Start_Page><End_Page>1169</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>30</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Nielsen reprints\Nielsen_Paquette Reprint_S_30_1162-1169_2007_BIB1.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>19,80Polysomnographic characteristics Laboratory recordings reveal intermittent or complete loss of REM sleep muscle atonia and excessive phasic EMG activity during REM sleep. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Mahowald</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16871</RecNum><IDText>REM sleep parasomnias</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16871</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>REM sleep parasomnias</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>practice</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>REM Sleep Parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep medicine</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>897</Start_Page><End_Page>916</End_Page><Volume>4th</Volume><Title_Secondary>Principles and practice of sleep medicine</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Kryger,M.H.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Roth,T.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Dement,W.C</Authors_Secondary><Issue>75</Issue><Pub_Place>Philadelphia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier Saunders</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>75 The PSG diagnostic criteria are presence of:excessive augmentation of chin EMG tone excessive chin or limb phasic EMG twitching one of the following features during REM sleep: excessive limb or body jerking, complex, vigorous or violent behaviours absence of epileptic pared with age-matched controls, RBD patients have more SWS ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Massicotte-Marquez</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18583</RecNum><IDText>Slow-wave sleep and delta power in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18583</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Slow-wave sleep and delta power in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Massicotte-Marquez,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Carrier,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Decary,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mathieu,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vendette,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>277</Start_Page><End_Page>282</End_Page><Periodical>Annals of Neurology</Periodical><Volume>57</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Annals of Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>81 and distinct changes in the EEG spectrum (e.g., more NREM delta, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Massicotte-Marquez</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18583</RecNum><IDText>Slow-wave sleep and delta power in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18583</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Slow-wave sleep and delta power in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Massicotte-Marquez,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Carrier,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Decary,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mathieu,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vendette,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>277</Start_Page><End_Page>282</End_Page><Periodical>Annals of Neurology</Periodical><Volume>57</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Annals of Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>81 less REM occipital beta, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Fantini</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>18584</RecNum><IDText>Slowing of electroencephalogram in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18584</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Slowing of electroencephalogram in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fantini,M.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gagnon,J.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rompre,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Decary,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Carrier,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>EEG</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>774</Start_Page><End_Page>780</End_Page><Periodical>Annals of Neurology</Periodical><Volume>53</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Annals of Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>82 more theta in several areas). Associated factorsRBD is strongly associated with neurodegenerative diseases, especially the synucleinopathy type ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Boeve</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>15512</RecNum><IDText>Association of REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disease may reflect an underlying synucleinopathy</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15512</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Association of REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disease may reflect an underlying synucleinopathy</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boeve,B.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Silber,M.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferman,T.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lucas,J.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Parisi,J.E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>alzheimer</Keywords><Keywords>Alzheimer's Disease</Keywords><Keywords>aphasia</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>atonia</Keywords><Keywords>Atrophy</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Biopsy</Keywords><Keywords>body</Keywords><Keywords>brain</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>cases</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>cognitive</Keywords><Keywords>Cognitive impairment</Keywords><Keywords>dementia</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnoses</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis,differential</Keywords><Keywords>disease</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>eye</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>Histories</Keywords><Keywords>history</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>Impairment</Keywords><Keywords>Lewy Body Disease</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>middle aged</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>multiple system atrophy</Keywords><Keywords>neurodegenerative</Keywords><Keywords>Neurodegenerative Diseases</Keywords><Keywords>neurology</Keywords><Keywords>normal</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>parkinson</Keywords><Keywords>parkinson disease</Keywords><Keywords>Parkinson's disease</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>Progressive supranuclear palsy</Keywords><Keywords>PSG</Keywords><Keywords>Rapid eye</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>rapid-eye-movement</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Rem sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>setting</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>System</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>values</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>622</Start_Page><End_Page>630</End_Page><Periodical>Mov Dis</Periodical><Volume>16</Volume><Address>Sleep Disorders Center and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. bboeve@mayo.edu</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Movement Disorders</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Mov Dis</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>83 which include: Parkinson’s disease, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Comella</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>11707</RecNum><IDText>Sleep-related violence, injury, and REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>11707</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep-related violence, injury, and REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Comella,C.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nardine,T.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Diederich,N.J</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Stebbins,G.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disease</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>injuries</Keywords><Keywords>injury</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parkinson</Keywords><Keywords>Parkinson's disease</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>violence</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>526</Start_Page><End_Page>529</End_Page><Periodical>Neurology</Periodical><Volume>51</Volume><Address>Department of Neurological Sciences and the Sleep Disorders Center, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612, USA</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Gagnon</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>15511</RecNum><IDText>REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in Parkinson's disease</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15511</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in Parkinson's disease</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gagnon,J.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bedard,M.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fantini,M.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Panisset,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rompre,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Carrier,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002/8/27</Date_Primary><Keywords>atonia</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Behavioral</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>cases</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>complications</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>control subjects</Keywords><Keywords>Criteria</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic criteria</Keywords><Keywords>disease</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>electroencephalography</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>Form</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>group</Keywords><Keywords>Healthy</Keywords><Keywords>Histories</Keywords><Keywords>history</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>interview</Keywords><Keywords>interviews</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>method</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>middle aged</Keywords><Keywords>muscle</Keywords><Keywords>Muscle Hypertonia</Keywords><Keywords>Muscle Tonus</Keywords><Keywords>parkinson</Keywords><Keywords>parkinson disease</Keywords><Keywords>Parkinson's disease</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>physiopathology</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>Predictive Value of Tests</Keywords><Keywords>PSG</Keywords><Keywords>Quebec</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>recording</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Rem sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>REM sleep without atonia</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>scoring</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Structured clinical interview</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>585</Start_Page><End_Page>589</End_Page><Periodical>Neurology</Periodical><Volume>59</Volume><Address>Centre d'etude du sommeil et des rythmes biologiques, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Quebec, Canada</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\DNL-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Gagnon_N_59_585-589_2002_RBD atonia PD.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>84,85 dementia with Lewy bodies, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Schenck</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>8924</RecNum><IDText>Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder in 38% of 29 older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>8924</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder in 38% of 29 older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bundlie,S.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996</Date_Primary><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>ANS</Keywords><Keywords>Atrophy</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>clonazepam</Keywords><Keywords>Data</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>disease</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>evaluation</Keywords><Keywords>eye</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>group</Keywords><Keywords>groups</Keywords><Keywords>Index</Keywords><Keywords>Indexes</Keywords><Keywords>longitudinal</Keywords><Keywords>Mahowald</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>male patient</Keywords><Keywords>male patients</Keywords><Keywords>men</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>Movements</Keywords><Keywords>multiple system atrophy</Keywords><Keywords>non-REM sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Nucleus</Keywords><Keywords>numbers</Keywords><Keywords>onset</Keywords><Keywords>OR</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>parkinson</Keywords><Keywords>Parkinson's disease</Keywords><Keywords>pathology</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>percent</Keywords><Keywords>periodic</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement sleep</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Rem sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>System</Keywords><Keywords>systems</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>treatment</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>388</Start_Page><End_Page>393</End_Page><Periodical>Neurology</Periodical><Volume>46</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Boeve</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>11706</RecNum><IDText>REM sleep behavior disorder and degenerative dementia: an association likely reflecting Lewy body disease</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>11706</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>REM sleep behavior disorder and degenerative dementia: an association likely reflecting Lewy body disease</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boeve,B.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Silber,M.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferman,T.J</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kokmen,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smith,G.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ivnik,R.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Parisi,J.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Olson,E.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petersen,R.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>applied</Keywords><Keywords>arm</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>body</Keywords><Keywords>burst</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>clinical features</Keywords><Keywords>cognitive</Keywords><Keywords>Cognitive decline</Keywords><Keywords>Criteria</Keywords><Keywords>dementia</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>disease</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dream recall</Keywords><Keywords>Features</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>group</Keywords><Keywords>groups</Keywords><Keywords>Histories</Keywords><Keywords>history</Keywords><Keywords>japan</Keywords><Keywords>laboratories</Keywords><Keywords>laboratory</Keywords><Keywords>leg</Keywords><Keywords>limbic</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>male patient</Keywords><Keywords>male patients</Keywords><Keywords>method</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>neurodegenerative</Keywords><Keywords>neuropsychological</Keywords><Keywords>neuropsychological performance</Keywords><Keywords>onset</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by 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ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Fantini</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>18584</RecNum><IDText>Slowing of electroencephalogram in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18584</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Slowing of electroencephalogram in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fantini,M.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gagnon,J.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rompre,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Decary,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Carrier,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>EEG</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>774</Start_Page><End_Page>780</End_Page><Periodical>Annals of Neurology</Periodical><Volume>53</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Annals of Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Fantini</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16757</RecNum><IDText>Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: toward a better nosologic definition</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16757</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: toward a better nosologic definition</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fantini,M.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferini-Strambi,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005/3/8</Date_Primary><Keywords>activity</Keywords><Keywords>affect</Keywords><Keywords>affects</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>autonomic</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Behaviors</Keywords><Keywords>body</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>cases</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>cns</Keywords><Keywords>concept</Keywords><Keywords>Cortical activity</Keywords><Keywords>Deficits</Keywords><Keywords>definition</Keywords><Keywords>dementia</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>disease</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>dysfunction</Keywords><Keywords>Follow-up</Keywords><Keywords>follow-up studies</Keywords><Keywords>follow-up study</Keywords><Keywords>Form</Keywords><Keywords>function</Keywords><Keywords>functions</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>general population</Keywords><Keywords>Impairment</Keywords><Keywords>inhibition</Keywords><Keywords>Intervention</Keywords><Keywords>Lewy Bodies</Keywords><Keywords>men</Keywords><Keywords>motor</Keywords><Keywords>motor inhibition</Keywords><Keywords>neurodegenerative</Keywords><Keywords>Neurologic disorders</Keywords><Keywords>neurophysiologic</Keywords><Keywords>neuropsychological</Keywords><Keywords>onset</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Rem sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>series</Keywords><Keywords>Signs</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>strategies</Keywords><Keywords>syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>wakefulness</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>780</Start_Page><End_Page>786</End_Page><Periodical>Neurology</Periodical><Volume>64</Volume><Address>Centre d'etude du sommeil et des rythmes biologiques, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur, Montreal, Canada</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Fantini_N_64_780-786_2005.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Ferini-Strambi</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>15625</RecNum><IDText>Neuropsychological assessment in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD): does the idiopathic form of RBD really exist?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15625</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Neuropsychological assessment in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD): does the idiopathic form of RBD really exist?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferini-Strambi,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Di Gioia,M.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Castronovo,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oldani,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zucconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cappa,S.F.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004</Date_Primary><Keywords>assessment</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Form</Keywords><Keywords>neuropsychological</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>rbd dreams</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Rem sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>41</Start_Page><End_Page>45</End_Page><Periodical>Neurology</Periodical><Volume>62</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Ferini-Strambi_N_62_41-45_2004.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>82,98,99 RBD has also been associated with narcolepsy and other neurological disorders, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Mahowald</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16871</RecNum><IDText>REM sleep parasomnias</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16871</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>REM sleep parasomnias</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>practice</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>REM Sleep Parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep medicine</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>897</Start_Page><End_Page>916</End_Page><Volume>4th</Volume><Title_Secondary>Principles and practice of sleep medicine</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Kryger,M.H.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Roth,T.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Dement,W.C</Authors_Secondary><Issue>75</Issue><Pub_Place>Philadelphia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier Saunders</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>75 such as:olivopontocerebellar degenerationischemic cerebrovascular diseasemultiple sclerosisGuillain-Barré syndromeShy-Drager syndrome Arnold-Chiari syndrome.What are NREM sleep parasomnias?Confusional arousals Clinical featuresConfusional arousals (aka sleep drunkenness) are transitory states of confusional behavior or thought occurring during or after awakenings from NREM sleep, usually from NREM sleep early in the night. The individual is confused, disoriented, behaviorally slow, and may display automatic or inappropriate behaviors. Vivid dreaming is usually not present. Sleep-related abnormal sexual behaviors, such as masturbation, sexual molestation, initiation of sexual intercourse and loud sexual vocalizations during sleep are part of the spectrum of confusional arousals. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16074</RecNum><IDText>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16074</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Task Force Chair,Hauri PJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>ASDA</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keywords>coding</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>erections</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>sinus arrest</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Volume>2nd</Volume><Pub_Place>Chicago</Pub_Place><Publisher>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>1 Incidence and prevalenceThe incidence is unknown but episodes are frequent in early childhood and diminish after age 5. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Rosen</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>9551</RecNum><IDText>Sleepwalking, confusional arousals, and sleep terrors in the child</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>9551</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleepwalking, confusional arousals, and sleep terrors in the child</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rosen,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferber,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>child</Keywords><Keywords>fears</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>book</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>sleep terror</Keywords><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>content</Keywords><Keywords>perception</Keywords><Keywords>attack</Keywords><Keywords>parents</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>99</Start_Page><End_Page>106</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Principles and practice of sleep medicine in the child</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Ferber,R.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Kryger,M.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Philadelphia</Pub_Place><Publisher>WB Saunders Company</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>100 Young children with persisting confusional arousals often become sleepwalkers in adolescence. Prevalence in adults is 3-4 % ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Ohayon</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>18572</RecNum><IDText>The place of confusional arousals in sleep and mental disorders: findings in a general population sample of 13,057 subjects</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18572</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The place of confusional arousals in sleep and mental disorders: findings in a general population sample of 13,057 subjects</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ohayon,M.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Priest,R.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zulley,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smirne,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>340</Start_Page><End_Page>348</End_Page><Periodical>J Nerv Ment Dis</Periodical><Volume>188</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Nerv Ment Dis</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Nerv.Ment.Dis.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>101. There is no known gender difference.Polysomnographic characteristics The arousals usually occur during the first two NREM episodes, but can also occur in later NREM sleep. PSG recordings have shown awakenings from NREM sleep.Associated factorsChildhood confusional arousals are usually benign; in adults they are often associated with mental disorders or obstructive sleep apnea. They occur more often in night-shift or rotating-shift workers. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Ohayon</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>18572</RecNum><IDText>The place of confusional arousals in sleep and mental disorders: findings in a general population sample of 13,057 subjects</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18572</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The place of confusional arousals in sleep and mental disorders: findings in a general population sample of 13,057 subjects</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ohayon,M.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Priest,R.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zulley,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Smirne,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>340</Start_Page><End_Page>348</End_Page><Periodical>J Nerv Ment Dis</Periodical><Volume>188</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Nerv Ment Dis</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Nerv.Ment.Dis.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>101 Many conditions can set the stage for confusional arousals: family historysleep deprivationobstructive sleep apneadrug/alcohol use.Sleepwalking (somnambulism)Clinical features Sleepwalking is characterized by behaviors usually initiated during arousals from NREM sleep; it may begin with simple movements, such as sitting up in bed, and culminate in walking, running out of the room, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16074</RecNum><IDText>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16074</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Task Force Chair,Hauri PJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>ASDA</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keywords>coding</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>erections</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>sinus arrest</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Volume>2nd</Volume><Pub_Place>Chicago</Pub_Place><Publisher>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>1 or, more rarely, more complex activities, e.g., cooking or eating, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Masand</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>8135</RecNum><IDText>Sleepwalking</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>8135</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleepwalking</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Masand,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>649</Start_Page><End_Page>653</End_Page><Periodical>Am Fam Phys</Periodical><Volume>51</Volume><Address>State University of New York Health Science Center, Syracuse</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Family Physician</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am Fam Phys</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>102 driving, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Schenck</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>10884</RecNum><IDText>A polysomnographically documented case of adult somnambulism with long-distance automobile driving and frequent nocturnal violence: parasomnia with continuing danger as a noninsane automatism?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>10884</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A polysomnographically documented case of adult somnambulism with long-distance automobile driving and frequent nocturnal violence: parasomnia with continuing danger as a noninsane automatism?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatry</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Keywords>automobiles</Keywords><Keywords>driving</Keywords><Keywords>violence</Keywords><Keywords>automatism</Keywords><Keywords>childhood onset</Keywords><Keywords>injuries</Keywords><Keywords>activity</Keywords><Keywords>running</Keywords><Keywords>ANS</Keywords><Keywords>distance</Keywords><Keywords>state</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>PSG</Keywords><Keywords>Violent behavior</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>stage</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>treatment</Keywords><Keywords>bedtime</Keywords><Keywords>clonazepam</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>legal</Keywords><Keywords>forensic</Keywords><Keywords>published</Keywords><Keywords>literature</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement sleep</Keywords><Keywords>eye</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>examples</Keywords><Keywords>recurrent</Keywords><Keywords>Beds</Keywords><Keywords>concept</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>765</Start_Page><End_Page>772</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>18</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>11 even homicide. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Broughton</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>17556</RecNum><IDText>Homicidal somnambulism: a case report</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>17556</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Homicidal somnambulism: a case report</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Broughton,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Billings,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cartwright,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Doucette,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Edmeads,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Edwardh,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ervin,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Orchard,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hill,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Turrell,G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1994/4</Date_Primary><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>assessment</Keywords><Keywords>Assessments</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>case report</Keywords><Keywords>Complex</Keywords><Keywords>Criminal Law</Keywords><Keywords>Data</Keywords><Keywords>defense</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis,differential</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Dissociative</Keywords><Keywords>drug therapy</Keywords><Keywords>electroencephalography</Keywords><Keywords>electromyography</Keywords><Keywords>electrooculography</Keywords><Keywords>eye</Keywords><Keywords>Eye-movement</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement sleep</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>families</Keywords><Keywords>family</Keywords><Keywords>Family history</Keywords><Keywords>Histories</Keywords><Keywords>history</Keywords><Keywords>homicide</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>legal</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>mental disorders</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>Ontario</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>Oxazepam</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>Partial seizures</Keywords><Keywords>Pedigree</Keywords><Keywords>personal</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>drawer D-2 ppsm4med</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>probability</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>psychological tests</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>rapid-eye-movement</Keywords><Keywords>Rapid eye</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement sleep</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>seizure</Keywords><Keywords>seizures</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep behavior disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep stages</Keywords><Keywords>sleep,rem</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Keywords>state</Keywords><Keywords>therapeutic use</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>violence</Keywords><Keywords>waking</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>253</Start_Page><End_Page>264</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>17</Volume><Address>University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\DNL-Net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Broughton_S_17_253-264_1994_homicidal somnambulism.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Howard</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>1389</RecNum><IDText>Violence in sleep: medico-legal issues and two case reports</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>1389</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Violence in sleep: medico-legal issues and two case reports</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Howard,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>D'Orban,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>tplit</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>violence</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>case reports</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>review</Keywords><Keywords>cases</Keywords><Keywords>confusion</Keywords><Keywords>awakening</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>dream content</Keywords><Keywords>content</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>sss</Keywords><Keywords>automatism</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>concept</Keywords><Keywords>psyclit</Keywords><Keywords>right</Keywords><Keywords>homicide</Keywords><Keywords>adolescence</Keywords><Keywords>adulthood</Keywords><Keywords>concepts</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>915</Start_Page><End_Page>925</End_Page><Periodical>Psychol Méd</Periodical><Volume>17</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Psychologie Médicale</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Psychol Méd</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Ovuga</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>4991</RecNum><IDText>Murder during sleep-walking</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>4991</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Murder during sleep-walking</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ovuga,E.B.L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1992</Date_Primary><Keywords>attention</Keywords><Keywords>author</Keywords><Keywords>blood</Keywords><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>criminals</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>refs</Keywords><Keywords>reports</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>533</Start_Page><End_Page>534</End_Page><Periodical>East African Medical Journal</Periodical><Volume>69</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">East African Medical Journal</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Hartmann</Author><Year>1983</Year><RecNum>848</RecNum><IDText>Two case reports: night terrors with sleepwalking -- a potentially lethal disorder</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>848</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Two case reports: night terrors with sleepwalking -- a potentially lethal disorder</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hartmann,E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1983</Date_Primary><Keywords>adulthood</Keywords><Keywords>Aged</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>case reports</Keywords><Keywords>cases</Keywords><Keywords>compulsive</Keywords><Keywords>Compulsive Personality Disorder</Keywords><Keywords>concern</Keywords><Keywords>death</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>Features</Keywords><Keywords>Functioning</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>males</Keywords><Keywords>night</Keywords><Keywords>Night-terrors</Keywords><Keywords>night terror</Keywords><Keywords>night terrors</Keywords><Keywords>night terrors with sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>personality</Keywords><Keywords>Personality-disorder</Keywords><Keywords>plit</Keywords><Keywords>psychopathology</Keywords><Keywords>psychotherapy</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>SUNDS</Keywords><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>Terrors</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>503</Start_Page><End_Page>505</End_Page><Periodical>J Nerv Ment Dis</Periodical><Volume>171</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Nerv Ment Dis</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Nerv.Ment.Dis.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Gottlieb</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>18574</RecNum><IDText>On serious violence during sleepwalking</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18574</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>On serious violence during sleepwalking</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gottlieb,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Christensen,O.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kramp,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1986</Date_Primary><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>violence</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>120</Start_Page><End_Page>121</End_Page><Periodical>Br J Psychiatr</Periodical><Volume>149</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">British Journal of Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Br J Psychiatr</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>3,103-106 Episodes are accompanied variously by amnesia, confusion, perceived threat, dreaming or even pseudo-hallucination. Usually considered benign in children, sleepwalking in adults may lead to injuries. Incidence and prevalencePeak incidence (approximately 17%) is around age 12 years. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Klackenberg</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>18578</RecNum><IDText>Somnambulism in childhood - prevalence, course and behavioral correlations: a prospective longitudinal study (6-16 years)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18578</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Somnambulism in childhood - prevalence, course and behavioral correlations: a prospective longitudinal study (6-16 years)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Klackenberg,G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1982</Date_Primary><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>495</Start_Page><End_Page>499</End_Page><Periodical>Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica</Periodical><Volume>71</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>107 For adults, a suggested prevalence of 2-2.5% ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bixler</Author><Year>1979</Year><RecNum>2427</RecNum><IDText>Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2427</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bixler,E.O.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kales,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Soldatos,C.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kales,J.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Healy,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1979</Date_Primary><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>hypersomnia</Keywords><Keywords>incidence PC</Keywords><Keywords>insomnia</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>notes</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1257</Start_Page><End_Page>1262</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Psychiatr</Periodical><Volume>136</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Psychiatr</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Am.J.Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Ohayon</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>12828</RecNum><IDText>Night terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousals in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12828</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Night terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousals in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ohayon,M.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Guilleminault,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Priest,R.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1999</Date_Primary><Keywords>hypnagogic</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>night</Keywords><Keywords>night terrors</Keywords><Keywords>night terror</Keywords><Keywords>Night-terrors</Keywords><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>relationship</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>mental disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Mental-disorders</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sciences</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>method</Keywords><Keywords>Sample</Keywords><Keywords>Telephone</Keywords><Keywords>System</Keywords><Keywords>Night tenors</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>gender</Keywords><Keywords>gender difference</Keywords><Keywords>multivariate</Keywords><Keywords>models</Keywords><Keywords>model</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>Shift</Keywords><Keywords>shift-work</Keywords><Keywords>Work</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>Daytime</Keywords><Keywords>daytime sleepiness</Keywords><Keywords>sleepiness</Keywords><Keywords>sleep talking</Keywords><Keywords>smoking</Keywords><Keywords>adjustment</Keywords><Keywords>bipolar</Keywords><Keywords>bipolar disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Sense</Keywords><Keywords>breathing</Keywords><Keywords>obstructive sleep apnea</Keywords><Keywords>sleep apnea</Keywords><Keywords>sleep apnea syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>apnea</Keywords><Keywords>syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>alcohol</Keywords><Keywords>bedtime</Keywords><Keywords>Behaviors</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>effects</Keywords><Keywords>sleep deprivation</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep-deprivation</Keywords><Keywords>deprivation</Keywords><Keywords>Life</Keywords><Keywords>stress</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>expression</Keywords><Keywords>Need</Keywords><Keywords>events</Keywords><Keywords>Event</Keywords><Keywords>Rates</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>England</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>268</Start_Page><End_Page>276</End_Page><Periodical>J Clin Psychiatr</Periodical><Volume>60</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>0160-6689</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Ohayon MM Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Sleep Disorders Ctr 401 Quarry Rd,Suite 3301 Stanford, CA 94305 USA Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Sleep Disorders Ctr Stanford, CA 94305 USA Ctr Rech Philippe Pinel Montreal Montreal PQ Canada Univ London, St Marys Hosp, Acad Dept Psychiat London England</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Clinical Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Clin Psychiatr</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>21,52 is probably an underestimate. Many studies report no gender difference in older children, adolescents or adults, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Laberge</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>12881</RecNum><IDText>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12881</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Laberge,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vitaro,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>development</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>pediatrics</Keywords><Keywords>Pediatric</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>67</Start_Page><End_Page>74</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>106</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Klackenberg</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>18578</RecNum><IDText>Somnambulism in childhood - prevalence, course and behavioral correlations: a prospective longitudinal study (6-16 years)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18578</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Somnambulism in childhood - prevalence, course and behavioral correlations: a prospective longitudinal study (6-16 years)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Klackenberg,G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1982</Date_Primary><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>495</Start_Page><End_Page>499</End_Page><Periodical>Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica</Periodical><Volume>71</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>107,108 but studies of young children 2.5-6 and 4-9 years old found it to be more common in boys than in girls. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Shang</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>18579</RecNum><IDText>Association between childhood sleep problems and perinatal factors, parental mental distress and behavioral problems</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18579</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Association between childhood sleep problems and perinatal factors, parental mental distress and behavioral problems</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Shang,C.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gau,S.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Soong,W.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006</Date_Primary><Keywords>behavior problems</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>parents</Keywords><Keywords>perinatal</Keywords><Keywords>sleep problems</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>63</Start_Page><End_Page>73</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>15</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Petit</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21009</RecNum><IDText>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21009</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Touchette,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boivin,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>dysomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>e1016</Start_Page><End_Page>e1025</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>119</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Petit_P_119_e1016-1025_2007_parasomnia kids.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>109,110Polysomnographic characteristics Sleep architecture does not differ between adult somnambulistic patients and control subjects, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Blatt</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>11256</RecNum><IDText>The value of sleep recording in evaluating somnambulism in young adults</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>11256</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The value of sleep recording in evaluating somnambulism in young adults</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Blatt,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Peled,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gadoth,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lavie,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1991</Date_Primary><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>adulthood</Keywords><Keywords>adults</Keywords><Keywords>AIDS</Keywords><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>delta</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>history</Keywords><Keywords>interruption</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnographic recording</Keywords><Keywords>PSG</Keywords><Keywords>quantitative</Keywords><Keywords>recording</Keywords><Keywords>role</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Keywords>specificity</Keywords><Keywords>stage</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>use</Keywords><Keywords>values</Keywords><Keywords>Waves</Keywords><Keywords>Young</Keywords><Keywords>young adults</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>407</Start_Page><End_Page>412</End_Page><Periodical>Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol</Periodical><Volume>78</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Denesle</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>18575</RecNum><IDText>Sleepwalking and aggressive behavior in sleep</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18575</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleepwalking and aggressive behavior in sleep</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Denesle,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nicolas,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gosselin,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zadra,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>aggressive behavior</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>70</Start_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>21 (suppl.1)</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Gaudreau</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>15447</RecNum><IDText>Dynamics of slow-wave activity during the NREM sleep of sleepwalkers and control subjects</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15447</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dynamics of slow-wave activity during the NREM sleep of sleepwalkers and control subjects</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gaudreau,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Joncas,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zadra,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000/9/15</Date_Primary><Keywords>abnormalities</Keywords><Keywords>activity</Keywords><Keywords>adolescent</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>awakening</Keywords><Keywords>Awakenings</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>control subjects</Keywords><Keywords>cycle</Keywords><Keywords>design</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Dynamics</Keywords><Keywords>EEG</Keywords><Keywords>electroencephalography</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>first</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>Intervention</Keywords><Keywords>Interventions</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>measurement</Keywords><Keywords>mechanism</Keywords><Keywords>Mechanisms</Keywords><Keywords>neural</Keywords><Keywords>NREM</Keywords><Keywords>nrem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Number</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>Period</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>place</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>power</Keywords><Keywords>Quebec</Keywords><Keywords>setting</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep cycle</Keywords><Keywords>sleep cycles</Keywords><Keywords>sleep,rem</Keywords><Keywords>slow wave activity</Keywords><Keywords>slow wave sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Slow-wave</Keywords><Keywords>slow-wave activity</Keywords><Keywords>slow-wave sleep</Keywords><Keywords>slow-wave-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Keywords>spectral</Keywords><Keywords>SWS</Keywords><Keywords>wakefulness</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>755</Start_Page><End_Page>760</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>23</Volume><Address>Centre d 'etude du sommeil, Hopital du Sacre-Caeur de Montreal, Quebec</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Gaudreau_S_23_755-760_2000.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Guilleminault</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>18576</RecNum><IDText>Nocturnal wandering and violence: review of a sleep clinic population</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18576</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nocturnal wandering and violence: review of a sleep clinic population</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Guilleminault,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Leger,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Philip,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ohayon,M.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>158</Start_Page><End_Page>163</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Forensic Sciences</Periodical><Volume>43</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Forensic Sciences</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Schenck</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>4621</RecNum><IDText>A polysomnographic and clinical report on sleep-related injury in 100 adult patients</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>4621</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A polysomnographic and clinical report on sleep-related injury in 100 adult patients</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Milner,D.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hurwitz,T.D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bundlie,S.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1989</Date_Primary><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>adult patient</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>injuries</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>drawer D-2 ppsm4med</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>violence</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>1166</Start_Page><End_Page>1173</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Psychiatr</Periodical><Volume>146</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Psychiatr</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Am.J.Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Schenck</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>11811</RecNum><IDText>Analysis of polysomnographic events surrounding 252 slow-wave sleep arousals in thirty-eight adults with injurious sleepwalking and sleep terrors</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>11811</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Analysis of polysomnographic events surrounding 252 slow-wave sleep arousals in thirty-eight adults with injurious sleepwalking and sleep terrors</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schenck,C.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pareja,J.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Patterson,A.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>adults</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>events</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>drawer D-2 ppsm4med</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep arousal</Keywords><Keywords>sleep terror</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep terrors</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>slow-wave-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>slow-wave sleep</Keywords><Keywords>slow wave sleep</Keywords><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>violence</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>159</Start_Page><End_Page>166</End_Page><Periodical>J Clin Neurophysiol</Periodical><Volume>15</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Clin Neurophysiol</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>111-116 except that somnambulists have more arousals out of NREM sleep. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Blatt</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>11256</RecNum><IDText>The value of sleep recording in evaluating somnambulism in young adults</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>11256</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The value of sleep recording in evaluating somnambulism in young adults</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Blatt,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Peled,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gadoth,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lavie,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1991</Date_Primary><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>adulthood</Keywords><Keywords>adults</Keywords><Keywords>AIDS</Keywords><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>delta</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>history</Keywords><Keywords>interruption</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnographic recording</Keywords><Keywords>PSG</Keywords><Keywords>quantitative</Keywords><Keywords>recording</Keywords><Keywords>role</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Keywords>specificity</Keywords><Keywords>stage</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>use</Keywords><Keywords>values</Keywords><Keywords>Waves</Keywords><Keywords>Young</Keywords><Keywords>young adults</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>407</Start_Page><End_Page>412</End_Page><Periodical>Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol</Periodical><Volume>78</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Gaudreau</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>15447</RecNum><IDText>Dynamics of slow-wave activity during the NREM sleep of sleepwalkers and control subjects</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15447</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dynamics of slow-wave activity during the NREM sleep of sleepwalkers and control subjects</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gaudreau,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Joncas,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zadra,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000/9/15</Date_Primary><Keywords>abnormalities</Keywords><Keywords>activity</Keywords><Keywords>adolescent</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>awakening</Keywords><Keywords>Awakenings</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>control subjects</Keywords><Keywords>cycle</Keywords><Keywords>design</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Dynamics</Keywords><Keywords>EEG</Keywords><Keywords>electroencephalography</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>first</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>Intervention</Keywords><Keywords>Interventions</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>measurement</Keywords><Keywords>mechanism</Keywords><Keywords>Mechanisms</Keywords><Keywords>neural</Keywords><Keywords>NREM</Keywords><Keywords>nrem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Number</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>Period</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>place</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>power</Keywords><Keywords>Quebec</Keywords><Keywords>setting</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep cycle</Keywords><Keywords>sleep cycles</Keywords><Keywords>sleep,rem</Keywords><Keywords>slow wave activity</Keywords><Keywords>slow wave sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Slow-wave</Keywords><Keywords>slow-wave activity</Keywords><Keywords>slow-wave sleep</Keywords><Keywords>slow-wave-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Keywords>spectral</Keywords><Keywords>SWS</Keywords><Keywords>wakefulness</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>755</Start_Page><End_Page>760</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>23</Volume><Address>Centre d 'etude du sommeil, Hopital du Sacre-Caeur de Montreal, Quebec</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Gaudreau_S_23_755-760_2000.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>111,113 Episodes of somnambulism are rare in the sleep laboratory, but they may be triggered experimentally by extended sleep deprivation (e.g., 38 hours). ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Joncas</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>15446</RecNum><IDText>The value of sleep deprivation as a diagnostic tool in adult sleepwalkers</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>15446</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The value of sleep deprivation as a diagnostic tool in adult sleepwalkers</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Joncas,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zadra,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paquet,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002/3/26</Date_Primary><Keywords>activity</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>affect</Keywords><Keywords>analysis of variance</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>author</Keywords><Keywords>awakening</Keywords><Keywords>Awakenings</Keywords><Keywords>Behavioral</Keywords><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>comparative study</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>control subjects</Keywords><Keywords>deprivation</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>effects</Keywords><Keywords>electrocardiography</Keywords><Keywords>electroencephalography</Keywords><Keywords>electromyography</Keywords><Keywords>Episodes</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>injuries</Keywords><Keywords>injury</Keywords><Keywords>laboratories</Keywords><Keywords>laboratory</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>method</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>night</Keywords><Keywords>Nights</Keywords><Keywords>Number</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>physiopathology</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>power</Keywords><Keywords>pressure</Keywords><Keywords>recording</Keywords><Keywords>Recovery</Keywords><Keywords>scale</Keywords><Keywords>Screening</Keywords><Keywords>sex</Keywords><Keywords>significant</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep deprivation</Keywords><Keywords>sleep regulation</Keywords><Keywords>sleep stages</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>Slow-wave</Keywords><Keywords>slow-wave activity</Keywords><Keywords>slow-wave sleep</Keywords><Keywords>slow wave activity</Keywords><Keywords>slow wave sleep</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>wakefulness</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>936</Start_Page><End_Page>940</End_Page><Periodical>Neurology</Periodical><Volume>58</Volume><Address>Centre d'etude du sommeil, Hopital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Canada</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Joncas_N_58_936-940_2002.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Pilon</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>18580</RecNum><IDText>Hypersynchronous delta waves and somnambulism: brain topography and effect of sleep deprivation</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18580</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Hypersynchronous delta waves and somnambulism: brain topography and effect of sleep deprivation</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pilon,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zadra,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Joncas,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006</Date_Primary><Keywords>sleep deprivation</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>77</Start_Page><End_Page>84</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>29</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>117,118 Associated factorsThere is a strong genetic component ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hublin</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>9602</RecNum><IDText>Prevalence and genetic of sleepwalking: A population-based twin study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>9602</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Prevalence and genetic of sleepwalking: A population-based twin study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hublin,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kaprio,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Heikkila,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Koskenvuo,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>genetic</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>twins</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>177</Start_Page><End_Page>181</End_Page><Periodical>Neurology</Periodical><Volume>48</Volume><Address>Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Finland</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>119 with a link to the HLA-DQB1 gene. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Lecendreux</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>18752</RecNum><IDText>HLA and genetic susceptibility to sleepwalking</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18752</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>HLA and genetic susceptibility to sleepwalking</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lecendreux,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bassetti,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Dauvilliers,Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mayer,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Neidhart,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tafti,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>genetic</Keywords><Keywords>HLA</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>114</Start_Page><End_Page>117</End_Page><Periodical>Mol Psychiatry</Periodical><Volume>8</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Molecular Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Mol Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>120 Anxiety may increase occurrences. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Cirignotta</Author><Year>1983</Year><RecNum>4269</RecNum><IDText>Enuresis, sleepwalking, and nightmares: an epidemiological survey in the republic of San Marino</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>4269</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Enuresis, sleepwalking, and nightmares: an epidemiological survey in the republic of San Marino</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cirignotta,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zucconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mondini,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lenzi,P.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lugaresi,E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1983</Date_Primary><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Keywords>epidemiology</Keywords><Keywords>insomnia</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>notes</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>reviews</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>237</Start_Page><End_Page>241</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Sleep/Wake disorder: Natural history, epidemiology, and long-term evolution</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Guilleminault,C.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Lugaresi,E.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>New York</Pub_Place><Publisher>Raven Press</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Crisp</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>12767</RecNum><IDText>Sleepwalking, night terrors, and consciousness</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12767</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleepwalking, night terrors, and consciousness</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Crisp,A.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Matthews,B.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oakey,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Crutchfield,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1990=February 10</Date_Primary><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>consciousness</Keywords><Keywords>night</Keywords><Keywords>night terror</Keywords><Keywords>night terrors</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>360</Start_Page><End_Page>362</End_Page><Periodical>Br Med J</Periodical><Volume>300</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">British Medical Journal</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Br Med J</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Rosen</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>9551</RecNum><IDText>Sleepwalking, confusional arousals, and sleep terrors in the child</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>9551</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleepwalking, confusional arousals, and sleep terrors in the child</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rosen,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mahowald,M.W.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferber,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1995</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>child</Keywords><Keywords>fears</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>book</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>sleep terror</Keywords><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>content</Keywords><Keywords>perception</Keywords><Keywords>attack</Keywords><Keywords>parents</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>99</Start_Page><End_Page>106</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Principles and practice of sleep medicine in the child</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Ferber,R.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Kryger,M.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Philadelphia</Pub_Place><Publisher>WB Saunders Company</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>100,121,122 Sleep terrorsClinical features Sleep terrors (aka night terrors or pavor nocturnus) are “arousals from SWS accompanied by a cry or piercing scream and autonomic nervous system and behavioral manifestations of intense fear”. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16074</RecNum><IDText>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16074</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Task Force Chair,Hauri PJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>ASDA</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keywords>coding</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>erections</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>sinus arrest</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Volume>2nd</Volume><Pub_Place>Chicago</Pub_Place><Publisher>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>1 Typically, within 90 minutes of falling asleep, the individual screams and sits up with a panic-stricken expression and intense autonomic activity (sweating, racing heart, rapid breathing). Less often there are complex behaviors such as leaving the bed, fleeing the room or thrashing around. Injuries may result in such cases. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Fisher</Author><Year>1973</Year><RecNum>5924</RecNum><IDText>A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors: I. Physiological aspects of the Stage 4 night terror</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>5924</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors: I. Physiological aspects of the Stage 4 night terror</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fisher,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kahn,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Edwards,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Davis,D.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1973</Date_Primary><Keywords>adults</Keywords><Keywords>alpha</Keywords><Keywords>alpha rhythm</Keywords><Keywords>amplitude</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety dreams</Keywords><Keywords>autonomic</Keywords><Keywords>awakening</Keywords><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>fitness</Keywords><Keywords>hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>heart</Keywords><Keywords>heart rate</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic</Keywords><Keywords>mechanism</Keywords><Keywords>night</Keywords><Keywords>night terror</Keywords><Keywords>night terrors</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>normal</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>plit</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric patients</Keywords><Keywords>psyclit</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>respiration</Keywords><Keywords>rhythm</Keywords><Keywords>right</Keywords><Keywords>skin</Keywords><Keywords>skin resistance</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sop</Keywords><Keywords>stage</Keywords><Keywords>stage 2</Keywords><Keywords>Stage 4 night terrors & nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>state</Keywords><Keywords>symptoms</Keywords><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>75</Start_Page><End_Page>98</End_Page><Periodical>J Nerv Ment Dis</Periodical><Volume>157</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Nerv Ment Dis</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Nerv.Ment.Dis.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>123 Inconsolability is a key feature; attempts to console or awaken a somnambulist in mid-episode may well prolong or intensify it—even causing aggressive actions toward the intervener. As is the case for somnambulism and confusional arousals, the individual usually does not wake up fully from a sleep terror and will forget the event the following day. Sleep terrors do not differ markedly from somnambulism except that the behaviors displayed are usually more rapid and abrupt than during somnambulism.Incidence and prevalenceReported incidence estimates are variable. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Laberge</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>12881</RecNum><IDText>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12881</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Laberge,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vitaro,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>development</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>pediatrics</Keywords><Keywords>Pediatric</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>67</Start_Page><End_Page>74</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>106</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Fisher</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>11603</RecNum><IDText>Children's Sleep Behavior Scale: normative data on 870 children in grades 1 to 6</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>11603</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Children's Sleep Behavior Scale: normative data on 870 children in grades 1 to 6</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fisher,B.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pauley,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>McGuire,K.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1989/2</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>children's nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>laberge paper</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep behavior</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>227</Start_Page><End_Page>236</End_Page><Periodical>Percept Mot Skills</Periodical><Volume>68</Volume><Address>University of New Brunswick, St. John, Canada</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Perceptual and Motor Skills</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Percept Mot Skills</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Percept.Mot.Skills</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Simonds</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>854</RecNum><IDText>The parasomnias: Prevalence and relationships to each other and to positive family histories</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>854</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The parasomnias: Prevalence and relationships to each other and to positive family histories</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Simonds,J.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Parraga,H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1982</Date_Primary><Keywords>definition PC</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>night terrors</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal teeth grinding</Keywords><Keywords>urinary incontinence</Keywords><Keywords>notes</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>25</Start_Page><End_Page>38</End_Page><Periodical>Hillside Journal of Clinical Psychiatry</Periodical><Volume>4</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Hillside Journal of Clinical Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Vela-Bueno</Author><Year>1985</Year><RecNum>822</RecNum><IDText>Prevalence of night terrors and nightmares in elementary school children: a pilot study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>822</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Prevalence of night terrors and nightmares in elementary school children: a pilot study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vela-Bueno,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bixler,E.O.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Dobladez-Blanco,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rubio,M.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mattison,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kales,A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1985</Date_Primary><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>American</Keywords><Keywords>Boys</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>cases</Keywords><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>group</Keywords><Keywords>groups</Keywords><Keywords>incidence PC</Keywords><Keywords>Need</Keywords><Keywords>night</Keywords><Keywords>Night-terrors</Keywords><Keywords>night terror</Keywords><Keywords>night terrors</Keywords><Keywords>night terrors & nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>nightmare</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>notes</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>Parent</Keywords><Keywords>parents</Keywords><Keywords>pp1 chapter</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>Psychological disorder</Keywords><Keywords>psyclit</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaires</Keywords><Keywords>right</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Support</Keywords><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>Terrors</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>177</Start_Page><End_Page>188</End_Page><Periodical>Res Commun Psychol Psychiatr Behav</Periodical><Volume>10</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavior</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Res Commun Psychol Psychiatr Behav</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>108,124-126 Some parents may fail to differentiate nightmares and sleep terrors but when a clear definition is supplied, a high prevalence (40%) is seen in preschoolers. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Petit</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21009</RecNum><IDText>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21009</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Touchette,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boivin,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>dysomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>e1016</Start_Page><End_Page>e1025</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>119</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Petit_P_119_e1016-1025_2007_parasomnia kids.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>110 Sleep terrors tend to resolve in adolescence and do not display a gender difference. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Laberge</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>12881</RecNum><IDText>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12881</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Laberge,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vitaro,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>development</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>pediatrics</Keywords><Keywords>Pediatric</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>67</Start_Page><End_Page>74</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>106</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Petit</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21009</RecNum><IDText>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21009</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Touchette,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boivin,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>dysomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>e1016</Start_Page><End_Page>e1025</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>119</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Petit_P_119_e1016-1025_2007_parasomnia kids.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>108,110 In adults, there is a high degree of overlap among confusional arousals, somnambulism and sleep terrors.Polysomnographic characteristics Sleep recordings often show sudden awakenings from NREM sleep, especially in the second half of either of the first two NREM sleep episodes. The amount of time spent in stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep prior to an episode is positively correlated with severity of the subsequent episode. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Fisher</Author><Year>1973</Year><RecNum>5924</RecNum><IDText>A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors: I. Physiological aspects of the Stage 4 night terror</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>5924</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors: I. Physiological aspects of the Stage 4 night terror</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fisher,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kahn,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Edwards,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Davis,D.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1973</Date_Primary><Keywords>adults</Keywords><Keywords>alpha</Keywords><Keywords>alpha rhythm</Keywords><Keywords>amplitude</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety dreams</Keywords><Keywords>autonomic</Keywords><Keywords>awakening</Keywords><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>fitness</Keywords><Keywords>hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>heart</Keywords><Keywords>heart rate</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic</Keywords><Keywords>mechanism</Keywords><Keywords>night</Keywords><Keywords>night terror</Keywords><Keywords>night terrors</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>normal</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>plit</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric patients</Keywords><Keywords>psyclit</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>respiration</Keywords><Keywords>rhythm</Keywords><Keywords>right</Keywords><Keywords>skin</Keywords><Keywords>skin resistance</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sop</Keywords><Keywords>stage</Keywords><Keywords>stage 2</Keywords><Keywords>Stage 4 night terrors & nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>state</Keywords><Keywords>symptoms</Keywords><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>75</Start_Page><End_Page>98</End_Page><Periodical>J Nerv Ment Dis</Periodical><Volume>157</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Nerv Ment Dis</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Nerv.Ment.Dis.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>123 Rarely, they may occur in NREM stage 2.Associated factorsChildhood sleep terrors are usually not associated with a neurological condition, whereas onset in adulthood may be. As is the case for somnambulism and confusional arousals, genetic factors play a major role. Monozygotic twins are more concordant than dizygotic twins for sleep terrors ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Abe</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>18581</RecNum><IDText>Twin study on night terrors, fears and some physiological and behavioral characteristics in childhood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18581</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Twin study on night terrors, fears and some physiological and behavioral characteristics in childhood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Abe,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oda,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ikenaga,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Yamada,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1993</Date_Primary><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>night terrors</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>39</Start_Page><End_Page>43</End_Page><Periodical>Psychiatric Genetics</Periodical><Volume>3</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Psychiatric Genetics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>127 and they are twice as frequent in children for whom one or both parents have a sleepwalking history than for those with non-affected parents. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Abe</Author><Year>1984</Year><RecNum>11558</RecNum><IDText>Sleepwalking and recurrent sleeptalking in children of childhood sleepwalkers</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>11558</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleepwalking and recurrent sleeptalking in children of childhood sleepwalkers</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Abe,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Amatomi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oda,N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1984</Date_Primary><Keywords>by author</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>recurrent</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>800</Start_Page><End_Page>801</End_Page><Periodical>Am J Psychiatr</Periodical><Volume>141</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Am J Psychiatr</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Am.J.Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>128What other parasomnias are there?Sleep enuresisClinical features Sleep enuresis is characterized by recurrent involuntary voiding during sleep at least twice a week among individuals who are at least five years of age. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16074</RecNum><IDText>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16074</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Task Force Chair,Hauri PJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>ASDA</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keywords>coding</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>erections</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>sinus arrest</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Volume>2nd</Volume><Pub_Place>Chicago</Pub_Place><Publisher>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>1 It is considered primary if the child has never been constantly dry during sleep and secondary when the child (or adult) had been previously dry for at least six consecutive months and started wetting at least twice a week for at least 3 months. Incidence and prevalenceThree population-based studies ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Petit</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21009</RecNum><IDText>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21009</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Touchette,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boivin,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>dysomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>e1016</Start_Page><End_Page>e1025</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>119</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Petit_P_119_e1016-1025_2007_parasomnia kids.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Fergusson</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>18594</RecNum><IDText>Factors related to the age of attainment of nocturnal bladder control: an 8-year longitudinal study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18594</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Factors related to the age of attainment of nocturnal bladder control: an 8-year longitudinal study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fergusson,D.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hons,B.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Horwood,L.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Shannon,F.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1986</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>884</Start_Page><End_Page>890</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>78</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Byrd</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>18595</RecNum><IDText>Bed-wetting in US children: epidemiology and related behavior problems</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18595</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Bed-wetting in US children: epidemiology and related behavior problems</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Byrd,R.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Weitzman,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lanphear,N.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Auinger,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996</Date_Primary><Keywords>behavior problems</Keywords><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>414</Start_Page><End_Page>419</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>98</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>110,129,130 found that between 20 and 33% of children were bedwetting at the age of 5 years. A male predominance in prevalence is well-established. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Petit</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21009</RecNum><IDText>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21009</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Touchette,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boivin,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>dysomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>e1016</Start_Page><End_Page>e1025</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>119</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Petit_P_119_e1016-1025_2007_parasomnia kids.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Fergusson</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>18594</RecNum><IDText>Factors related to the age of attainment of nocturnal bladder control: an 8-year longitudinal study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18594</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Factors related to the age of attainment of nocturnal bladder control: an 8-year longitudinal study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fergusson,D.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hons,B.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Horwood,L.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Shannon,F.T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1986</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>884</Start_Page><End_Page>890</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>78</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Byrd</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>18595</RecNum><IDText>Bed-wetting in US children: epidemiology and related behavior problems</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18595</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Bed-wetting in US children: epidemiology and related behavior problems</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Byrd,R.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Weitzman,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lanphear,N.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Auinger,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996</Date_Primary><Keywords>behavior problems</Keywords><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>414</Start_Page><End_Page>419</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>98</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Laberge</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>12881</RecNum><IDText>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12881</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Laberge,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vitaro,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>development</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>pediatrics</Keywords><Keywords>Pediatric</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>67</Start_Page><End_Page>74</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>106</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>108,110,129,130 Adult enuresis is rare, occurring in about 3% of elderly women (65+ yrs) and 1% of elderly men living at home. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Burgio</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>18600</RecNum><IDText>Nocturnal enuresis in community-dwelling older adults</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18600</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nocturnal enuresis in community-dwelling older adults</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Burgio,K.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Locher,J.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ives,D.G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hardin,J.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Newman,A.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kuller,L.H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996</Date_Primary><Keywords>adults</Keywords><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>139</Start_Page><End_Page>143</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of the American Geriatric Society</Periodical><Volume>44</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of the American Geriatric Society</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>131Polysomnographic characteristics Although parents commonly consider sleep enuresis to be caused by sleeping too deeply, consistent changes in sleep depth and sleep architecture have not been demonstrated. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bader</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>18753</RecNum><IDText>Sleep of primary enuretic children and controls</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18753</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep of primary enuretic children and controls</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bader,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Neveus,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kruse,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sillen,U.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>579</Start_Page><End_Page>583</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>25</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>132 However, a study using polysomnographic recording has shown that enuretic boys are more difficult to arouse from sleep than are age-matched controls. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Wolfish</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>18758</RecNum><IDText>Elevated sleep arousal thresholds in enuretic boys: clinical implications</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18758</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Elevated sleep arousal thresholds in enuretic boys: clinical implications</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wolfish,N.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pivik,R.T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Busby,K.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>381</Start_Page><End_Page>384</End_Page><Periodical>Acta Paediatrica</Periodical><Volume>86</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Acta Paediatrica</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>133 For most children, micturition occurs in the first half of the night and is not associated with a specific sleep stage. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bader</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>18753</RecNum><IDText>Sleep of primary enuretic children and controls</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18753</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep of primary enuretic children and controls</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bader,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Neveus,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kruse,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sillen,U.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>579</Start_Page><End_Page>583</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>25</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>132 Tachycardia and short EEG arousals are often seen prior to enuretic events. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bader</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>18753</RecNum><IDText>Sleep of primary enuretic children and controls</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18753</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep of primary enuretic children and controls</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bader,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Neveus,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kruse,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sillen,U.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2002</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>579</Start_Page><End_Page>583</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>25</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>132 Associated factorsAn association between enuresis and delayed achievement of early childhood developmental milestones such as motor skills (for boys) and language (for girls) has been demonstrated. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Touchette</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18596</RecNum><IDText>Bedwetting and its association with developmental milestones in early childhood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18596</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Bedwetting and its association with developmental milestones in early childhood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Touchette,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Paquet,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boivin,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.Y.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>development</Keywords><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1129</Start_Page><End_Page>1134</End_Page><Periodical>Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med</Periodical><Volume>159</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>134 This indicates that bed-wetting may reflect delayed development of the central nervous system. Enuresis is not linked with anxiety in preschoolers ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Petit</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21009</RecNum><IDText>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21009</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Touchette,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boivin,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>dysomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>e1016</Start_Page><End_Page>e1025</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>119</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Petit_P_119_e1016-1025_2007_parasomnia kids.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>110 but is in older children. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>van Hoecke</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>18597</RecNum><IDText>An assessment of internalizing problems in children with enuresis</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18597</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>An assessment of internalizing problems in children with enuresis</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>van Hoecke,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hoebeke,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Braet,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Walle,J.V.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>2580</Start_Page><End_Page>2583</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Urology</Periodical><Volume>171</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Urology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Verduin</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>18598</RecNum><IDText>Differential occurrence of comorbidity within childhood anxiety disorders</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18598</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Differential occurrence of comorbidity within childhood anxiety disorders</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Verduin,T.L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kendall,P.C.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2003</Date_Primary><Keywords>anxiety disorders</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>290</Start_Page><End_Page>295</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology</Periodical><Volume>32</Volume><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Fergusson</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>18599</RecNum><IDText>Nocturnal enuresis and behavioral problems in adolescence: a 15-year longitudinal study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18599</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Nocturnal enuresis and behavioral problems in adolescence: a 15-year longitudinal study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fergusson,D.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Horwood,L.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1994</Date_Primary><Keywords>adolescence</Keywords><Keywords>Behavioral Research</Keywords><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>662</Start_Page><End_Page>668</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>94</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>135-137 However, anxiety is more likely a consequence than a cause of enuresis. Hereditary factors have been recognized; it is inherited via an autosomal dominant mode of transmission. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>von Gontard</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>18601</RecNum><IDText>The genetics of enuresis: a review</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18601</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The genetics of enuresis: a review</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>von Gontard,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Schaumburg,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hollmann,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Eiberg,H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rittig,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>2438</Start_Page><End_Page>2443</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Urology</Periodical><Volume>166</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Urology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>138 Prevalence is 77% when both parents were enuretic as children and 44% when one parent was enuretic. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Bakwin</Author><Year>1973</Year><RecNum>18602</RecNum><IDText>The genetics of enuresis</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18602</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The genetics of enuresis</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bakwin,H.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1973</Date_Primary><Keywords>enuresis</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>73</Start_Page><End_Page>77</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Bladder control and enuresis</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Kolvin,I.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>MacKeith,R.C.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Meadow,S.R.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>London</Pub_Place><Publisher>Spastics International Medical Publications</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>139Sleep-related bruxismClinical features Sleep related bruxism is the grinding or clenching of one’s teeth during sleep, usually in association with sleep arousals. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16074</RecNum><IDText>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16074</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Task Force Chair,Hauri PJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>ASDA</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keywords>coding</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>erections</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>sinus arrest</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Volume>2nd</Volume><Pub_Place>Chicago</Pub_Place><Publisher>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>1 This activity results in tooth wear, headaches, jaw dysfunction and pain. Orofacial morphology is not likely a causal factor since it has been shown not to differentiate sleep bruxers from controls. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Lobbezoo</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>18603</RecNum><IDText>Lack of associations between occlusal and cephalometric measures, side imbalance in striatal D2 receptor binding, and sleep-related oromotor activities</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18603</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Lack of associations between occlusal and cephalometric measures, side imbalance in striatal D2 receptor binding, and sleep-related oromotor activities</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lobbezoo,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rompre,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Soucy,J.P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Iafrancesco,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Turkewicz,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lavigne,G.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>dentistry</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>64</Start_Page><End_Page>71</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Orofacial Pain</Periodical><Volume>15</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Orofacial Pain</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>140 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lobbezoo</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>543</RecNum><MDL><REFERENCE_TYPE>0</REFERENCE_TYPE><REFNUM>543</REFNUM><ACCESSION_NUMBER>11889650</ACCESSION_NUMBER><VOLUME>15</VOLUME><NUMBER>1</NUMBER><YEAR>2001</YEAR><DATE>Winter</DATE><TITLE>Lack of associations between occlusal and cephalometric measures, side imbalance in striatal D2 receptor binding, and sleep-related oromotor activities</TITLE><PAGES>64-71</PAGES><AUTHOR_ADDRESS>Department of Oral Function, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Louwesweg 1, 1066 EA Amsterdam, The Netherlands. f.lobbezoo@acta.nl</AUTHOR_ADDRESS><AUTHORS><AUTHOR>Lobbezoo, F.</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>Rompre, P. H.</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>Soucy, J. P.</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>Iafrancesco, C.</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>Turkewicz, J.</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>Montplaisir, J. Y.</AUTHOR><AUTHOR>Lavigne, G. J.</AUTHOR></AUTHORS><SECONDARY_TITLE>J Orofac Pain</SECONDARY_TITLE><KEYWORDS><KEYWORD>Adult</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>*Cephalometry</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Chi-Square Distribution</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Corpus Striatum/*metabolism/radionuclide imaging</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Dental Arch/anatomy & histology</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Dental Models</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>*Dental Occlusion</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Facial Bones/anatomy & histology</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Female</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Humans</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Iodobenzenes/diagnostic use</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Male</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Malocclusion/classification</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Mandible/anatomy & histology</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Maxilla/anatomy & histology</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Nose/anatomy & histology</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Polysomnography</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Radiopharmaceuticals/diagnostic use</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Receptors, Dopamine D2/*metabolism</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Retrospective Studies</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Sella Turcica/anatomy & histology</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Sleep Bruxism/metabolism/*physiopathology/radionuclide imaging</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Statistics</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Statistics, Nonparametric</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon</KEYWORD><KEYWORD>Vertical Dimension</KEYWORD></KEYWORDS><URL> and prevalenceSleep bruxism is very common in early childhood. A recent longitudinal, population-based study found that the prevalence increases from 2.5 yrs to reach 33% at 6 yrs of age. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Petit</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21009</RecNum><IDText>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21009</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Touchette,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boivin,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>dysomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>e1016</Start_Page><End_Page>e1025</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>119</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Petit_P_119_e1016-1025_2007_parasomnia kids.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>110 Another longitudinal study reported a progressive decrease toward adolescence attaining 9% at age 13. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Laberge</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>12881</RecNum><IDText>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12881</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Laberge,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vitaro,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>development</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>pediatrics</Keywords><Keywords>Pediatric</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>67</Start_Page><End_Page>74</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>106</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>108 An age-related decline in prevalence has also been described throughout adulthood in a population-based study. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Lavigne</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>16545</RecNum><IDText>Restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism: prevalence and association among Canadians</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16545</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism: prevalence and association among Canadians</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lavigne,G.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.Y.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1994/12</Date_Primary><Keywords>adolescent</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>awakening</Keywords><Keywords>bedtime</Keywords><Keywords>bruxism</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>Cohort Studies</Keywords><Keywords>Complaints</Keywords><Keywords>complications</Keywords><Keywords>Contrast</Keywords><Keywords>Data</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>epidemiology</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>interview</Keywords><Keywords>interviews</Keywords><Keywords>leg</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>middle aged</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>movement disorders</Keywords><Keywords>muscle</Keywords><Keywords>Need</Keywords><Keywords>personal</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>Quebec</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>reports</Keywords><Keywords>restless-legs</Keywords><Keywords>restless legs</Keywords><Keywords>Restless Legs Syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>restlessness</Keywords><Keywords>RLS</Keywords><Keywords>sensation</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>drawer B-2 sleep by subject</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep,rem</Keywords><Keywords>survey</Keywords><Keywords>symptom</Keywords><Keywords>symptoms</Keywords><Keywords>syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>tooth</Keywords><Keywords>Tooth grinding</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>739</Start_Page><End_Page>743</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>17</Volume><Address>Faculte de medecine et de medecine dentaire, l'Universite de Montreal, Quebec</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>141 Overall prevalence in adults has been estimated to be around 8%. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Lavigne</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16869</RecNum><IDText>Sleep bruxism</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16869</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep bruxism</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lavigne,G.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manzini,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kato,T.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Keywords>practice</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep medicine</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep Bruxism</Keywords><Keywords>bruxism</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>946</Start_Page><End_Page>959</End_Page><Volume>4th</Volume><Title_Secondary>Principles and practice of sleep medicine</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Kryger,M.H.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Roth,T.</Authors_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Dement,W.C</Authors_Secondary><Issue>79</Issue><Pub_Place>Philadelphia</Pub_Place><Publisher>Elsevier Saunders</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>142 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Lavigne</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>540</RecNum><MDL><REFERENCE_TYPE>7</REFERENCE_TYPE><REFNUM>540</REFNUM><AUTHORS><AUTHOR>Lavigne, G. </AUTHOR><AUTHOR>Manzini, C. </AUTHOR><AUTHOR>Kato, T.</AUTHOR></AUTHORS><YEAR>2005</YEAR><TITLE>Sleep bruxism</TITLE><SECONDARY_AUTHORS><SECONDARY_AUTHOR>Kryger, M.H.</SECONDARY_AUTHOR><SECONDARY_AUTHOR>Roth, T.</SECONDARY_AUTHOR><SECONDARY_AUTHOR>Dement, W.C.</SECONDARY_AUTHOR></SECONDARY_AUTHORS><SECONDARY_TITLE>Principles and practice of sleep medicine</SECONDARY_TITLE><PLACE_PUBLISHED>Philadelphia</PLACE_PUBLISHED><PUBLISHER>Elsevier Saunders</PUBLISHER><PAGES>946-959</PAGES></MDL></Cite></EndNote> No gender difference has been found for either children ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Laberge</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>12881</RecNum><IDText>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12881</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Laberge,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vitaro,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>development</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>pediatrics</Keywords><Keywords>Pediatric</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>67</Start_Page><End_Page>74</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>106</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>108 or adults. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Lavigne</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>16545</RecNum><IDText>Restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism: prevalence and association among Canadians</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16545</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism: prevalence and association among Canadians</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lavigne,G.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.Y.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1994/12</Date_Primary><Keywords>adolescent</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>awakening</Keywords><Keywords>bedtime</Keywords><Keywords>bruxism</Keywords><Keywords>Canada</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>Cohort Studies</Keywords><Keywords>Complaints</Keywords><Keywords>complications</Keywords><Keywords>Contrast</Keywords><Keywords>Data</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>epidemiology</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>interview</Keywords><Keywords>interviews</Keywords><Keywords>leg</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>middle aged</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>movement disorders</Keywords><Keywords>muscle</Keywords><Keywords>Need</Keywords><Keywords>personal</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>Quebec</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>reports</Keywords><Keywords>restless-legs</Keywords><Keywords>restless legs</Keywords><Keywords>Restless Legs Syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>restlessness</Keywords><Keywords>RLS</Keywords><Keywords>sensation</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>drawer B-2 sleep by subject</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep,rem</Keywords><Keywords>survey</Keywords><Keywords>symptom</Keywords><Keywords>symptoms</Keywords><Keywords>syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>tooth</Keywords><Keywords>Tooth grinding</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>739</Start_Page><End_Page>743</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>17</Volume><Address>Faculte de medecine et de medecine dentaire, l'Universite de Montreal, Quebec</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>141 The presence of sleep bruxism in childhood and adulthood are highly correlated. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hublin</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>12775</RecNum><IDText>Sleep bruxism based on self-report in a nationwide twin cohort</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12775</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep bruxism based on self-report in a nationwide twin cohort</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hublin,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kaprio,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Partinen,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Koskenvuo,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>Finland</Keywords><Keywords>bruxism</Keywords><Keywords>Tooth grinding</Keywords><Keywords>twins</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Zygosity</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>self report</Keywords><Keywords>Twin</Keywords><Keywords>sciences</Keywords><Keywords>roles</Keywords><Keywords>role</Keywords><Keywords>genetic</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>responses</Keywords><Keywords>response</Keywords><Keywords>equation</Keywords><Keywords>modelling</Keywords><Keywords>Components</Keywords><Keywords>component</Keywords><Keywords>significant</Keywords><Keywords>gender</Keywords><Keywords>gender difference</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>females</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>males</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>adults</Keywords><Keywords>adulthood</Keywords><Keywords>effects</Keywords><Keywords>model</Keywords><Keywords>trait</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>61</Start_Page><End_Page>67</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>7</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>0962-1105</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Hublin C HAAGA NEUROL RES CTR MAKIPELLONTIE 15 FIN-00320 HELSINKI FINLAND UNIV HELSINKI DEPT PUBL HLTH FINNISH TWIN COHORT HELSINKI FINLAND NATL PUBL HLTH INST DEPT MENTAL HLTH HELSINKI FINLAND UNIV TURKU DEPT PUBL HLTH TURKU FINLAND UNIV HELSINKI CENT HOSP DEPT CLIN NEUROSCI HELSINKI FINLAND 6</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>143Polysomnographic characteristics Although abnormal tooth wear is highly indicative of sleep bruxism, a definite diagnosis rests on the presence of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity and grinding sounds during all-night polysomnographic recording. Bruxism episodes most frequently occur in stages 1 and 2 but can occur in all stages. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Lavigne</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>8953</RecNum><IDText>Sleep bruxism: validity of clinical research diagnostic criteria in a controlled polysomnographic study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>8953</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep bruxism: validity of clinical research diagnostic criteria in a controlled polysomnographic study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lavigne,G.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rompre,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.Y.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996</Date_Primary><Keywords>new_home</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>bruxism</Keywords><Keywords>validity</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>research</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic criteria</Keywords><Keywords>Criteria</Keywords><Keywords>motor</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnographic recording</Keywords><Keywords>recording</Keywords><Keywords>American</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>motor activity</Keywords><Keywords>activity</Keywords><Keywords>Sensitivity</Keywords><Keywords>SENSITIVITIES</Keywords><Keywords>specificity</Keywords><Keywords>values</Keywords><Keywords>reports</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>Tooth grinding</Keywords><Keywords>tooth</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>Data</Keywords><Keywords>Episodes</Keywords><Keywords>muscles</Keywords><Keywords>muscle</Keywords><Keywords>LEVEL</Keywords><Keywords>burst</Keywords><Keywords>sound</Keywords><Keywords>groups</Keywords><Keywords>group</Keywords><Keywords>Parameters</Keywords><Keywords>Variables</Keywords><Keywords>regression</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>Needs</Keywords><Keywords>Need</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>Severity</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>546</Start_Page><End_Page>552</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Dental Research</Periodical><Volume>75</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Dental Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Macaluso</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>18606</RecNum><IDText>Sleep bruxism is a disorder related to periodic arousals during sleep</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18606</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep bruxism is a disorder related to periodic arousals during sleep</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Macaluso,G.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Guerra,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Di Giovanni,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boselli,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Parrino,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Terzano,M.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998</Date_Primary><Keywords>periodic arousals</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep Bruxism</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>565</Start_Page><End_Page>573</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Dental Research</Periodical><Volume>77</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Dental Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>144,145 Bruxers have normal sleep architecture and high sleep efficiency, i.e., greater than 90%. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Lavigne</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>8953</RecNum><IDText>Sleep bruxism: validity of clinical research diagnostic criteria in a controlled polysomnographic study</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>8953</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep bruxism: validity of clinical research diagnostic criteria in a controlled polysomnographic study</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lavigne,G.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rompre,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.Y.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996</Date_Primary><Keywords>new_home</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>bruxism</Keywords><Keywords>validity</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>research</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic criteria</Keywords><Keywords>Criteria</Keywords><Keywords>motor</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnographic recording</Keywords><Keywords>recording</Keywords><Keywords>American</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>motor activity</Keywords><Keywords>activity</Keywords><Keywords>Sensitivity</Keywords><Keywords>SENSITIVITIES</Keywords><Keywords>specificity</Keywords><Keywords>values</Keywords><Keywords>reports</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>Tooth grinding</Keywords><Keywords>tooth</Keywords><Keywords>control</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>Data</Keywords><Keywords>Episodes</Keywords><Keywords>muscles</Keywords><Keywords>muscle</Keywords><Keywords>LEVEL</Keywords><Keywords>burst</Keywords><Keywords>sound</Keywords><Keywords>groups</Keywords><Keywords>group</Keywords><Keywords>Parameters</Keywords><Keywords>Variables</Keywords><Keywords>regression</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>Needs</Keywords><Keywords>Need</Keywords><Keywords>Population</Keywords><Keywords>time</Keywords><Keywords>Severity</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>546</Start_Page><End_Page>552</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Dental Research</Periodical><Volume>75</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Dental Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>144 However, a clear sequence of cortical to cardiac activation preceding jaw motor activity in bruxism patients ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Kato</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>18605</RecNum><IDText>Sleep bruxism: an oromotor activity secondary to micro-arousal</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18605</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep bruxism: an oromotor activity secondary to micro-arousal</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kato,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rompre,P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sessle,B.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lavigne,G.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>bruxism</Keywords><Keywords>microarousal</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1940</Start_Page><End_Page>1944</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Dental Research</Periodical><Volume>80</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Dental Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>146 suggests that sleep bruxism is secondary to micro-arousals. In fact, both micro arousals and rhythmic masticatory muscle activity/sleep bruxism episodes were to shown to increase prior to each REM sleep period (see Figure 4). ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Huynh</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>18999</RecNum><IDText>Sleep bruxism is associated to micro-arousals and an increase in cardiac sympathetic activity</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18999</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep bruxism is associated to micro-arousals and an increase in cardiac sympathetic activity</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Huynh,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kato,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rompre,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Okura,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Saber,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lanfranchi,P.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.Y.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lavigne,G.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006</Date_Primary><Keywords>bruxism</Keywords><Keywords>cardiac</Keywords><Keywords>microarousal</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>sympathetic</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>339</Start_Page><End_Page>346</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>15</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>147Associated factorsAnxiety has been reported as an associated factor in children, ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Laberge</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>12881</RecNum><IDText>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12881</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Laberge,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vitaro,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>development</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>pediatrics</Keywords><Keywords>Pediatric</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>67</Start_Page><End_Page>74</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>106</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>108 adolescents and adults. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Manfredini</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18607</RecNum><IDText>Anxiety symptoms in clinically diagnosed bruxers</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18607</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Anxiety symptoms in clinically diagnosed bruxers</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manfredini,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Landi,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Fantoni,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Segu,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bosco,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>bruxism</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>584</Start_Page><End_Page>588</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Oral Rehabilitation</Periodical><Volume>32</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Oral Rehabilitation</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Casanova-Rosado</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>18608</RecNum><IDText>Prevalence and associated factors for temporomandibular disorders in a group of Mexican adolescents and youth adults</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18608</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Prevalence and associated factors for temporomandibular disorders in a group of Mexican adolescents and youth adults</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Casanova-Rosado,J.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Medina-Solis,C.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vallejos-Sanchez,A.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Casanova-Rosado,A.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hernandez-Prado,B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Avila-Burgos,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006</Date_Primary><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>42</Start_Page><End_Page>49</End_Page><Periodical>Clinical Oral Investigations</Periodical><Volume>10</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Clinical Oral Investigations</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>148,149 Smoking also exacerbates bruxism. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Lavigne</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>8762</RecNum><IDText>Cigarette smoking as a risk factor or an exacerbating factor for restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>8762</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cigarette smoking as a risk factor or an exacerbating factor for restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lavigne,G.J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lobbezoo,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Rompré,P.H.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nielsen,T.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>activity</Keywords><Keywords>adjustment</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>adults</Keywords><Keywords>affect</Keywords><Keywords>affects</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>analysis</Keywords><Keywords>ANS</Keywords><Keywords>arousal</Keywords><Keywords>awakening</Keywords><Keywords>bruxism</Keywords><Keywords>cigarette smoking</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>disturbance</Keywords><Keywords>Disturbances</Keywords><Keywords>efficiency</Keywords><Keywords>Episodes</Keywords><Keywords>experiencing</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>hand</Keywords><Keywords>Index</Keywords><Keywords>Indexes</Keywords><Keywords>laboratories</Keywords><Keywords>laboratory</Keywords><Keywords>latency</Keywords><Keywords>leg</Keywords><Keywords>motor</Keywords><Keywords>motor activity</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>movement disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Movements</Keywords><Keywords>Number</Keywords><Keywords>paper</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>periodic</Keywords><Keywords>plms</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>restless-legs</Keywords><Keywords>restless legs</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>RLS</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disturbance</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disturbances</Keywords><Keywords>smoking</Keywords><Keywords>suffering</Keywords><Keywords>survey</Keywords><Keywords>syndrome</Keywords><Keywords>tnarticle</Keywords><Keywords>tnreprint</Keywords><Keywords>tooth</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>290</Start_Page><End_Page>293</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>20</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Lavigne_S_20_290-293_1997.pdf, \\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Nielsen reprints\Nielsen_Lavigne Reprint_S_20_290-293_1997_Smoking and sleep.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>150 As is the case for many parasomnias, there is a strong genetic influence. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hublin</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>12775</RecNum><IDText>Sleep bruxism based on self-report in a nationwide twin cohort</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12775</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep bruxism based on self-report in a nationwide twin cohort</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hublin,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kaprio,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Partinen,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Koskenvuo,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998/3</Date_Primary><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>Finland</Keywords><Keywords>bruxism</Keywords><Keywords>Tooth grinding</Keywords><Keywords>twins</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>Zygosity</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>self report</Keywords><Keywords>Twin</Keywords><Keywords>sciences</Keywords><Keywords>roles</Keywords><Keywords>role</Keywords><Keywords>genetic</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>responses</Keywords><Keywords>response</Keywords><Keywords>equation</Keywords><Keywords>modelling</Keywords><Keywords>Components</Keywords><Keywords>component</Keywords><Keywords>significant</Keywords><Keywords>gender</Keywords><Keywords>gender difference</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>females</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>males</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>adults</Keywords><Keywords>adulthood</Keywords><Keywords>effects</Keywords><Keywords>model</Keywords><Keywords>trait</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>61</Start_Page><End_Page>67</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>7</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>0962-1105</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Hublin C HAAGA NEUROL RES CTR MAKIPELLONTIE 15 FIN-00320 HELSINKI FINLAND UNIV HELSINKI DEPT PUBL HLTH FINNISH TWIN COHORT HELSINKI FINLAND NATL PUBL HLTH INST DEPT MENTAL HLTH HELSINKI FINLAND UNIV TURKU DEPT PUBL HLTH TURKU FINLAND UNIV HELSINKI CENT HOSP DEPT CLIN NEUROSCI HELSINKI FINLAND 6</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>143Sleep-related rhythmic movement disorderClinical features Sleep-related rhythmic movement disorder is characterized by the repetitive, stereotyped, and rhythmic activity of large muscle groups that occurs predominantly during drowsiness (sleep onset) or sleep. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16074</RecNum><IDText>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16074</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Task Force Chair,Hauri PJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>ASDA</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keywords>coding</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>erections</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>sinus arrest</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Volume>2nd</Volume><Pub_Place>Chicago</Pub_Place><Publisher>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>1 It can involve any body part although the most frequent rhythmic movements are body rocking, head rolling and head banging. Body rocking may be difficult to distinguish from head banging because the latter movement sometimes includes banging of the head into a solid object. It is largely a parasomnia of infancy and early childhood. The frequency of movements ranges between 0.5 and 2.0 Hz but are more typically around 1 Hz. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Stepanova</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18609</RecNum><IDText>Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18609</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Stepanova,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nevsimalova,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hanosova,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>adulthood</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>rhythmic movement disorder</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>851</Start_Page><End_Page>857</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>151 Time spent in rhythmic motion can vary from a few seconds to more than an hour ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Stepanova</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18609</RecNum><IDText>Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18609</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Stepanova,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nevsimalova,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hanosova,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>adulthood</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>rhythmic movement disorder</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>851</Start_Page><End_Page>857</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>151 but in most cases will occur nightly or almost every night. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>de Lissovoy</Author><Year>1962</Year><RecNum>18610</RecNum><IDText>Headbanging in early childhood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18610</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Headbanging in early childhood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>de Lissovoy,V.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1962</Date_Primary><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>headbanging</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>43</Start_Page><End_Page>56</End_Page><Periodical>Child Dev</Periodical><Volume>33</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Child Development</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Child Dev</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>152 The majority of episodes (around 80%), at least for head banging, occur at sleep onset. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>de Lissovoy</Author><Year>1962</Year><RecNum>18610</RecNum><IDText>Headbanging in early childhood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18610</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Headbanging in early childhood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>de Lissovoy,V.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1962</Date_Primary><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>headbanging</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>43</Start_Page><End_Page>56</End_Page><Periodical>Child Dev</Periodical><Volume>33</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Child Development</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Child Dev</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>152 When appearing at sleep onset, rhythmic movements are considered to be self-soothing or tension-releasing behaviors linked with pleasurable sensations that have hypnotic properties. However, more violent movements, usually in cases of mental retardation, can cause eye or head injuries. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Mackenzie</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>18611</RecNum><IDText>"Headbanging" and fatal subdural haemorrhage</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18611</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>"Headbanging" and fatal subdural haemorrhage</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mackenzie,J.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1991</Date_Primary><Keywords>headbanging</Keywords><Keywords>injuries</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1457</Start_Page><End_Page>1458</End_Page><Periodical>Lancet</Periodical><Volume>338</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Lancet</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Noel</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>18612</RecNum><IDText>Self-inflicted ocular injuries in children</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18612</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Self-inflicted ocular injuries in children</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Noel,L.P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Clarke,W.N.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1982</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>injuries</Keywords><Keywords>ocular</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>630</Start_Page><End_Page>633</End_Page><Periodical>American Journal of Ophtalmology</Periodical><Volume>94</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">American Journal of Ophtalmology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Spalter</Author><Year>1970</Year><RecNum>18613</RecNum><IDText>Cataracts following chronic headbanging</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18613</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Cataracts following chronic headbanging</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Spalter,H.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Bemporad,J.R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Sours,J.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1970</Date_Primary><Keywords>cataracts</Keywords><Keywords>headbanging</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>182</Start_Page><End_Page>186</End_Page><Periodical>Archives of Ophtalmology</Periodical><Volume>83</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Archives of Ophtalmology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>153-155 Incidence and prevalenceIn infancy, this parasomnia is quite common but decreases rapidly in prevalence with increasing age. Incidences of 66% at 9 mo, 26% at 2 yrs and 6% at 5 yrs had been reported using a sample of children ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Klackenberg</Author><Year>1971</Year><RecNum>18745</RecNum><IDText>A prospective longitudinal study of children. Data on psychic health and development up to 8 years of age</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18745</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A prospective longitudinal study of children. Data on psychic health and development up to 8 years of age</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Klackenberg,G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1971</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>longitudinal</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>1</Start_Page><End_Page>239</End_Page><Periodical>Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Suppl</Periodical><Volume>224</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica Suppl</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>156 but a recent epidemiological study reported lower incidences of about 6% at 2.5 yrs, 3% at 4 and 5 yrs and 2% at 6 yrs. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Petit</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21009</RecNum><IDText>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21009</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Touchette,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boivin,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>dysomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>e1016</Start_Page><End_Page>e1025</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>119</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Petit_P_119_e1016-1025_2007_parasomnia kids.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>110 Body rocking was found present in 3% of children aged 11 to 13 yrs. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Laberge</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>12881</RecNum><IDText>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12881</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Laberge,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vitaro,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>development</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>pediatrics</Keywords><Keywords>Pediatric</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>67</Start_Page><End_Page>74</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>106</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>108 In rare cases, rhythmic movement disorder persists into adulthood. No gender differences have been demonstrated.Polysomnographic characteristics Different case reports indicate that rhythmic movement disorder can arise from REM sleep, NREM sleep or sleep onset with persisting activity in light sleep. Longer movements are usually observed at sleep onset and during stage 1 sleep whereas shorter movements are seen in stages 2, 3, 4 and REM sleep. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Stepanova</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18609</RecNum><IDText>Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18609</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Stepanova,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nevsimalova,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hanosova,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>adulthood</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>rhythmic movement disorder</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>851</Start_Page><End_Page>857</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>151 Sleep-related rhythmic movements are not preceded by EEG changes as are nocturnal seizures ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Stepanova</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18609</RecNum><IDText>Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18609</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Stepanova,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nevsimalova,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hanosova,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>adulthood</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>rhythmic movement disorder</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>851</Start_Page><End_Page>857</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>151 and do not provoke arousals or interrupt SWS even in older children. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>de Lissovoy</Author><Year>1962</Year><RecNum>18610</RecNum><IDText>Headbanging in early childhood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18610</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Headbanging in early childhood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>de Lissovoy,V.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1962</Date_Primary><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>headbanging</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>43</Start_Page><End_Page>56</End_Page><Periodical>Child Dev</Periodical><Volume>33</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Child Development</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Child Dev</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Thorpy</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>18614</RecNum><IDText>Rhythmical body movements during sleep</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book Chapter"><Ref_Type>Book Chapter</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18614</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Rhythmical body movements during sleep</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Thorpy,M.J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1987</Date_Primary><Keywords>rhythmic movement disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>47</Start_Page><End_Page>52</End_Page><Title_Secondary>Body movements during sleep</Title_Secondary><Authors_Secondary>Segawa,M.</Authors_Secondary><Pub_Place>Tokyo</Pub_Place><Publisher>Sanposha</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>3</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>152,157 Associated factorsThere are no reports of rhythmic movement disorder in association with other parasomnias or sleep problems except for restless legs syndrome, which is associated with body rocking. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Walters</Author><Year>1988</Year><RecNum>18615</RecNum><IDText>Frequent occurrence of myoclonus while awake and at rest, body rocking and marching in place in a subpopulation of patients with restless legs syndrome</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18615</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Frequent occurrence of myoclonus while awake and at rest, body rocking and marching in place in a subpopulation of patients with restless legs syndrome</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Walters,A.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hening,W.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chokroverty,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1988</Date_Primary><Keywords>myoclonus</Keywords><Keywords>Restless Legs Syndrome</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>418</Start_Page><End_Page>421</End_Page><Periodical>Acta Neurologica Scandinavica</Periodical><Volume>77</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Acta Neurologica Scandinavica</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>158 Cases of adult rhythmic movement disorder are not usually associated with severe psychiatric disorders as previously believed. However, some studies have reported daytime complaints such as attentional difficulties, sleepiness, morning headaches, fatigue and poor concentration, and even more serious problems such as anxiety, depression, hyperactivity and irritability. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Chisholm</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>18616</RecNum><IDText>Adult headbanging: sleep studies and treatment</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18616</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Adult headbanging: sleep studies and treatment</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chisholm,T.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Morehouse,R.L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1996</Date_Primary><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>headbanging</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>treatment</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>343</Start_Page><End_Page>346</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>19</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Mayer</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>18617</RecNum><IDText>Rhythmic movement disorder revisited</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18617</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Rhythmic movement disorder revisited</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mayer,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tracik,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Wilde,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>rhythmic movement disorder</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>127</Start_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Stepanova</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18609</RecNum><IDText>Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18609</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Rhythmic movement disorder in sleep persisting into childhood and adulthood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Stepanova,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Nevsimalova,S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hanosova,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>adulthood</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>rhythmic movement disorder</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>851</Start_Page><End_Page>857</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>151,159,160 Whether the daytime symptoms result from poor sleep caused by the rhythmic movements remains to be determined.SomniloquyClinical features Somniloquy, also known as sleep talking, is defined as talking during sleep “with varying degrees of comprehensibility”. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16074</RecNum><IDText>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16074</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Task Force Chair,Hauri PJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>ASDA</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keywords>coding</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>erections</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>sinus arrest</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Volume>2nd</Volume><Pub_Place>Chicago</Pub_Place><Publisher>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>1 Somniloquy is such a prevalent phenomenon that it is considered to be a normal sleep behavior, especially in childhood.Incidence and prevalenceAlthough considered the most frequent parasomnia, somniloquy is usually without consequences and thus rarely a reason for consultation. Its prevalence among preschoolers (84% ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Petit</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21009</RecNum><IDText>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21009</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Dyssomnias and parasomnias in early childhood</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Petit,D.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Touchette,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boivin,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007</Date_Primary><Keywords>children</Keywords><Keywords>dysomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>e1016</Start_Page><End_Page>e1025</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>119</Volume><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Petit_P_119_e1016-1025_2007_parasomnia kids.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>110) is much higher than among older children and adolescents. A prevalence of 30% was found for children aged 11 to 13 yrs using mainly retrospective reports ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Laberge</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>12881</RecNum><IDText>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12881</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Development of parasomnias from childhood to early adolescence</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Laberge,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tremblay,R.E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vitaro,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montplaisir,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2000</Date_Primary><Keywords>development</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>pediatrics</Keywords><Keywords>Pediatric</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>67</Start_Page><End_Page>74</End_Page><Periodical>Pediatrics</Periodical><Volume>106</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Pediatrics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>108 while in adults, an estimate of 24% was found using a telephone sampling method. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Ohayon</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>10746</RecNum><IDText>Violent behavior during sleep</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>10746</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Violent behavior during sleep</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ohayon,M.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Caulet,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Priest,R.G.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1997</Date_Primary><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>alcohol</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety</Keywords><Keywords>anxiety disorders</Keywords><Keywords>bedtime</Keywords><Keywords>behavior</Keywords><Keywords>being</Keywords><Keywords>bruxism</Keywords><Keywords>caffeine</Keywords><Keywords>Daytime</Keywords><Keywords>daytime sleepiness</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>epidemiologic</Keywords><Keywords>Episodes</Keywords><Keywords>experience</Keywords><Keywords>experiencing</Keywords><Keywords>factor</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>general</Keywords><Keywords>group</Keywords><Keywords>hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>health</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic hallucination</Keywords><Keywords>hypnagogic hallucinations</Keywords><Keywords>interaction</Keywords><Keywords>interview</Keywords><Keywords>jerk</Keywords><Keywords>lifestyle</Keywords><Keywords>men</Keywords><Keywords>method</Keywords><Keywords>mood</Keywords><Keywords>mood disorders</Keywords><Keywords>night</Keywords><Keywords>night terror</Keywords><Keywords>night terrors</Keywords><Keywords>Number</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>percent</Keywords><Keywords>phenomenon</Keywords><Keywords>drawer D-2 ppsm4med</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>risk</Keywords><Keywords>Risk-factors</Keywords><Keywords>Sample</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep talking</Keywords><Keywords>sleepiness</Keywords><Keywords>sleepwalking</Keywords><Keywords>smoking</Keywords><Keywords>survey</Keywords><Keywords>surveys</Keywords><Keywords>symptom</Keywords><Keywords>symptoms</Keywords><Keywords>System</Keywords><Keywords>Telephone</Keywords><Keywords>terror</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Keywords>variability</Keywords><Keywords>violence</Keywords><Keywords>Violent behavior</Keywords><Keywords>women</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>369</Start_Page><End_Page>376</End_Page><Periodical>J Clin Psychiatr</Periodical><Volume>58</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Clinical Psychiatry</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Clin Psychiatr</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>78 There is no apparent gender difference.Polysomnographic characteristics Somniloquy can arise from all sleep stages. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Arkin</Author><Year>1970</Year><RecNum>2984</RecNum><IDText>The frequency of sleep talking in the laboratory among chronic sleep talkers and good dream recallers</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>2984</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The frequency of sleep talking in the laboratory among chronic sleep talkers and good dream recallers</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Arkin,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Toth,M.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Baker,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hastey,J.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1970</Date_Primary><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>dreams</Keywords><Keywords>electroencephalography</Keywords><Keywords>electrooculography</Keywords><Keywords>frequency</Keywords><Keywords>human</Keywords><Keywords>laboratory</Keywords><Keywords>memory</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep stages</Keywords><Keywords>sleep talking</Keywords><Keywords>sleep,rem</Keywords><Keywords>somniloquy</Keywords><Keywords>speech</Keywords><Keywords>verbal behavior</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>369</Start_Page><End_Page>374</End_Page><Periodical>J Nerv Ment Dis</Periodical><Volume>151</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Nerv Ment Dis</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Nerv.Ment.Dis.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>161 Since there are few systematic polysomnographic studies, no clear profiles have been identified. However, EMG-induced artifact is common and may begin several seconds prior to, and continue for several seconds after, verbalizations. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Arkin</Author><Year>1981</Year><RecNum>7573</RecNum><IDText>Sleep-talking: Psychology and psychophysiology</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>7573</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep-talking: Psychology and psychophysiology</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Arkin,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1981</Date_Primary><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>psychophysiology</Keywords><Keywords>sleep talking</Keywords><Keywords>somniloquy</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Hillsdale, New Jersey</Pub_Place><Publisher>Lawrence Erlbaum</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>162 Temporary suspension of eye movements and the occurrence of sustained alpha EEG trains during REM sleep somniloquy episodes have also been noted ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Arkin</Author><Year>1981</Year><RecNum>7573</RecNum><IDText>Sleep-talking: Psychology and psychophysiology</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>7573</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep-talking: Psychology and psychophysiology</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Arkin,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1981</Date_Primary><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>psychophysiology</Keywords><Keywords>sleep talking</Keywords><Keywords>somniloquy</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Hillsdale, New Jersey</Pub_Place><Publisher>Lawrence Erlbaum</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>162 as has suppression of theta and alpha activity prior to the utterances. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Tani</Author><Year>1966</Year><RecNum>18593</RecNum><IDText>Electroencephalographic study of parasomnia: sleep-talking, enuresis and bruxism</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18593</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Electroencephalographic study of parasomnia: sleep-talking, enuresis and bruxism</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Tani,K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Yoshu,N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Yoshino,I.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kobayashi,E.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1966</Date_Primary><Keywords>EEG</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>sleep-talking</Keywords><Keywords>somniloquy</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>241</Start_Page><End_Page>243</End_Page><Periodical>Physiol Behav</Periodical><Volume>1</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Physiology and Behavior</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Physiol Behav</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Physiol.Behav.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>163 Episodes frequently occur in parallel with sleep mentation, but concordance between verbal utterances and ongoing dreamed speech may vary from isomorphic to completely absent. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Arkin</Author><Year>1970</Year><RecNum>13194</RecNum><IDText>The degree of concordance between the content of sleep talking and mentation recalled in wakefulness</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>13194</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>The degree of concordance between the content of sleep talking and mentation recalled in wakefulness</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Arkin,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Toth,M.F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Baker,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hastey,J.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1970</Date_Primary><Keywords>Cities</Keywords><Keywords>City</Keywords><Keywords>concordance in varying sleep stages</Keywords><Keywords>content</Keywords><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>journal</Keywords><Keywords>laboratories</Keywords><Keywords>laboratory</Keywords><Keywords>mentation</Keywords><Keywords>Period</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>Recall (Learning)</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>reports</Keywords><Keywords>right</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep talking</Keywords><Keywords>somniloquy</Keywords><Keywords>speech</Keywords><Keywords>stage</Keywords><Keywords>stages</Keywords><Keywords>verbal communication</Keywords><Keywords>wakefulness</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>373</Start_Page><End_Page>393</End_Page><Periodical>J Nerv Ment Dis</Periodical><Volume>151</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>0022-3018</ISSN_ISBN><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Nerv Ment Dis</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Nerv.Ment.Dis.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>164 As shown in Figure 3, concordances of any kind are more common in REM (82.6%) than in stage 2 (58.2%) or stage 3-4 (34.4.1%) sleep. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Arkin</Author><Year>1981</Year><RecNum>7573</RecNum><IDText>Sleep-talking: Psychology and psychophysiology</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>7573</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep-talking: Psychology and psychophysiology</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Arkin,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1981</Date_Primary><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>psychophysiology</Keywords><Keywords>sleep talking</Keywords><Keywords>somniloquy</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Hillsdale, New Jersey</Pub_Place><Publisher>Lawrence Erlbaum</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>162Figure 3. Sleep-speech / mentation-report concordances in relation to sleep stage (N=122 samples). All 3 types of concordance are more frequent for reports from REM sleep (82.6%) than for reports from Stage 2 (58.2%) or Stage 3-4 (34.4%) sleep (N=23, 67, 32 reports respectively; awakenings with no recall were not included). 1st-order concordances: same words were both spoken and dreamed; 2nd-order concordances: conceptually related words were spoken and dreamed; 3rd-order concordances: dreamed words referred only nonspecifically to spoken words (adapted from Arkin, 1981, p. 120, Table 7.6). ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Arkin</Author><Year>1981</Year><RecNum>7573</RecNum><IDText>Sleep-talking: Psychology and psychophysiology</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>7573</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep-talking: Psychology and psychophysiology</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Arkin,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1981</Date_Primary><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>psychophysiology</Keywords><Keywords>sleep talking</Keywords><Keywords>somniloquy</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Pub_Place>Hillsdale, New Jersey</Pub_Place><Publisher>Lawrence Erlbaum</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>1626858000Associated factorsSince somniloquy is so prevalent, it is virtually impossible to isolate predisposing factors. Nonetheless, there is a clear genetic influence. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Hublin</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>12773</RecNum><IDText>Sleeptalking in twins: epidemiology and psychiatric comorbidity</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>12773</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleeptalking in twins: epidemiology and psychiatric comorbidity</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hublin,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Kaprio,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Partinen,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Koskenvuo,M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1998/7</Date_Primary><Keywords>dream</Keywords><Keywords>Finland</Keywords><Keywords>Sleeptalking</Keywords><Keywords>genetics</Keywords><Keywords>twins</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatry</Keywords><Keywords>longitudinal studies</Keywords><Keywords>prevalence</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Zygosity</Keywords><Keywords>Twin</Keywords><Keywords>epidemiology</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric</Keywords><Keywords>comorbidity</Keywords><Keywords>sciences</Keywords><Keywords>cases</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>adults</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>psychopathology</Keywords><Keywords>genetic</Keywords><Keywords>association</Keywords><Keywords>psychiatric disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Psychiatric disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>responses</Keywords><Keywords>response</Keywords><Keywords>equation</Keywords><Keywords>modelling</Keywords><Keywords>Components</Keywords><Keywords>component</Keywords><Keywords>hospitalization</Keywords><Keywords>Long-term</Keywords><Keywords>medication</Keywords><Keywords>childhood</Keywords><Keywords>gender</Keywords><Keywords>gender difference</Keywords><Keywords>being</Keywords><Keywords>males</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>females</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>trait</Keywords><Keywords>effects</Keywords><Keywords>alcohol</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>289</Start_Page><End_Page>298</End_Page><Periodical>Behavior Genetics</Periodical><Volume>28</Volume><ISSN_ISBN>0001-8244</ISSN_ISBN><Address>Hublin C HAAGA NEUROL RES CTR MAKIPELLONTIE 15 FIN-00320 HELSINKI FINLAND UNIV HELSINKI DEPT PUBL HLTH FINNISH TWIN COHORT HELSINKI FINLAND NATL PUBL HLTH INST DEPT MENTAL HLTH & ALCOHOL RES HELSINKI FINLAND UNIV TURKU DEPT PUBL HLTH TURKU FINLAND UNIV HELSINKI CENT HOSP DEPT CLIN NEUROSCI HELSINKI FINLAND 4</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Behavior Genetics</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>165 Somniloquy is also the parasomnia that most often co-occurs with other parasomnias. It often accompanies the behavioral manifestations of either REM sleep behavior disorder or somnambulism. Stereotyped vocalizations can also be heard during nocturnal seizures. In most cases, however, somniloquy is idiopathic.Sleep-related groaningClinical features Also known as catathrenia, sleep-related groaning is defined as “a chronic, usually nightly, disorder characterized by expiratory groaning during sleep, particularly during the second half of the night”. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>16074</RecNum><IDText>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Book, Whole"><Ref_Type>Book, Whole</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>16074</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>ICSD-II. International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and coding manual</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Task Force Chair,Hauri PJ</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>ASDA</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keywords>coding</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>erections</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>nightmares</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>rbd</Keywords><Keywords>sinus arrest</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep paralysis</Keywords><Keywords>tnbook</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Volume>2nd</Volume><Pub_Place>Chicago</Pub_Place><Publisher>American Academy of Sleep Medicine</Publisher><ZZ_WorkformID>2</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>1 Groaning or moaning sounds typically begin two to six hours after sleep onset. The sounds produced are usually loud but the pitch and timbre vary among individuals: groaning, loud humming, roaring, and high-pitched sounds have all been observed. By contrast, within individuals the type of sound is usually fairly constant. Catathrenia is not associated with abnormal motor activity and is qualitatively different from somniloquy. Degree of concordance with sleep mentation is unknown. The affected individual is usually unaware of the problem and, apart from occasional complaints of daytime sleepiness, typically has no other sleep complaints. However, production of the sounds may disturb the bed partner. The identification of this disorder is relatively new, with approximately 45 cases in total reported in the literature. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Brunner</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>18743</RecNum><IDText>Catathrenia: a rare parasomnia with prolonged groaning during clusters of central or mixed apneas</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18743</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Catathrenia: a rare parasomnia with prolonged groaning during clusters of central or mixed apneas</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Brunner,D.P.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Gonzalez,H.L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2004</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>107</Start_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>13</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>DeRoek</Author><Year>1983</Year><RecNum>18742</RecNum><IDText>Sleep-related expiratory groaning. A case report</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18742</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Sleep-related expiratory groaning. A case report</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>DeRoek,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>VanHoof,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Cluydts,R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>1983</Date_Primary><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>237</Start_Page><Periodical>Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>12</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Grigg-Damberger</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>18740</RecNum><IDText>A cry in the night: nocturnal moaning in a 12-year-old boy</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18740</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A cry in the night: nocturnal moaning in a 12-year-old boy</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grigg-Damberger,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Brown,L.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Casey,K.R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006</Date_Primary><Keywords>case study</Keywords><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>354</Start_Page><End_Page>357</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Iriarte</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>18741</RecNum><IDText>Continuous positive pressure as treatment of catathrenia (nocturnal groaning)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18741</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Continuous positive pressure as treatment of catathrenia (nocturnal groaning)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Iriarte,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Alegre,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Urrestarazu,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Viteri,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Arocha,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Artieda,J.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>CPAP</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>treatment</Keywords><Keywords>pressure</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal groaning</Keywords><Keywords>groaning</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>609</Start_Page><Periodical>Neurology</Periodical><Volume>66</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Oldani</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18604</RecNum><IDText>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18604</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oldani,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zucconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Castronovo,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferini-Strambi,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal groaning</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>305</Start_Page><End_Page>310</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Address>Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Neurology, HSR Turro and Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. oldani.alessandro@hsr.it</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Oldani_JSR_14_305-310_2005_nocturnal groaning.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Pevernagie</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>18618</RecNum><IDText>Vocalization during episodes of prolonged expiration: a parasomnia related to REM sleep</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18618</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Vocalization during episodes of prolonged expiration: a parasomnia related to REM sleep</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pevernagie,D.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boon,P.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mariman,A.N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Verhaeghen,D.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pauwels,R.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep talking</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>19</Start_Page><End_Page>30</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep Med</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Sleep Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Vetrugno</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>14015</RecNum><IDText>Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning): a new type of parasomnia</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14015</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning): a new type of parasomnia</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vetrugno,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Provini,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Plazzi,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vignatelli,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lugaresi,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montagna,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>reviews</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Keywords>somniloquy</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>681</Start_Page><End_Page>683</End_Page><Periodical>Neurology</Periodical><Volume>56</Volume><Address>Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Bologna, Italy</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Guilleminault</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>21083</RecNum><IDText>Catathrenia: parasomnia or uncommon feature of sleep disordered breathing?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21083</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Catathrenia: parasomnia or uncommon feature of sleep disordered breathing?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Guilleminault,C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Hagen,C.C.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Khaja,A.M.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2008/1/1</Date_Primary><Keywords>after</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>AIRWAY</Keywords><Keywords>AIRWAY PRESSURE</Keywords><Keywords>background</Keywords><Keywords>body</Keywords><Keywords>Body Mass Index</Keywords><Keywords>breathing</Keywords><Keywords>case</Keywords><Keywords>cases</Keywords><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>classification</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>coding</Keywords><Keywords>CPAP</Keywords><Keywords>Diagnostic</Keywords><Keywords>disorder</Keywords><Keywords>disorders</Keywords><Keywords>evaluation</Keywords><Keywords>groaning</Keywords><Keywords>group</Keywords><Keywords>Index</Keywords><Keywords>Indexes</Keywords><Keywords>Intervention</Keywords><Keywords>it</Keywords><Keywords>literature</Keywords><Keywords>manual</Keywords><Keywords>medicine</Keywords><Keywords>method</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal groaning</Keywords><Keywords>normal</Keywords><Keywords>OR</Keywords><Keywords>oral</Keywords><Keywords>ORAL APPLIANCE</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>passive</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>Period</Keywords><Keywords>Physical</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>presence</Keywords><Keywords>pressure</Keywords><Keywords>Program</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaire</Keywords><Keywords>questionnaires</Keywords><Keywords>report</Keywords><Keywords>reports</Keywords><Keywords>response</Keywords><Keywords>series</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorder</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disordered breathing</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep medicine</Keywords><Keywords>sleep stage</Keywords><Keywords>specificity</Keywords><Keywords>stage</Keywords><Keywords>stages</Keywords><Keywords>Standard</Keywords><Keywords>Subtypes</Keywords><Keywords>surgery</Keywords><Keywords>treatment</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>UPPER AIRWAY</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Keywords>women</Keywords><Keywords>Young</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/18/2008</Reprint><Start_Page>132</Start_Page><End_Page>139</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep</Periodical><Volume>31</Volume><Address>Stanford University Sleep Medicine Program, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. cguil@stanford.edu</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Vetrugno</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21087</RecNum><IDText>Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning): an abnormal respiratory pattern during sleep</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21087</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning): an abnormal respiratory pattern during sleep</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vetrugno,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lugaresi,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Plazzi,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Provini,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>D'Angelo,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montagna,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007/11</Date_Primary><Keywords>abnormal</Keywords><Keywords>abnormalities</Keywords><Keywords>absence</Keywords><Keywords>adolescent</Keywords><Keywords>adult</Keywords><Keywords>after</Keywords><Keywords>age</Keywords><Keywords>AIRWAY</Keywords><Keywords>Airway Obstruction</Keywords><Keywords>breathing</Keywords><Keywords>Breathing pattern</Keywords><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>complications</Keywords><Keywords>Consequences</Keywords><Keywords>Daytime</Keywords><Keywords>diagnosis</Keywords><Keywords>drive</Keywords><Keywords>end</Keywords><Keywords>female</Keywords><Keywords>Follow-up</Keywords><Keywords>function</Keywords><Keywords>groaning</Keywords><Keywords>Humans</Keywords><Keywords>internal</Keywords><Keywords>Italy</Keywords><Keywords>long term</Keywords><Keywords>Long-term</Keywords><Keywords>male</Keywords><Keywords>methods</Keywords><Keywords>neonatal</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal groaning</Keywords><Keywords>normal</Keywords><Keywords>NREM</Keywords><Keywords>nrem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>OR</Keywords><Keywords>other</Keywords><Keywords>oxygen</Keywords><Keywords>Oxygen desaturation</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>patient</Keywords><Keywords>patients</Keywords><Keywords>Pattern</Keywords><Keywords>patterns</Keywords><Keywords>Period</Keywords><Keywords>persistence</Keywords><Keywords>phase</Keywords><Keywords>physiology</Keywords><Keywords>physiopathology</Keywords><Keywords>polysomnography</Keywords><Keywords>pressure</Keywords><Keywords>Prolonged</Keywords><Keywords>RANGE</Keywords><Keywords>recording</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Rem-sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Respiration Disorders</Keywords><Keywords>respiratory function tests</Keywords><Keywords>science</Keywords><Keywords>sciences</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>sleep stage</Keywords><Keywords>sleep stages</Keywords><Keywords>Sleep-related groaning</Keywords><Keywords>sound</Keywords><Keywords>stage</Keywords><Keywords>stages</Keywords><Keywords>System</Keywords><Keywords>test</Keywords><Keywords>tests</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>UPPER AIRWAY</Keywords><Keywords>voice</Keywords><Keywords>women</Keywords><Reprint>On Request 02/18/2008</Reprint><Start_Page>1236</Start_Page><End_Page>1243</End_Page><Periodical>European Journal of Neurology</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Address>Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. vetrugno@neuro.unibo.it</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">European Journal of Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Siddiqui</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21085</RecNum><IDText>Catathrenia: A rare parasomnia which may mimic central sleep apnea on polysomnogram</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21085</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Catathrenia: A rare parasomnia which may mimic central sleep apnea on polysomnogram</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Siddiqui,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Walters,A.S.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Chokroverty,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007/12/15</Date_Primary><Keywords>apnea</Keywords><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>Central sleep apnea</Keywords><Keywords>education</Keywords><Keywords>groaning</Keywords><Keywords>Hall</Keywords><Keywords>institute</Keywords><Keywords>medical education</Keywords><Keywords>mimic</Keywords><Keywords>neurology</Keywords><Keywords>neuroscience</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>school</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep apnea</Keywords><Keywords>SLEEP-APNEA</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Keywords>Usa</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>460</Start_Page><End_Page>461</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep Med</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><Address>NJ Neuroscience Institute at JFK Medical Center, Seton Hall University School of Graduate Medical Education, Edison, NJ, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Toledo Medical Center, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, USA</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Siddiqui_SM_9_460-461_2008_catathrenia case apnea.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Sleep Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Steinig</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>21086</RecNum><IDText>Breath holding - A rapid eye movement (REM) sleep parasomnia (catathrenia or expiratory groaning)</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>21086</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Breath holding - A rapid eye movement (REM) sleep parasomnia (catathrenia or expiratory groaning)</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Steinig,J.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lanz,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Krugel,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Happe,S.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2007/10/6</Date_Primary><Keywords>Breath holding</Keywords><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>clinical</Keywords><Keywords>eye</Keywords><Keywords>eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>Eye-movement</Keywords><Keywords>Germany</Keywords><Keywords>groaning</Keywords><Keywords>institute</Keywords><Keywords>movement</Keywords><Keywords>neurophysiology</Keywords><Keywords>OR</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>psychology</Keywords><Keywords>Rapid eye</Keywords><Keywords>rapid eye movement</Keywords><Keywords>rapid-eye-movement</Keywords><Keywords>REM</Keywords><Keywords>research</Keywords><Keywords>sleep</Keywords><Keywords>Universities</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>455</Start_Page><End_Page>456</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep Med</Periodical><Volume>9</Volume><Address>Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Klinikum Bremen-Ost/University of Gottingen, Germany; Institute of Psychology and Cogniton Research, University of Bremen, Germany</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Steinig_SM_9_455-456_2008_catathrenia REM case.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Sleep Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>166-176Incidence and prevalenceNocturnal groaning represents less than 1% of the population consulting at a sleep disorder center. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Oldani</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18604</RecNum><IDText>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18604</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oldani,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zucconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Castronovo,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferini-Strambi,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal groaning</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>305</Start_Page><End_Page>310</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Address>Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Neurology, HSR Turro and Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. oldani.alessandro@hsr.it</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Oldani_JSR_14_305-310_2005_nocturnal groaning.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>170 However, since this parasomnia is without major consequences, there is probably a large number of affected individuals that does not seek medical help. It appears to be three times more prevalent in men than in women although too few cases have been reported so far to be able to determine the gender ratio accurately. Onset is habitually during adolescence or early adulthood and the parasomnia persists for several years. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Oldani</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18604</RecNum><IDText>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18604</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oldani,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zucconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Castronovo,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferini-Strambi,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal groaning</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>305</Start_Page><End_Page>310</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Address>Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Neurology, HSR Turro and Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. oldani.alessandro@hsr.it</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Oldani_JSR_14_305-310_2005_nocturnal groaning.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>170 The precise time course of the condition is unknown due to lack of follow-up on this recently identified condition. Polysomnographic characteristics Catathrenia occurs during either REM or NREM sleep but episodes arise predominantly from REM sleep; only one patient presented groaning exclusively in NREM sleep. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Oldani</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18604</RecNum><IDText>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18604</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oldani,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zucconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Castronovo,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferini-Strambi,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal groaning</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>305</Start_Page><End_Page>310</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Address>Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Neurology, HSR Turro and Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. oldani.alessandro@hsr.it</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Oldani_JSR_14_305-310_2005_nocturnal groaning.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>170 PSG tracings reveal bradypneic events, often occurring in clusters, with deep inspirations followed by long expirations and monotonous vocalization. There is a high night-to-night consistency of the groaning episodes. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Pevernagie</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>18618</RecNum><IDText>Vocalization during episodes of prolonged expiration: a parasomnia related to REM sleep</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18618</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Vocalization during episodes of prolonged expiration: a parasomnia related to REM sleep</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pevernagie,D.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boon,P.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mariman,A.N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Verhaeghen,D.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pauwels,R.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep talking</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>19</Start_Page><End_Page>30</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep Med</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Sleep Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>171 Although catathrenia is associated with bradypneic events, only one of the reported cases ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Grigg-Damberger</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>18740</RecNum><IDText>A cry in the night: nocturnal moaning in a 12-year-old boy</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18740</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>A cry in the night: nocturnal moaning in a 12-year-old boy</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Grigg-Damberger,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Brown,L.K.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Casey,K.R.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2006</Date_Primary><Keywords>case study</Keywords><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>354</Start_Page><End_Page>357</End_Page><Periodical>Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>168 had significant obstructive apneas or hypopneas and an oxygen saturation remaining above 90% across the night. Body position does not seem to have any influence. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Oldani</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18604</RecNum><IDText>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18604</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oldani,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zucconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Castronovo,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferini-Strambi,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal groaning</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>305</Start_Page><End_Page>310</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Address>Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Neurology, HSR Turro and Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. oldani.alessandro@hsr.it</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Oldani_JSR_14_305-310_2005_nocturnal groaning.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>170 Whereas the loud sounds of snoring or obstructive sleep apneas occur during the inspiratory phase, the vocalizations of catathrenia occur during expiration. Unlike sleep apnea, sleep architecture for nocturnal groaners is usually preserved. However, a few patients will show either reduced total sleep time combined with reduced sleep efficiency, or a reduction of either slow-wave or REM sleep. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Oldani</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18604</RecNum><IDText>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18604</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oldani,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zucconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Castronovo,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferini-Strambi,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal groaning</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>305</Start_Page><End_Page>310</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Address>Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Neurology, HSR Turro and Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. oldani.alessandro@hsr.it</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Oldani_JSR_14_305-310_2005_nocturnal groaning.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>170Associated factorsNeurological and physical (including otorhinolaryngologic) examination, routine laboratory testing and medical history show no specific anomaly. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Pevernagie</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>18618</RecNum><IDText>Vocalization during episodes of prolonged expiration: a parasomnia related to REM sleep</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18618</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Vocalization during episodes of prolonged expiration: a parasomnia related to REM sleep</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pevernagie,D.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Boon,P.A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Mariman,A.N.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Verhaeghen,D.B.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Pauwels,R.A.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>rem sleep</Keywords><Keywords>sleep talking</Keywords><Reprint>Not in File</Reprint><Start_Page>19</Start_Page><End_Page>30</End_Page><Periodical>Sleep Med</Periodical><Volume>2</Volume><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Sleep Medicine</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">Sleep Med</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Vetrugno</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>14015</RecNum><IDText>Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning): a new type of parasomnia</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>14015</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning): a new type of parasomnia</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vetrugno,R.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Provini,F.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Plazzi,G.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Vignatelli,L.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Lugaresi,E.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Montagna,P.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2001</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnias</Keywords><Keywords>drawer A-4 parasomnias by subject</Keywords><Keywords>reviews</Keywords><Keywords>sleep disorders</Keywords><Keywords>somnambulism</Keywords><Keywords>somniloquy</Keywords><Keywords>tnoffice</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>681</Start_Page><End_Page>683</End_Page><Periodical>Neurology</Periodical><Volume>56</Volume><Address>Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Bologna, Italy</Address><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Neurology</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite><Cite><Author>Oldani</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18604</RecNum><IDText>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18604</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oldani,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zucconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Castronovo,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferini-Strambi,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal groaning</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>305</Start_Page><End_Page>310</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Address>Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Neurology, HSR Turro and Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. oldani.alessandro@hsr.it</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Oldani_JSR_14_305-310_2005_nocturnal groaning.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>170-172 Apart from the fact that a small proportion of patients (7%) present concomitant bruxism, there are no associated conditions or obvious predisposing factors. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Oldani</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18604</RecNum><IDText>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18604</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oldani,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zucconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Castronovo,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferini-Strambi,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal groaning</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>305</Start_Page><End_Page>310</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Address>Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Neurology, HSR Turro and Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. oldani.alessandro@hsr.it</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Oldani_JSR_14_305-310_2005_nocturnal groaning.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>170 As for many parasomnias, catathrenia seems to be, at least in part, genetically determined. In about 15% of cases, there is at least one family relative also affected, sometimes in a way consistent with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. ADDIN REFMGR.CITE <Refman><Cite><Author>Oldani</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>18604</RecNum><IDText>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</IDText><MDL Ref_Type="Journal"><Ref_Type>Journal</Ref_Type><Ref_ID>18604</Ref_ID><Title_Primary>'Nocturnal groaning': just a sound or parasomnia?</Title_Primary><Authors_Primary>Oldani,A.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Manconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Zucconi,M.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Castronovo,V.</Authors_Primary><Authors_Primary>Ferini-Strambi,L.</Authors_Primary><Date_Primary>2005</Date_Primary><Keywords>catathrenia</Keywords><Keywords>nocturnal groaning</Keywords><Keywords>parasomnia</Keywords><Reprint>In File</Reprint><Start_Page>305</Start_Page><End_Page>310</End_Page><Periodical>J Sleep Res</Periodical><Volume>14</Volume><Address>Sleep Disorders Centre, Department of Neurology, HSR Turro and Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. oldani.alessandro@hsr.it</Address><Web_URL_Link1>\\Dreamserver\dnl-net\Resources\E_Library\Articles_PDF files\Oldani_JSR_14_305-310_2005_nocturnal groaning.pdf</Web_URL_Link1><ZZ_JournalFull><f name="System">Journal of Sleep Research</f></ZZ_JournalFull><ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><f name="System">J Sleep Res</f></ZZ_JournalStdAbbrev><ZZ_JournalUser1><f name="System">J.Sleep Res.</f></ZZ_JournalUser1><ZZ_WorkformID>1</ZZ_WorkformID></MDL></Cite></Refman>170 References ADDIN REFMGR.REFLIST 1. 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