Ms. Galloway's AP Comparative Government

 Constitution Functions: provide governmental powers, legal system, and rights of citizensGoals of framers: creates national govt. with a legislative, executive, and judicial branch; checks and balances; divides power between federal govt. and states; protects individuaSlavery:. The "Three-Fifths Compromise" provided that three-fifths (60%) of enslaved people in each state would count toward congressional representation // Representation: The "Great Compromise" allowed House of Representatives, which was apportioned by populations, and the Senate which represented the states equally. // State vs. Federal Powers: specific responsibilities to the federal government while delegating all other functions to the states. // Executive Power: Electoral CollegeBill of rights limited constitutionAmendments: Altering the constitution (Formal) Levels of GovernmentFederal (President, Congress, Supreme Court) → State (Governor, State Court, State Legislature) → County (Councils, taxes, education) → City (municipalities)Federal system chosen → Can satisfy largest amount of peoplePROS: Protects against tyranny, diffuses power, increase citizen participation, encourage innovation, state government more responsive (held accountable)CONS: Allows for inequalities between states, interstate competitionStates used to trump federal but now states rely more on the federal government so there is more of a balance due to federal programs put in placeState vs. FederalFederal: Create money, Declare war, Manage foreign policy, Oversee interstate and intercountry tradeState: Ratify amendments, Manage public health and safety, Oversee intrastate tradeBoth: Set taxes, Make and enforce laws, Borrow moneyExecutive BranchPresident: head of state and government (currently Donald Trump)Expressed Powers: executive power to enforce laws, power over military, negotiate treaties with ? Senate approval, grant pardons for federal crimes Implied Powers: consult Cabinet, Wartime emergency powers, Executive OrdersLimitations: congress can override Presidential veto, choose not to fund programs suggested by president, move to impeach President. Supreme Court can declare presidential acts (including Executive Orders) unconstitutional Cabinet: advise the President on subjects related to their specific areas. Appointed by president, approved by SenateLegislative BranchHouse of Representatives 435 total seats; seats are given to states based on state population Elected every 2 years, must be 25 years old, a US citizen for at least 7 years, resident of state they represent, no term limitsInitiate revenue bills, impeach federal officials, elect president in the case of Electoral College tieLeader is Speaker of the House (currently Paul Ryan)Senate 100 Senators, 2 from each stateSix year terms with no term limit (staggered so ? of the senate is up for election every 2 years)Confirms Cabinet appointments and ratifies treatiesLeader is the Senate Majority Leader (currently Mitch McConnell)President of the Senate is the Vice President (currently Mike Pence), however he is not the leader of the Senate C. Limitations and Implied PowersLimitations: president can veto bills, recommend legislation, and call special sessions of congress. Judicial Branch can interpret laws and declare them unconstitutionalImplied Powers: review and restrict annual budget from executive branch, investigate public officials D. Legislative ProcessBill is introduced to Congress; It’s then submitted to a committee/subcommittee where it’s either accepted, amended, or rejected; If accepted, it goes to the floor of the House or Senate and is placed on the calendar for consideration; When it’s considered, a debate is held where a simple majority passes it; Goes through both houses, then the President decides to either veto it or sign it into lawPresidential SystemPresidential vs. Parliamentary SystemsParliamentary: Prime Minister elected by legislative branch; elections can be called at unscheduled times; no separation of powers; third parties can have more influencePresidential: President elected directly by people; requires checks and balances and separation of powers;third parties have little influence; elections held on a strict scheduleStrengths and Weaknesses of PresidentialismStrengths: lasts longer, work with multiparty systems, term stability, office has a national constituencyWeaknesses: deadlocks can form between different branches of government, legislature does not always support Government, decision making is decentralized so it is more difficult to implement policies ................
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