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Chapter 5: Skeletal System Name (written in ink)

1. Figure 5-13 is a diagram of the articulated skeleton. Identify bones by writing the correct labels at the leader lines. Select two different colors to identify bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons.

⃝ Axial skeleton ⃝ Appendicular skeleton

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2. Describe the four functions of bone:

1) 3)

2) 4)

3. Figure A is a midlevel, cross-sectional view of the diaphysis of the femur. Label the membrane that lines the cavity and the membrane that covers the outside surface.

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Figure B depicts a longitudinal section of the femur. Color the regions.

⃝ Diaphysis ⃝ Area where red marrow is found (hematopoiesis)

⃝ Epiphyseal plate ⃝ Area where yellow marrow is found (fat storage)

1.

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4. Complete the following statements concerning bone formation and destruction.

A. Atrophy D. Growth hormone G. Osteoclasts I. Parathyroid hormone

B. Calcitonin E. Osteoblasts H. Osteocytes J. Stress and/or tension

C. Osteoarthritis F. Osteoporosis

1. Abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood is . This causes (1) hormone to be released from bones.

2. Bone cells that break down bone and release calcium to the blood are called (7) .

3. Disuse such as that caused by paralysis or severe lack of exercise results in the wasting away of muscle and bone, called (3) .

4. Increased deposits of bone occur at sites of (4) .

5. Immature, or matrix-depositing, bone cells are referred to as (5).

6. High levels of calcium in the blood, called causes the release of (6) which causes blood calcium to be deposited in bones.

7. Mature bone cells, called (2) , maintain bone in a viable state.

8. Longitudinal growth at the epiphyseal plate in a child is stimulated by (8) .

(continued next page)

9. Atrophy and thinning of bone due to hormonal changes or inactivity, generally in the elderly is (9) . This condition often results in compression fractures.

10. Age-related erosion of articular cartilages and formation of painful bony spurs in weight-bearing joints is

Axial Skeleton

5. Using key choices, identify the bones indicated by the following descriptions. Enter the appropriate term or letter in the answer blanks.

1. Forehead bone

2. Cheekbone

3. Lower jaw bone

4. Bridge of nose

5. Posterior part of hard palate part of this bone

6. Lateral and superior cranium

7. Most posterior part of cranium

8. Single, irregular, bat-shaped bone, forming part of the cranial floor

9. Tiny bone, surrounding tear duct

10. Anterior part of hard palate (palatine process)

11. Mastoid process is part of this bone

12. Cribriform plate is part of this bone

13. Bone with mental foramen and alveolar margins

14. Styloid process is part of this bone

15. Four bones that contain paranasal sinuses

16.

17.

18.

19. The condyles of this bone articulate with the atlas vertebra

20. Middle ear found in this bone

21. Foramen magnum is a hole in this bone

22. Does not articulate with any other bone.

6. Select different colors for the bones listed below and color the coding circles and corresponding bones in the figures. Complete the figures by labeling the bone markings indicated by leader lines.

If the bone is visible on the other diagrams, COLOR IT ON ALL THREE DIAGRAMS.

⃝ Frontal ⃝ Temporal ⃝ Nasal

⃝ Parietal ⃝ Maxilla ⃝ Lacrimal ⃝ Palatine

⃝ Occipital ⃝ Mandible ⃝ Zygomatic ⃝ Occipital condyles

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7. An anterior view of the skull, showing the positions of the sinuses, is provided in Figure 5-4. First select different colors for each of the sinuses and use them to color the coding circles and the corresponding structures on the figure. Then briefly answer the following questions concerning the sinuses.

1. What are sinuses?

2. What purpose do they serve in the skull?

3. Why are they so susceptible to infection?

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⃝ Sphenoid sinus ⃝ Ethmoid sinuses

⃝ Frontal sinus ⃝ Maxillary sinus

Figure 5-4

Vertebral Column

8. The figure below is a lateral view of the vertebral column. Identify each numbered region in the numbered answer blanks and then record the specific vertebrae abbreviations. Also identify the modified vertebrae indicated by numbers 6 and 7. Color each vertebral region. Identify the basic parts of the vertebra below.

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

O O O O O O O

Bony Thorax = sternum + ribs + thoracic vertebrae

10. Complete the following statements by inserting your responses in the answer blanks.

1. Ribs 1 through 7 are called

2. Ribs 8 through 12 are called

3. Ribs 11 and 12 are also called

4. All ribs articulate posteriorly with the

5. Most ribs connect anteriorly, either directly or indirectly, to the

11. Figure 5-7 is an anterior view of the bony thorax. Select different colors to identify the structures below and color the coding circles and corresponding structures. Then label the additional structures of the sternum indicated by leader lines.

⃝ All true ribs (#1-7)

⃝ Costal cartilages

⃝ All false ribs (#8-12)

⃝ Sternum

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APPENDICULAR SKELETON

12. Identify the bones below. Select different colors for each structure listed below and use them to color the coding circles and the corresponding structures in the diagram. Then, label the angles.

⃝ Spine ⃝ Glenoid cavity ⃝ Acromion process

Name of this bone:

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13. Identify the arm bones and color and label the bone markings.

⃝ Head (three) ⃝ Deltoid tuberosity ⃝ Styloid process (two)

⃝ Neck of humerus ⃝ Olecranon process ⃝ Radial tuberosity

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14. Below are diagrams of the hand and foot. Select different colors for the following structures, and use them to color the coding circles and the corresponding structures in the diagram.

⃝ Carpals ⃝ Metacarpals ⃝ Phalanges ⃝ Tarsals ⃝ Metatarsals

⃝ Talus

⃝ Calcaneus

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15. Using key choices, identify the bone names or markings according to the descriptions that follow. Insert the appropriate term or letter in the answer blanks

Key Choices

A. Acromion E. Head I. Styloid process M. Scapula

B. Ulna F. Deltoid tuberosity J. Olecranon process N. Sternum

C. Carpals G. Glenoid cavity (fossa) K. Phalanges O. Metacarpals

D. Clavicle H. Humerus L. Radial tuberosity P. Radius

Q. Pectoral girdle

1. Raised area on lateral surface of humerus to which deltoid muscle attaches

2. Upper arm bone

3. Two bones composing the shoulder (pectoral) girdle

4. Rounded knob atop the neck of the humerus

5. Two forearm bones

6. Point where scapula and clavicle connect

7. Shoulder girdle bone that has no attachment to the axial skeleton

8. Shoulder girdle bone that articulates anteriorly with the sternum

9. Socket in the scapula for the arm bone

10. Commonly called the shoulder blade

11. Commonly called the collarbone

12. Lateral bone of the forearm in anatomical position

13. Medial bone of the forearm in anatomical position

14. Posterior projection at the proximal end of the ulna, commonly called the funny bone

15. Commonly called the breast bone

16. Forearm bone involved in formation of elbow joint

17. Two bones that articulate with the clavicle

18. Formed from articulation of the scapula and clavicle

19. Bones of the wrist

20. Bones of the fingers

21. Heads of these bones form the knuckles

22. Pointed projections at the distal ends of both the radius and the ulna

16. Color and label. Also, label the dashed lines showing the dimensions of the true pelvis and that showing the diameter of the false pelvis.

⃝ Ilium ⃝ Pubic symphysis ⃝ Pubis

⃝ Sacrum ⃝ Acetabulum ⃝ Ischium

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17. List four ways in which the female pelvis differs from the male pelvis and insert your answers in the answer blanks.

1.

2.

3.

4.

18. The large nerve that must be avoided when giving injections into the buttock muscles is the

19. Compare the pectoral and pelvic girdles by choosing descriptive terms from the key choices. Insert the appropriate key letters in the letters in the answer blanks.

Key Choices

A. Flexibility D. Shallow socket for limb attachment

B. Massive E. Deep, secure socket for limb attachment

C. Lightweight F. Weight-bearing

Pectoral: , , Pelvic: , ,

20. The bones of the thigh and the leg are shown in Figure 5-12. Identify each and put your answers in the blanks labeled A, B, and C. Select different colors for the bones markings listed below and use them to color in the coding circles and corresponding areas on the diagram. Complete the illustration by inserting the terms indicating bone markings at the ends of the appropriate leader lines in the figure.

⃝ Head of femur ⃝ Neck of femur ⃝ Medial malleolus

⃝ Medial condyle (2) ⃝ Tibial tuberosity ⃝ Lateral malleolus

⃝ Lateral condyle (2) ⃝ Anterior crest of tibia

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21. Using key choices, identify the bone names and markings, descriptions that follow.

A. Acetabulum I. Ilium Q. Patella

B. Calcaneus J. Tibial tuberosity R. Pubic symphysis

C. Femur K. Ischium S. Pubis

D. Fibula L. Lateral malleolus T. Sacroiliac joint

E. Anterior crest M. Lateral condyle U. Talus

F. Greater sciatic notch N. Medial malleolus V. Tarsals

G. Medial condyle O. Metatarsals W. Tibia

H. Iliac crest P. Pelvic girdle

1. Fuse to form the coxal bone (three bones that comprise the hip bone)

2. Formed by articulation of the hip bones and sacrum

3. Point where the coxal bones join anteriorly

4. Upper ridge of iliac bones

5. Deep socket in the hip bone that receives the head of the thigh bone

6. Point where axial skeleton attaches to the pelvic girdle

7. Longest bone in body, articulates with the coxal bone (hip)

8. Lateral bone of the lower leg

9. Medial bone of the lower leg

10. Three bones forming the knee joint

11. Point where the patellar ligament attaches to the tibia

12. Kneecap

13. Shinbone

14. Distal process on medial tibial surface

15. Distal process of the fibula, forming the outer “ankle”

16. Heel bone (large bone due to weight bearing)

17. Bones of the ankle

18. Bones forming the instep of the foot

19. The ridge extending down the front of the tibia, commonly called the shin.

20. This feature if the ischium allows blood vessels and the sciatic nerve to pass from the posterior pelvis into the thigh

21. Tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia

BONE FRACTURES

22. Using the key choices, identify the fracture types shown in Figure 5-14 and the fracture types and treatments described below. Enter the appropriate key letter or term in each answer blank.

A. Closed reduction D. Depressed fracture G. Simple fracture

B. Compression fracture E. Greenstick fracture H. Spiral fracture

C. Compound fracture F. Open reduction I. Pathologic fracture

Bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin

Nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends and splinting of bone

A break common in children; bone splinters, but break is incomplete

A fracture in which the bone is crushed; common in the vertebral column

A fracture in which the bone ends penetrate through the skin surface

Surgical realignment of broken bone ends

A result of twisting forces

A fracture in which the bone is pushed inward; common in the skull

Spontaneous fracture caused by disease

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Figure 5-14

23. Explain why healing of a partially torn ligament is slow.

24. Fill in the blanks to outline the stages in the healing of a bone fracture:

1) ______________________________

2a) _______________________________

2b) _______________________________

3) _______________________________

JOINTS

25. Color the coding circles and the following areas of a typical synovial (diarthrotic) joint. Then, complete the statements below.

⃝ Articular cartilage of bone ends

⃝ Fibrous capsule

⃝ Synovial membrane

⃝ Joint cavity

26. Identify the structural classification of each articulation below. If it is a synovial joint, determine the type.

Key Choices: A. Fibrous joint B. Cartilaginous joint C. Synovial joint

Types of Synovial Joints: 1. Plane 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Condylar 5. Saddle 6. Ball-and-Socket

1. Atlantoaxial (C1/C2) joint

1. Sutures

2. Intercarpal joint

3. Pubic symphysis

4. Metacarpophalangeal joint

5. Elbow joint (humeroulnar)

6. Hip joint (acetabulofemoral)

7. Proximal radioulnar joint

8. Carpometacarpal thumb joint

9. Interphalangeal joint

10. Distal tibiofibular joint

11. Shoulder joint (glenohumeral)

12. Intervertebral joint

13. Knee joint (femur/tibia)

14. Temporomandibular joint

15. Sacroiliac joint

Ch 5 At The Clinic

ANSWER ON ANOTHER PIECE OF PAPER. Answer in complete sentences.

1. Antonio is hit in the face with a football during practice. An x-ray reveals multiple fractures of the bones around the orbit. Name six facial/cranial bones that form the orbit (eye socket). (p. 149-150)

2. Mrs. Bruso, a woman in her 80s, is brought to the clinic with a fractured hip. X-rays reveal compression fractures of her lower vertebral column and extremely low bone density in her vertebrae, pelvic bones, and femurs.

a. What is her condition? (p. 175-177)

b. What causes this condition?

c. What type of fracture would this be since it was caused by disease and not an injury?

3. Jack, a young man, is treated at the clinic for an accident in which he hit his forehead. When he returns for a checkup, he complains he can’t smell anything. An x-ray of his head reveals a fracture.

a. Which skull bone was fractured? (p. 149)

b. What specific part of the bone was fractured to cause damage to his olfactory (smell) nerves? (also see p. 299)

4. An overweight 55-year-old man complains of agonizing pain in his great toe. The man tells his physician that his father used to have the same problem. (p. 173)

a. The physician tells the man he has a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints of the toe. What is the name of his condition?

b. What three things will his doctor tell him to do prevent future attacks?

5. The pediatrician at the clinic explains to parents of a newborn that their son’s oral cavity and nasal cavity do not have a bone separating them, making it difficult for him to suck on the bottle. (p. 150) (see also p. 435, 501-502)

a. Which bones have failed to fuse to form the hard palate?

b. What is the specific name of this condition?

6. After having a severe cold accompanied by nasal congestion, Helen complained that she had a frontal headache and the right side of her face under her eye ached. (p. 150-151)

a. Which two paranasal sinuses probably became infected by the bacteria or virus causing the congestion?

b. What is the term for a sinus infection?

7. At work, a box fell from a shelf onto Bertha’s acromial region. In the emergency room, the physician determined that the head of her humerus had moved out of its normal position in the joint cavity down into the axilla.

a. What has Bertha experienced in her shoulder area? (p. 170)

b. What should be done by the physician to correct this problem?

8. After a football game, an x -ray of the Toby’s injured arm revealed a break curving around and down the shaft.

a. What kind of fracture, common with sports injuries, might this indicate? (p. 144-145)

b. The broken bone does not penetrate the skin so what procedure will the physician perform to coax the bone ends back into their normal position?

9. A patient complains of jaw pain in front of her ears and crackling noises when she opens her mouth wide. She states that she grinds her teeth at night. What joint is causing this pain? (Packet #6)

10. After receiving a penicillin injection in the gluteal region, a woman complains of pain and numbness radiating down her leg on the same side she received the injection.

a. What large nerve that passes from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh was probably affected by the injection? (p. 162)

b. What condition results from damage to this nerve of the sacral plexus? (p. 262)

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Heel bone seen on posterior view, p. 146.

Compact bone

B

Key Choices

A. Ethmoid bone

B. Frontal bone

C. Hyoid bone

D. Lacrimal bone

E. Mandible

F. Maxillae

G. Nasal bones

H. Occipital bone

I. Palatine bone

J. Parietal bone

K. Sphenoid bone

L. Temporal bone

M. Zygomatic bone

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9. The only bone that does not articulate with any other bone (but attaches to the tongue) is the:

Intervertebral disk

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Name of this bone:

Superior border

Medial

border

Lateral border

A

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1. The lubricant that minimizes friction and abrasion of joint surfaces is (l) .

2. The resilient substance that keeps bone ends from crushing when compressed is (2) .

3. (3) which reinforce the fibrous capsule help to prevent dislocation of the joint.

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