Mesa Public Schools - Mesa, Arizona



Name: _____________________________Date: __________________ Period: _____ Vocabulary for Writing CompositionBasics: Grammar1. Nouns: A word that denotes a person, place, or thing. In a sentence, nouns answer the questions who & what2. Abstract Nouns: denotes an abstract or intangible concept, such as envy or joy; concepts that cannot be seen, smelled, touched, heard, or tasted.3. Proper Nouns: A noun that is used to denote a particular person, place, or thing and is always?capitalized4. Concrete Nouns: Nouns that use the 5 senses; they can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, or tasted. Examples: butterfly, student, desk, sand, garbage, steak5. Pronouns: A word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence. I You Me It Them They She He?His Hers Theirs Our Yours6. Interrogative Pronouns: are used to form questions Who What Where How When7. Relative Pronouns: introduce subordinate clauses [a dependent clause that begins a with subordinate?conjunction or a relative pronoun]8. Subordinate clauses: after, of, than, where, although, that, in order that, whereas, as, once, though, wherever, because, provided that, unless, whether, before, rather than, until, while, even if, since, when, why, even though, so that, whenever.9. Relative Pronouns: that, whoever, which, whomever, who, whom, whose, whosoever10. Antecedent: The noun or noun phrase that a pronoun refers to. Mrs. Orr is an extremely strange teacher; she is always doing the unexpected.11. Verbs: Also known as the predicate denotes action, or a state of being in a sentence12. State of Being: Forms to the verb "be" used as helping verbs – is, am, are, was, were, been, being 13. Linking Verbs: connect the subject of a sentence with words or groups of words that identify or describe it. as, am, are, was, were, being, been, seem, appear, become, remain, smell, taste, feel, look, sound14. Helping Verbs: Also known as auxiliary verbs; it is a verb that comes before the main verb in a sentence. Together the helping verb and the main verb form a verb phrase. More than one helping verb can be used in a sentence.?15. Adjectives: a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may precede nouns, or they may appear after a form of the reflexive verb?to be: am, are, is, was, were, etc.16. Articles: A, AN, THE. They precede a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence; acts as a "neon" light indicating a noun will follow.17. Proper Adjectives: Proper nouns that are used to modify or describe another noun. Examples: Christmas dinner, Thanksgiving parade, Mexican dinner.18. Adverbs: modifies (describes) verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Many, but not all, end in 'ly'.19. Prepositions: "Prep, prep, prep, prep, prepositions... talks about a thing and it's position!" A preposition is anything a frog can do to a log. Works in combination with a noun or pronoun and other words in the sentence to create phrases that convey a spatial, temporal, or directional meaning. Prepositions commonly convey the following relationships: agency (by); comparison (like, as . . . as); direction (to, toward, through); place (at, by, on); possession (of); purpose (for); source (from, out of); and time (at, before, on).? aboard, about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, among, around, as, at, atop, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, despite, down, during, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past, regarding, round, since, than, through, throughout, till, to, toward, under, unlike, until, up, upon, with, within, without20. Interjections: a word added to a sentence to convey emotion; not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence. STOP! WAIT! NO! HEY! 21. Conjunctions: a word that joins two independent clauses or sentences together. A word that joins two words or ideas together. FANBOYS= FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, SOPhrases & Clauses22. Phrase: is a small group of words that adds meaning to a word. It is not a sentence because it is not a complete idea with a subject and a predicate.23. Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun (called the object of the preposition).24. Infinitive Phrase: "To" plus a verb25. Appositives: are placed next to other nouns and pronouns and give extra or identifying information about them. Ex: My dog, Ariel, is an Australian shepherd.26. Appositives of more than one word are called Appositive phrases. Ex: His fiancé, a civil engineer, was transferred An appositive should be set off with commas unless it is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Ex: Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream is one of the most recent to be made into film.27. Participles & Participial Phrases: Are verb forms that can work as adjectives. End with?-ed,?-ing,?-en. Participial phrases contain a participle and include all complements and modifiers. A participial phrase that begins a sentence is usually followed by a comma. Ex: Frightened by the horror movie,?Mike and Leroy turned on all the lights in the house.28. Gerund & Gerund Phrase: A gerund phrase will begin with a gerund, an -ing word, and will include other modifiers and/or objects. Gerund phrases always function as nouns, so they will be subjects, subject complements, or objects in the sentence. Don't mistake a gerund phrase for a present participle phrase. Gerund and present participle phrases?are easy to confuse because they both begin with an -ing word. The difference is that a gerund phrase will always? function as a noun while a?present participle phrase?describes another word in?the sentence.29. A Dependent Clause: is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb but?does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence30. Fragment: are incomplete sentences. Usually, fragments are pieces of sentences that have become disconnected from the main clause. Other kinds of punctuation may be needed for the newly combined sentence.31. An Independent Clause [IC] has a subject and verb and makes a complete thought. It can stand on its own. It is a simple sentence. Ex: The dog whimpered.TYPES OF SENTENCES & FORMULAS 31. SIMPLE [ IC ] = SUBJECT + VERB32. COMPOUND IC ; IC IC ,conj IC Example: Mrs. Orr is giving us too much information; it is giving me a headache. Example: English is not my best sentence, but Mrs. Orr does her best to make it fun.33. Complex IC , DC OR DC , IC34. COMPOUND – COMPLEX: A sentence with two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Example: "For in the end, freedom is a personal and lonely battle; and one faces down fears of today so that those of tomorrow might be engaged." (Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens, 1983)Genres of Writing35. Descriptive: Detailed sensory perception of a person, place or thing.36. Narrative: A writing that recounts an event, an anecdote, an experience, or an event.37. Persuasive: A persuasive essay is a short commentary designed to persuade your audience; use of pathos helps persuade.?38. Argumentative: A writing that convinces others through reasoning; explanations of aspects of a particular subject, or advocating a specific opinion on a subject or issue.39: Uses Logos - the appeal to the head using logic, numbers, explanations, and facts. Through Logos, a writer aims at a person's intellect. The idea is that if you are logical, you will understand.40. Pathos is the appeal to the heart, emotions, sympathy, passions, or sentimentality.41. Another form?of writing is the use?of Ethos, which is the appeal to the conscience, ethics, morals standards, values, and principles.42. Rhetoric: Persuasive speech or writing; speech or writing that communicates its point persuasively.43. Expository: Used to inform or explain information to a reader. There are many different forms of expository essays that a writer can use. 44. Process Analysis: Explain how to do something or how something happens; the evaluation of any process45. Exemplification: Provides examples or cases in point. Provides facts, statistics, personal experiences, or interview quotation that help to achieve the purpose of the essay.46. Comparison & Contrast: Discusses similarities and differences of a topic 47. Division & Classification: Divides a whole into parts, or sorts related items into categories. Used in science or history essays.48. Definition: Provides the meaning of terms that are used. Take note of who your audience is and ask, "Does your essay focus on any abstract, specialized, or new terms that need further explanation so the reader understands the main point?" Do any important words in the essay have many meanings and needs to be clarified?49. Cause & Effect: Analysis of something that happens and describes the consequences of a string of events, examining past events or their outcomes. Is the purpose to inform, speculate, or argue about why an identifiable fact happens the way it does?Elements of Literature50. Allusion: A reference to something real or fictional, to someone, some event, or something in the Bible, history, literature, or any phase of culture.51. Irony: An expression, often humorous or sarcastic, that exposes perversity or absurdity. Ex: The fish story52. Oxymoron: A contradiction in terms. Faithless devotion; Searing cold; Deafening silence; Jumbo shrimp; Act naturally; Peacekeeping missile; Larger half53. Paradox: Reveals a kind of truth which at first seems contradictory. Example: Red wine is paradoxically good and bad for us.54. Symbolism: Using an object or action that means something more than its literal meaning. Example: The bird of night owl is a symbol of death55. Parody: A humorous exaggerated imitation, or travesty. The film Airplane A parody of the 1970's era disaster film; Austin Powers A parody of the?James Bond spy movies56. Sarcasm: A cutting, often ironic remark intended to wound. A form of wit that is marked by the use of sarcastic language and is intended to make its victim the butt of contempt or ridicule. Remember: There's no sarcasm in the classroom57. Satire: Literary tone used to ridicule or make fun of human vice or weakness, often with the intent of correcting, or changing, the subject of the satiric attack. One of the most interesting features of satire is that it is almost universally believed to be a persuasive writing form. In actuality, it appears that most written satire actually fools most of its readers, so that, far from being persuasive, it is often not even understood. Examples of Satire would be Saturday Night Live and George Orwell's novel Animal Farm58. Themes: Linking devices that hold a text together structurally, e.g. the battle between good and evil: the general idea or insight about life a writer wishes to express. All the elements of literary terms contribute to theme. A simple theme can often be stated in a single sentence. Examples: Good things come to?those who wait; Home is where the heart is; Love conquers evil59. Counterpoint: Contrasting ideas – Black / White; Good / Bad; Darkness/light60. Imagery: Language that evokes one or all of the five senses. Seeing hearing tasting smelling touching.61. Metaphor & Simile: Non-literal, imaginative substitutions in which, for instance, a tree becomes a metaphor for family or springtime is rebirth. Simile compares two different items or ideas using "like" or "as"62. Characterization: The method used by a writer to develop a character. The method includes: (1) showing the character's appearance (2) displaying the character's actions (3) revealing the character's thoughts (4) letting the character speak (5) getting the reactions of others63. FRAMING STRATEGIES – Introduction & Conclusion64. Narrator: Usually first or third person, "tells" the story or events65. Style - tone – voice: Gut reactions are useful here.? Examine your own responses. What is it that makes you respond as you do? Are you the author's intended audience? If not, who is? The attitude a writer takes towards a subject or character: serious, humorous, sarcastic, ironic, satirical, tongue-in-cheek, solemn, objective.66. Analogy: The comparison of two pairs that have the same relationship. The key is to ascertain the relationship between the first so you can choose the correct second pair.67. Foreshadowing: The use of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in literature.68. Flashback: Action that interrupts to show an event that happened at an earlier time which is necessary to better understanding.69. HyPeRbOLe: Exaggeration or overstatement. Ex: "I told my a million times you need to takes notes.70. Personification: Giving human qualities to animals or objects Ex: A smiling moon and a jovial sun kept calling to me!71. ________________________: The ordinary form of spoken or written language, without __________________________________ used in __________________________.72. Idea and Content: are in a sense the heart of the writing. Everything that is said comes back to idea and content. The two keys are clarity and details. Making a topic clear and manageable is so important! Details can make or break any piece of writing. Ideas and content focus on clear writing that presents details in an interesting, fresh manner.73. Organization: Making a paper easy for the reader to understand. Outlining & Brainstorming74. Word Choice: Word choice is a trait that shows the power of language. Sometimes students seem so caught up in their ideas, organization, and grammar that word choice may take a backseat. N2SSWTSW— NO TWO SENTENCES START?WITH THE?SAME WORD 75. Voice: Shows strong sense of audience, topic and purpose. Topic comes alive, is engaging, exciting, honest, humorous, lively. Writer is aware of the reader. Writer uses figurative language to create images for the reader.76. Sentence fluency: is a trait based solely on the ear. Students need to tune their ears to the rhythm cadence that can be accomplished with sentence fluency. Using the natural flow of poetry can add clarity to this trait. Focusing on variety in sentences can help attain fluency.77. CONVENTIONS: Editing and revising component or writing. Often this trait is taught throughout the six traits of the writing process. Many people would say that this trait is the most time consuming of the six because of its depth and importance. ................
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