Mrs. Bagley's English Class



9th grade English 9 study guideLiterature: Review characters and plot points.Animal Farm"The Most Dangerous Game"“The Cask of Amontillado”“Harrison Bergeron”To Kill a MockingbirdLit. Terms and vocabulary: Be able to identify examples of lit. terms in pieces of literature or non-fiction.claim - an assertion of something as a factExample: Old Major’s claim is that the animals have been mistreated. call to action/ thesis - words that urge people to carry out a particular actionExample: Old Major’s thesis is that the animals should rebel. logos - logical appeals - uses facts to persuadeExample: Old Major appeals to logic in his speech, “This single farm of ours would support a dozen horses, twenty cows, hundreds of sheep--and all of them living in a comfort and a dignity that are now almost beyond our imagining. Why then do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from us by human beings. There, comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word--Man. Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished forever.”pathos - emotional appeals - tugs at the heart strings to persuadeExample: Old Major appeals to emotion in his speech, “Clover, where are those four foals you bore, who should have been the 25 support and pleasure of your old age?”ethos - ethical appeal - uses morality to persuadeallegory - a story in which literal objects represent symbolic objects- in Animal Farm the characters are symbolic representation of the leaders of the Russian Revolution. theme - a main idea; a unifying or dominant ideaFor To Kill a Mockingbird: Before you can judge someone, you must walk a mile in his shoes. Textual evidence: “Jem and I hated her. If she was on the porch when we passed, we would be raked by her wrathful gaze, subjected to ruthless interrogation regarding our behavior, and given a melancholy prediction on what we would amount to when we grew up, which was always nothing.” Scout about Mrs. DuboseTrue courage is not the absence of fear, but the willingness to proceed in spite of it.Textual evidence: “I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. It's when you know you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do.”Attitus Finch, Chapter 11.Racism is kept alive through fear and ignorance.Textual evidence: "They're certainly entitled to think that, and they're entitled to full respect for their opinions... but before I can live with other folks I've got to live with myself. The one thing that doesn’t abide by majority rule is a person’s conscience. " Atticus Finch, Chapter 11inference - something derive by reasoning; conclude or judge from premises or evidenceExample: From To Kill a Mockingbird, “You can pet him, Mr. Arthur, he’s asleep. You couldn’t if he was awake, though, he wouldn’t let you…Boo’s hand hovered over Jem’s head…His hand came slightly down on Jem’s hair.” We can infer from this selection that Boo cared for Jem and Scout. symbols -something used for or regarded as representing something else; a material object representing something, often something immaterial;suspense- a state or condition of mental uncertainty or excitement, as in awaiting a decision or outcome, usually accompanied by a degree of apprehension or anxiety.Example: In “The Most Dangerous Game” Connell builds suspense by listing several rumors and creepy feelings associated with the island.foreshadowing - to show or indicate beforehand. Example: In “The Most Dangerous Game” Connell foreshadows the events of the hunt with Zaroff by including the sounds of gunshots in the distance and talk of hunting large game in the beginning of the story. context clues - the parts of a written or spoken statement that precede or follow a specific word or passage, usually influencing its meaning or effectdiction - style of speaking or writing as dependent upon choice of words:metaphor - a comparisonsimile - a comparison that uses like or asmood-the feeling a reader gets from a work of literature; word choice helps set the mood. In “The Most Dangerous Game,” Connell chooses words like crushed, lacerated, stained to help set the suspenseful mood of the story. tone - author's attitude toward his/her subjectParts of the plot triangle: exposition - writing or speech primarily intended to convey information or to explain at the beginning of a short story rising action - actions that build suspense before the climax of a story climax - the turning point or point of greatest excitement in a storyExample: In “The Most Dangerous Game,” the climax is “Twenty feet below him the sea rumbled and hissed. Rainsford hesitated. He heard the hounds. Then he leaped far out into the sea. . . .”falling action - the unwinding of tension in a storyresolution -the final resolution of the intricacies of a plot, as of a drama or novel.Characterization-the way the author presents a character directly: by stating what a character is like or indirectly: revealing what a character is like through other characters, dialogue, or observation. Example: “Jem pulled out his grandfather‘s watch that Atticus let him carry once a week if Jem were careful with it. On the days he carried the watch, Jem walked on eggs.” We can infer from this quote that Jem is indirectly characterized as responsible. Vocabularycomrade - 1. a person who shares in one's activities, occupation, etc.; companion, associate, or friend. 2. a member of the Communist party knouter - person who punishes by whippingchateau - 1. a castle or fortress. 2. a stately residence imitating a distinctively French castle. catacombs- cities of the dead; underground burial chambersEnnui - a lack of spirit, enthusiasm, or interestZealous- feeling or showing strong and energetic support for a person, cause, etc. : filled with zeal Debacle- a great disaster or complete failure Grammar: Know rules so you can apply them to sentences.Sentence - makes a complete thought and has a subject and verb/predicatesentence fragment - does not make a complete thoughtExample: To the store. This does not contain a subject and a verb. It is a fragment. run-on - two or more sentences that are fused together without proper punctuation between themExample: Scrooge faced the Ghost of Christmas Present he was robust and laughed deeply from his belly. This contains two independent clauses without proper punctuation. It is a run-on. ................
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