Anatomy & Physiology: Midterm Exam Study Guide - PC\|MAC



Anatomy & Physiology: Exam Study Guide

Exam: May 2013

Students,

To prepare for this exam, you need to review in your textbook (chapters 1-11, and 13), your class notes, powerpoint slides, lab manual exercises (photo copies), and any handouts I have given as supplemental material.

Body Orientation & Organ Systems:

1. Can you describe anatomical position and relate it to cuts/planes that pass through the body and/or parts thereof? Can you recognize various planar cuts through the brain, skull, an organ, etc.?

2. Can you use all directional terms to describe location of major organs and other body structures?

3. Can you apply the correct regional names for areas of the body listed, as ch.1?

4. Can you identify the abdominopelvic regions (9) and the quadrants (4) and recognize which major organs are in each?

5. Can you recognize the major body cavities and their subdivisions, applying appropriate terminology?

6. Can you list all 11 organ systems, name the major organs in each, and briefly describe the functions of each system?

Cells, Organelles, and Body Fluids:

7. Can you locate, name, and give the function of each cellular organelle studied in class?

8. Can you define mitosis, recognize what is happening in the cell at the various stages of mitosis, and relate this process to its significance in the body?

9. Can you analyze and explain the results for an osmolality concentration difference (as in the Body Fluids tutorial)?

10. Can you clinically apply these results by explaining the meaning of the terms isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions as they relate to body cells? Can you relate these results to IV solutions and their possible effects on RBC’s? Can you apply all terms related to the selective permeability of the cell membrane?

Histology:

11. Can you list the four basic tissue types and the basic histological differences between epithelium and connective tissue? Can you recognize the sample types of tissues that belong to each of the four major categories as well as give common locations and functions of them in the body?

Integumentary System:

12. Can you locate and name each of the three regions of the skin?

13. Can you describe which types of tissues make up each region?

14. Can you identify the major structures in a cross-section of skin, to include glands, sensory receptors, arrector pili muscles, etc.?

15. Can you name the major functions (minimum of four) of the integumentary system?

Skeletal System:

16. Can you name the major functions (minimum of four) of the skeletal system?

17. Do you know the four major categories of bones (classifications) and examples of each?

18. Can you recognize bone tissue (osseous tissue) and its major features/functions? (ie. Osteon model)

19. Can you identify the various bone markings on the major bones we studied (ie. Tubercle, trochanter, tuberosity, meatus, process, etc.)

20. Do you recognize and can you name all the bones of the axial skeleton (either articulated or disarticulated like in the practical quizzes), and in the appendicular skeleton?

21. Can you identify/name the suture lines in the cranium and tell the purposes of the fontanels that were once there?

22. Can you explain the purpose of some of the bony landmarks and features (ie. Pubic symphysis in women, olecranon fossa, atlas/axis, etc.)

Muscular System:

23. Do you know the seven classifications for naming muscles and given a name, can you identify its location/function/origin/etc.?

24. Do you recognize the anatomical places for the muscles we have learned and their actions (major action)?

25. Can you define the difference between an agonist, antagonist, and synergist?

26. Can you describe the major movements across a joint and the muscles that accomplish those actions/ (ie. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, supination, pronation, etc.)

27. Can you identify the specific parts of muscles tissue (myofibril, endomysium, epimysium, fascicle, etc.)

Nervous System (CNS & PNS)

28. Can you identify the parts of a neuron (axon, dendrite, cell body, Scwhann cell, terminals, etc.)? Can you list the three different structural classifications of neurons? Can you name the three types of functional neurons? What are the main purposes of glial cells (supporting cells), such as the Schwann cell?

29. Can you locate and identify the four major regions of the brain? Do you know the parts that make up the diencephalons? The brain stem? Where are the ventricles and how many are there? Name the layers of meninges from outermost to innermost.

30. What are the main responsibilities of each section of the brain? Cerebrum? Cerebellum? Diecephalon? Brain Stem?

31. What are the main sections of the spinal cord? Can you differentiate between which side of the cord is sensory (afferent) and which is motor (efferent)? How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? What are the ventral rami for?

32. Can you name the four major nerve plexuses and the important nerves we learned from each of those plexuses?

33. Name the twelve pairs of cranial nerves and what are there major functions?

Special Senses

34. List and be able to identify the main structures on the ear model (inner, middle, and outer). Which section of the inner ear is for balance? Which part is for hearing? What cranial nerves control both sensory functions here?

35. Name the three tunics of the eye. Know the function of each main part (iris, pupil, cornea, lens, retina, humors, etc.) What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina?

Endocrine System

36. What is the main purpose of the endocrine system? Name all of the important organs (glands) involved in this system. Be able to locate them on the body.

37. What are the two main classifications or types of chemical hormones? Why are the glands considered endocrine as opposed to exocrine?

38. Can you name the hormone(s) that each gland secrete(s)? What is its target and action? What is a tropic hormone? Which ones are considered tropic?

39. Which disorders are associated with Hyposecretion of certain hormones (GH, ADH, TSH, PTH, Calcitonin, etc.)? Which disorders are associated with Hypersecretion of certain hormones (GH, T3 & T4, Corticosteroids, etc.)? What are the chief signs/symptoms of these disorders?

40. What is the difference between a positive feedback loop and a negative feedback loop, in regards to hormone release? What is the “master control” gland in the brain?

Blood and Cardiovascular

41. Name the components of blood (living and non-living) and know what each is used for.

42. What are the 8 different possible blood types (includes the Rh factor) and what surface antigens would be present with each type? What plasma antibodies would a person with each of those types have? Know compatible donors.

43. Be able to trace the pathway of blood flow through the heart to both the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Know the AV valves and Semilunar valves. Also the intrinsic conduction system (SA node and AV node)

44. Know the difference between systole and diastole and how it is represented on an EKG diagram. Know the layers of the heart organ (including the pericardial sac). Can you name all 9 of the arterial pulse pressure points?

45. What are the major differences between arteries and veins?

Respiratory (Will Cover durig 5/20-5/24)

46. Be able to locate on a model the major respiratory organs and accessory structures (nares, nasal conchae, nasophayrnx, oropharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, Bronchi)

47. Be able to differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi. How are these different from the bronchiole?

48. What is means by inspiratory and expiratory volumes? What is residual volume?

Digestive (Will Cover during 5/20-5/24)

49. What are the major parts of the alimentary canal? (mouth, oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus) What are the accessory structures to digestion (liver, gall bladder, pancreas)

50. Know which substrates begin digestion in which organ (ie. Starch, protein, then fat)

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