Bronfenbrenner - Ecological approach



Social and Emotional DevelopmentBiological Perspectives and InfluencesI. Theoretical perspectivesA. Ethology1. Assumptions2. As applied to human development, this means…a) early experience important (critical (sensitive) periods) b) methodology ( ethogram/deprivation study 3. Examples:a) Attachment b) Peer relations - Dominance hierarchies 4. Evaluation of ethological theory:Contributions:Criticisms:B. Behavior Genetics Approach1. AssumptionsWhat are the biological bases for differences between individuals? 2. Some definitions3. How do behavior geneticists go about answering this question?family studies4. Ways to quantify genetic contributionConcordance rates/Heritability estimates 5. Problems with behavior-genetics approach:C. Gene/Environment Interactions1. Range of Reaction (differential Susceptibility)2. Canalization3. Gene-environment correlations (Scarr & McCartney, 1983)Passive Evocative Active/niche-pickingA developmental perspectiveII. Biological Preparedness for Social InteractionsPerceptual capacities and preferencesEarly reflexes and behaviorsEmotional preparednessCognitive capacitiesIII. Neurological bases for social developmentBrain DevelopmentThe role of experienceExperience expectant vs. Experience dependentMirror neuronsIV. Temperament A. Dimensions of TemperamentB. Thomas & Chess:easy difficult slow-to-warm-up child C. Rothbart1. Effortful Control2. Negative Affectivity3. Surgency/ExtroversionD. Measurement techniquesParental reportObservation techniques Limitations to temperament assessmentsE. Temperament and Development1. stability 2. heritability 3. Neuronal correlates 4. Temperament as predictorF. Environmental influences on temperament1. parents/family - goodness of fit 2. Belsky – lawful discontinuity3. Kochanska - parenting, temperament and conscience development4. Cultural Influences ................
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