PRESENT SIMPLE
|Present Simple |PRESENT PERFECT |PRESENT CONTINUOUS/ |PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE |
|FORM |FORM |PROGRESSIVE |FORM |
|VERB (S/ES) |HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE |FORM |HAVE/HAS + BEEN + ING |
| | |AM/IS/ARE + VERB + ING | |
|MEANING |MEANING | |MEANING |
|- IDEA THAT AN ACTION IS |- SENSE OF TIME - HOW LONG SOMETHING HAS |MEANING |- EMPHASIZES DURATION |
|REPEATED OR USUAL |HAPPENED (FOR/SINCE) |- EVENT/STATE IN PROGRESS |- EVENT/STATE IN PROGRESS THAT BEGAN IN PREVIOUS |
|- THINGS TAKING PLACE ONCE, |- EVENTS/STATES OCCUR/BEGIN DURING |- ACTION TAKING PLACE ONLY FOR A |PERIOD OF TIME |
|NEVER OR SEVERAL TIMES |PREVIOUS PERIOD OF TIME |LIMITED PERIOD OF TIME |- MAY STILL BE HAPPENING NOW OR UNTIL RECENTLY |
| |- ACTION IN PAST, RESULT NOW |- ACTION ARRANGED FOR THE NEAR FUTURE|- FOCUS ON SITUATION IN PROGRESS, CAN’T BE USED |
|USE |- ACTIVITY HAPPENED ONLY ONCE OR SPECIFIC |I AM MEETING SOME FRIENDS AFTER WORK.|WITH VERBS THAT DESCRIBE STATES (STATIVE SENSES OF|
|-TO SHOW REPEATED ACTION, |NUMBER OF TIMES | |VERBS) * WE’VE BEEN KNOWING JACKIE FOR THREE YEARS|
|BELIEF, OPINION, |- SITUATIONS/EVENTS DO NOT ALWAYS CONTINUE|USE |- ACTIVITY IS ONGOING, REPEATED |
|CHARACTERISTICS |UNTIL TIME OF SPEAKING, NOR NECESSARILY |- TO SHOW AN EVENT THAT IS GOING ON |- FOCUS ON PROCESS |
|- TO INDICATE THE SPEAKER |ALWAYS HAPPENED IMMEDIATELY BEFORE TIME OF|RIGHT NOW |I’VE BEEN WASHING THE CAR AND I’M SOAKED. |
|BELIEVES THAT A FACT WAS TRUE|SPEAKING BUT IMPLY SOME |- TO SAY THAT WE ARE IN THE PROCESS |- USED TO COMPLAIN ABOUT SITUATION RESULTING FROM |
|BEFORE, IS TRUE NOW, AND WILL|CONNECTION/RELEVANCE TO PRESENT E.G., BOTH|OF DOING A LONGER ACTION WHICH IS IN |PREVIOUS ACTIVITY |
|BE TRUE IN THE FUTURE. IT IS |OUR CHILDREN HAVE HAD CHICKEN POX |PROGRESS; HOWEVER, WE MIGHT NOT BE | |
|NOT IMPORTANT IF THE SPEAKER | |DOING IT AT THIS EXACT SECOND: AT A |USE |
|IS CORRECT ABOUT THE FACT |USE |RESTAURANT YOUR FRIEND SAYING “I AM |TO SHOW HOW LONG SOMETHING HAS BEEN HAPPENING AND |
|-TO MAKE GENERALIZATIONS |- TO SHOW AN ACTION THAT HAS HAPPENED IN |STUDYING TO BECOME A DOCTOR.” |IS STILL HAPPENING. CAN ONLY BE USED WITH ACTIVE |
|ABOUT PEOPLE OR THINGS. |THE PAST AND CONTINUES IN THE PRESENT. CAN|- WITH WORDS SUCH AS "ALWAYS" OR |VERBS. |
|- TO TALK ABOUT SCHEDULED |BE USED WITH ACTIVE AND STATIVE VERBS. |"CONSTANTLY" EXPRESSES THE IDEA THAT |- REPEATED ACTIONS OCCURRED UP UNTIL TIME OF |
|EVENTS IN THE NEAR FUTURE |- CONNECTS THINGS THAT HAPPENED IN PAST |SOMETHING IRRITATING OR SHOCKING |SPEAKING |
|THE TRAIN LEAVES TONIGHT AT 6|AND PRESENT TIME |OFTEN HAPPENS. |- USED WITH VERBS THAT SUGGEST REPEATED ACTIVITY |
|PM. |- REFER TO PAST EVENTS WHICH REPEATEDLY |HE IS CONSTANTLY TALKING. I WISH HE |RATHER THAN A SINGLE ACTION *I’VE BEEN BREAKING MY|
|- TO EXPRESS THE IDEA THAT AN|OCCUR UP TO AND INCLUDING THE PRESENT TIME|WOULD SHUT UP. |LEG |
|ACTION IS HAPPENING OR IS NOT|AND MAY OCCUR AGAIN IN THE FUTURE | | |
|HAPPENING NOW |- OFTEN GIVES ‘NEW’ INFORMATION – | | |
|HE NEEDS HELP RIGHT NOW. |REPORTING EVENTS JUST OCCURRING BEFORE | | |
| |PRESENT TIME | | |
| |- JUST, ALREADY | | |
| |- STATIVE VERBS AND ADVERBIALS OF DURATION| | |
| |- CANNOT BE USED WITH ADVERBIALS THAT | | |
| |INDICATE SPECIFIC POINT IN TIME IN THE | | |
| |PAST *I’VE CUT MY FINGER YESTERDAY | | |
| |- CAN USE IT TO TALK ABOUT TIME | | |
| |EXPRESSIONS INCLUDING PRESENT TIME | | |
| |TODAY/THIS MORNING ETC. | | |
| |-> USED IN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH TIME | | |
| |EXPRESSIONS SUCH AS: WHEN, WHILE | | |
|Past Simple |PAST PERFECT |PAST CONTINUOUS |PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS |
|FORM |FORM |FORM |FORM |
|VERB (D/ED) |HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE |WAS/WERE + VERB + ING |HAVE + BEEN + VERB +ING |
| | | | |
|MEANING |MEANING |MEANING |MEANING |
|- EVENT/ACTION IS FINISHED |- EXPRESSES AN ACTION TAKING PLACE |EMPHASIS ON THE COURSE OF AN ACTION IN |- MEANING OF "LATELY" OR "RECENTLY." |
|- ACTIONS TAKING PLACE ONE |BEFORE A CERTAIN TIME IN THE PAST |THE PAST |- COURSE OR DURATION OF ACTION RECENTLY STOPPED OR|
|AFTER ANOTHER |- TIME SEQUENCE |HE WAS PLAYING FOOTBALL. |STILL GOING ON |
|- ACTION TAKING PLACE IN THE |- CONNECTION BETWEEN SOMETHING FROM | | |
|MIDDLE OF ANOTHER ACTION |PAST AND A PAST MOMENT IN TIME | |USE |
| |USE |USE |- TO SHOW HOW LONG SOMETHING HAD BEEN HAPPENING |
|USE |- TO SHOW AN ACTION OR SITUATION IN THE|- TO SHOW AN EVENT THAT WAS GOING ON |BEFORE SOMETHING ELSE HAPPENED |
|- TO SHOW WHAT HAS HAPPENED |PAST THAT HAPPENED BEFORE ANOTHER EVENT|WHEN SOMETHING ELSE HAPPENED |- EMPHASIZE DURATION, NOT RESULT |
|AT A TIME IN THE PAST |- SOMETIMES INTERCHANGEABLE WITH PAST |- BEFORE, AFTER, WHEN |- TO SHOW FINISHED ACTION THAT INFLUENCED THE |
| |PERFECT PROGRESSIVE |ACTION GOING ON AT A CERTAIN TIME IN |PRESENT |
| |- PUTTING EMPHASIS ONLY ON THE FACT |THE PAST | |
| |(NOT THE DURATION) |- ACTIONS TAKING PLACE AT THE SAME TIME| |
| | |- ACTION IN THE PAST THAT IS |HE HAS BEEN SPEAKING. |
| | |INTERRUPTED BY ANOTHER ACTION I WAS | |
| | |WATCHING TV WHEN SHE CALLED. | |
| | |- WHEN YOU USE THE PAST CONTINUOUS WITH| |
| | |TWO ACTIONS IN THE SAME SENTENCE, IT | |
| | |EXPRESSES THE IDEA THAT BOTH ACTIONS | |
| | |WERE HAPPENING AT THE SAME TIME | |
| | |I WAS STUDYING WHILE HE WAS MAKING | |
| | |DINNER. | |
| | |- OFTEN USE A SERIES OF PARALLEL | |
| | |ACTIONS TO DESCRIBE THE ATMOSPHERE AT A| |
| | |PARTICULAR TIME IN THE PAST | |
| | |WHEN I WALKED INTO THE OFFICE, SEVERAL | |
| | |PEOPLE WERE BUSILY TYPING, SOME WERE | |
| | |TALKING ON THE PHONES, THE BOSS WAS | |
| | |YELLING DIRECTIONS, AND CUSTOMERS WERE | |
| | |WAITING TO BE HELPED. ONE CUSTOMER WAS | |
| | |YELLING AT A SECRETARY AND WAVING HIS | |
| | |HANDS. OTHERS WERE COMPLAINING TO EACH | |
| | |OTHER ABOUT THE BAD SERVICE. | |
| | |- WITH WORDS SUCH AS "ALWAYS" OR | |
| | |"CONSTANTLY" EXPRESSES THE IDEA THAT | |
| | |SOMETHING IRRITATING OR SHOCKING OFTEN | |
| | |HAPPENED IN THE PAST | |
|Future Simple |FUTURE PERFECT |FUTURE CONTINUOUS | FUTURE PEFECT CONTINUOUS |
|FORM |FORM |FORM |FORM |
|WILL + VERB |WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE |WILL + BE + VERB + ING |WILL + HAVE + BEEN + VERB + ING |
| | | | |
|MEANING |MEANING |MEANING |MEANING |
|EXPRESSES A SPONTANEOUS |SOMETHING WILL OCCUR BEFORE ANOTHER |- EMPHASIS ON THE COURSE OF AN ACTION |THE DURATION STOPS AT OR BEFORE A REFERENCE POINT |
|DECISION, AN ASSUMPTION WITH |ACTION IN THE FUTURE WILL HAPPEN BEFORE|TAKING PLACE IN THE FUTURE |IN THE FUTURE |
|REGARD TO THE FUTURE OR AN |A SPECIFIC TIME IN THE FUTURE |- EMPHASIZES INTERRUPTED ACTIONS |HE WILL BE TIRED BECAUSE HE WILL HAVE BEEN |
|ACTION IN THE FUTURE THAT |USE |HE WILL BE TIRED BECAUSE HE WILL BE |EXERCISING SO HARD. |
|CANNOT BE INFLUENCED. |- TO HOW SOMETHING THAT HAS NOT YET |EXERCISING SO HARD. |THIS SENTENCE EMPHASIZES THAT HE WILL BE TIRED |
| |BEEN DONE BUT WILL BE DONE BEFORE A SET|THIS SENTENCE EMPHASIZES THAT HE WILL |BECAUSE HE WILL HAVE BEEN EXERCISING FOR A PERIOD |
|USE |TIME IN THE FUTURE |BE TIRED BECAUSE HE WILL BE EXERCISING |OF TIME. IT IS POSSIBLE THAT HE WILL STILL BE |
|- TO SHOW WHAT WILL HAPPEN IN|- TO SHOW THAT SOMETHING WILL CONTINUE |AT THAT EXACT MOMENT IN THE FUTURE. |EXERCISING AT THAT MOMENT OR THAT HE WILL JUST |
|THE FUTURE |UP UNTIL ANOTHER ACTION IN THE FUTURE. | |HAVE FINISHED. |
|- ACTION IN THE FUTURE THAT |- CANNOT BE USED IN CLAUSES BEGINNING |USE |USE |
|CANNOT BE INFLUENCED |WITH TIME EXPRESSIONS SUCH AS: WHEN, |- TO SHOW AN EVENT THAT WILL BE GOING |- USED FOR ACTIONS THAT WILL BE UNFINISHED, BUT |
|SPONTANEOUS DECISION |WHILE, BEFORE |ON WHEN SOMETHING ELSE HAPPENS |HAVE REACHED A CERTAIN STAGE |
|- ASSUMPTION WITH REGARD TO | |- ACTION THAT IS SURE TO HAPPEN IN THE |- TO SHOW HOW LONG SOMETHING WILL HAVE BEEN |
|THE FUTURE | |NEAR FUTURE |HAPPENING BY A FUTURE TIME |
| | | |- SHOWS CAUSE AND EFFECT |
| | | |JASON WILL BE TIRED WHEN HE GETS HOME BECAUSE HE |
| | | |WILL HAVE BEEN JOGGING FOR OVER AN HOUR. |
| | | |- SOME VERBS CAN BE USED IN BOTH THE FUTURE |
| | | |PERFECT AND THE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, AND |
| | | |THEY STILL HAVE THE SAME MEANING. FOR EXAMPLE |
| | | |BY 2010, I WILL HAVE BEEN LIVING IN SAN FRANCISCO |
| | | |FOR 20 YEARS. |
| | | |BY 2010, I WILL HAVE LIVED IN SAN FRANCISCO FOR 20|
| | | |YEARS. |
| | | |- CANNOT BE USED IN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH TIME |
| | | |EXPRESSIONS SUCH AS: WHEN, WHILE |
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