Asphalt Paving Design Guide - Asphalt Pavement Association ...

Asphalt Paving Design Guide

prepared for the

Asphalt Pavement Association of Oregon 5240 Gaffin Road, SE Salem, OR 97301

by

R.G. Hicks Department of Civil Engineering

Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331

Paul Curren Pavement Engineering Inc.

Petaluma, CA 94954

and

James R. Lundy Department of Civil Engineering

Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331

December 30, 1998

Revised October 2003 by

Jim Huddleston, P.E. Executive Director

Asphalt Pavement Association of Oregon

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

Publications produced and published by the Asphalt Pavement Association of Oregon (APAO) are copyrighted by the Association and may not be republished or copied (including mechanical reproductions) without written consent. To obtain this consent, contact the Association at the address given in this publication.

2003 Asphalt Pavement Association of Oregon

PREFACE

APAO Design Guide

This guide is published by the Asphalt Pavement Association of Oregon (APAO) for the use and benefit of designers. It covers a number of applications, including streets and driveways, commercial and industrial facilities and specialty applications such as bikeways, cart paths, tennis courts and tracks. Recent additions include chapters on Life Cycle Cost, Intersection Design, and Porous Pavements for Commercial Facilities.

The manual contains the necessary information to allow the user to do the following: 1) Select and specify the correct asphalt concrete mix for a given application. 2) Select and specify the most appropriate asphalt binder for the application and climate. 3) Select and specify the most appropriate mix design method and criteria for the application. 4) Select the appropriate structural design inputs and perform a structural design. 5) Select the appropriate construction specification for the application. 6) Understand the importance of planning for pavement maintenance, the various maintenance techniques avail-

able, and the optimum timing for the maintenance treatments. The procedures and guidelines provided in this manual are consistent wherever possible with those provided in the Oregon Standard Specifications for Construction. The Oregon Standard Specifications for Construction is the result of a joint effort by the American Public Works Association (APWA), the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the construction industry. Its purpose is to provide more uniform and consistent specifications and standards for all public works projects in Oregon. This design guide is consistent with the standard specification and covers the applications not included in the Oregon Standard Specifications for Construction. Use of this manual will result in improved asphalt pavement quality and performance throughout the state of Oregon.

The Asphalt Pavement Association of Oregon (APAO)

The Asphalt Pavement Association of Oregon is a non-profit trade association representing contractors and associated firms. APAO was formed in 1969 by a small group of asphalt paving contractors to develop improved specifications and products. The Association and its members are dedicated to promoting asphalt pavements by developing programs to enhance quality and excellence in all aspects of asphalt technology. The Association is actively involved in providing state of the practice training and education for members and customers and to develop manuals such as this one to improve the quality of asphalt pavements throughout the state.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface .................................................................................................................................................. Table of Contents.................................................................................................................................. Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... List of Tables.........................................................................................................................................

Page i ii viii

ix xi

1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................

1-1

1.1 Desirable Characteristics of Pavements..................................................................................

1-1

1.2 Attributes of Asphalt Pavements..............................................................................................

1-1

1.3 Organization of Guide ..............................................................................................................

1-2

1.4 Limitations and Use of Manual ................................................................................................

1-2

1.5 References...............................................................................................................................

1-3

2.0 CONSIDERATIONS FOR MATERIALS, MIX SELECTION AND MIX DESIGN...........................

2-1

2.1 Asphalt Binders ........................................................................................................................

2-1

Desirable Asphalt Properties Testing of Asphalt Properties Classification of Asphalt Binders Selecting Correct PG Grade Recommended PG Grades for Oregon Reliability Considerations Workability and Other Considerations Grade Bumping Specifying Elastomer Modified (ER) Binder

Impact of Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) on Binder Grade Selection

2.2 Aggregates...............................................................................................................................

2-7

Types of aggregate Desirable aggregate properties

2.3 Asphalt Mix Types....................................................................................................................

2-8

2.4 Selecting Mix Type...................................................................................................................

2-9

Basic considerations Guidelines

2.5 Mix Design Procedures ............................................................................................................ Superpave method Laboratory vs. field compaction Summary

2.6 What to Look for in a Mix Design .............................................................................................

Summary 2.7 References...............................................................................................................................

2-10

2-13 2-14

3.0 PAVEMENT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................... 3.1 Design Overview ......................................................................................................................

Limitations Design background AASHTO Procedure Mechanistic/Empirical Procedures 3.2 Design Inputs ...........................................................................................................................

Truck traffic Soil support Subgrade classes Soil classifications Subgrade strength/modulus tests Additional soil consideration Reliability Design approach Full depth asphalt pavements 3.3 Stage Construction ..................................................................................................................

Advantages of stage construction

Disadvantages of stage construction

Procedure

Example design

Summary 3.4 Other Considerations..............................................................................................

Drainage Surface drainage Subsurface drainage Frost action Construction considerations Pavement management systems Summary 3.4 References...............................................................................................................................

3-1 3-1 3-4

3-15 3-16

3-19

4.0 SUBGRADE TREATMENT............................................................................................................

4-1

4.1 Stabilization .............................................................................................................................

4-1

Lime-modified soil

Cement-modified soil Emulsion-modified soil

4.2 Moisture ? Density and Water Control.....................................................................................

4-2

Moisture ? Density Control Water Content Control

4.3 Cut and Cover..........................................................................................................................

4-3

4.4 Geotextiles ...............................................................................................................................

4-3

Material properties Selecting geotextiles Cost considerations Geotextile testing Specifications Field inspection checklist

4.5 References...............................................................................................................................

4-5

5.0 URBAN STREETS, RURAL ROADS, DRIVEWAYS AND PARKING LOTS ...............................

5-1

5.1 Local Residential Streets ........................................................................................................

5-1

Design considerations Traffic analysis Soil support Mix selection Thickness recommendations Drainage provisions Construction guidelines

5.2 Collector and Arterial Streets...................................................................................................

5-2

Design considerations Traffic analysis Soil support Mix selection Thickness recommendations Drainage provisions Construction guidelines

5.3 Secondary and Rural Roads....................................................................................................

5-4

Design considerations Mix type selection Thickness recommendations Drainage provisions Construction guidelines

5.4 Driveways and Private Roadways ...........................................................................................

Design considerations Mix type selection Thickness recommendations Drainage provisions Construction guidelines 5.5 Light Commercial Parking Lots ................................................................................................

Design considerations Mix selection Thickness recommendations Drainage provisions Construction guidelines 5.6 Heavy Commercial Parking Lots .............................................................................................

Design considerations Mix selection Thickness recommendations Drainage provisions Construction guidelines 5.7 Industrial Areas ........................................................................................................................

5.8 Construction Practices for Asphalt Pavements ? Streets, Driveways and Parking Lots .........

Streets, driveways and parking lots Existing driveways 5.9 References ............................................................................................................................... Design Example ? City Street................................................................................. Design Example ? Parking Lot............................................................................... .

6.0 SPECIALTY PAVEMENTS............................................................................................................ 6.1 Bikeways, Paths, Trails and Walkways ................................................................................... Design considerations Thickness recommendations Mix selection Drainage provisions Construction guidelines 6.2 Playgrounds/Recreational Areas .............................................................................................

Design considerations Thickness recommendations Drainage provisions Construction guidelines

5-4

5-5

5-6

5-7 5-7 5-9 5-10 5-12 6-1 6-1

6-3

6.3 Tennis Courts...........................................................................................................................

6-4

Design considerations Thickness recommendations Mix recommendations Drainage and slope provisions Construction guidelines

6.4 Running Tracks........................................................................................................................

6-5

Design considerations Thickness recommendations Mix recommendations Drainage provisions Construction guidelines

6.5 Special Environmental Uses ....................................................................................................

6-6

6.6 References...............................................................................................................................

6-7

7.0 DESIGN OF POROUS PAVEMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FACILITIES ....................................

7-1

7.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................

7-1

7.2 Background ..............................................................................................................................

7-1

7.3 Installations Old and New ........................................................................................................

7-2

7.4 How It Works............................................................................................................................

7-2

7.5 Design Considerations.............................................................................................................

7-3

7.6 Soil and Subsurface Conditions...............................................................................................

7-4

7.7 When Infiltration is Limited.......................................................................................................

7-5

7.8 Water Quality ...........................................................................................................................

7-6

7.9 Construction .............................................................................................................................

7-7

7.10 Maintenance .........................................................................................................................

7-7

7.11 Deicing and Freezing Issues ................................................................................................

7-7

7.12 Where It Doesn't Work..........................................................................................................

7-7

7.13 Variations on the Theme: Porous Walkways and Playgrounds, Porous Concrete ..............

7-7

7.14 Summary ..............................................................................................................................

7-8

7.15 References ...........................................................................................................................

7-8

Construction Sequence for Porous Asphalt Parking Lot with Subsurface Infiltration Bed............

7-9

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