Rogue Community College



|1. |Which of the following activities would a two-year-old be LEAST able to do? |

| |a. |

| |Hold a pencil between thumb and forefinger in the proper position for writing |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Run across the room with arms outstretched to a parent |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Pull a wagon up and down the sidewalk |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Turn the pages of a story book |

| | |

|2. |Infantile amnesia is most likely due to which of the following? |

| |a. |

| |Growth of the corpus callosum |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Maturation of the connections between the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Massive pruning of the synapses in the hippocampus |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Lateralization of the right hemisphere |

| | |

|3. |What percentage of children in the U.S. are at risk of being overweight by the time they start school? |

| |a. |

| |8% |

| | |

| |b. |

| |12% |

| | |

| |c. |

| |16% |

| | |

| |d. |

| |25% |

| | |

|4. |Which of the following children tend to be more prone to illness? |

| |a. |

| |Those who are less physically active |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Those who have difficult temperaments |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Those who live in stressful conditions |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Those who have insecure attachment |

| | |

|5. |Parents can expect their pre-schoolers to get a cold |

| |a. |

| |1-2 times a year. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |3-4 times a year. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |4-5 times a year. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |6-7 times a year. |

| | |

|6. |Stephen was abused before being placed in foster care. He frequently has nightmares about the abuse and even has flashbacks of the abuse during the |

| |day. He has difficulty concentrating at school and is falling behind academically. From which of the following is Stephen likely suffering? |

| |a. |

| |Generalized anxiety disorder |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Child neglect and abuse syndrome |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Depression |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Post-traumatic stress disorder |

| | |

|7. |Which of the following refers to a child's ability to think about or evaluate the quality of her thinking? |

| |a. |

| |Critical thinking |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Intelligence |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Metacognition |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Operational efficiency |

| | |

|8. |Approximately how many words will the average 30 month-old child have in their vocabulary? |

| |a. |

| |250 |

| | |

| |b. |

| |400 |

| | |

| |c. |

| |500 |

| | |

| |d. |

| |600 |

| | |

|9. |Which of the following terms describes a child's sensitivity to the sound patterns that are specific to his language? |

| |a. |

| |Dialogic sensitivity |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Operational efficiency |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Phonological awareness |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Semantic acuity |

| | |

|10. |Approximately what percentage of children will score within the average range of IQ testing? |

| |a. |

| |20% |

| | |

| |b. |

| |37% |

| | |

| |c. |

| |67% |

| | |

| |d. |

| |85% |

| | |

|11. |Researchers who have analyzed IQ scores of adopted twins have found that identical twins are more like one another in IQ than fraternal twins are. They|

| |also have found that IQs of adopted children are more strongly correlated with the IQs of their biological parents than with the IQs of their adoptive |

| |parents. These research results suggest |

| |a. |

| |that environment has no impact upon IQ. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |that intelligence has a genetic component. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |that a child's intellectual capacity is fixed at birth. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |that a child's biological heritage predicts her lifetime patterns of achievement and accomplishment. |

| | |

|12. |Which of the following is NOT a behavior seen in the parents of children with high IQs? |

| |a. |

| |Talking to their children often |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Appropriately smiling and responding warmly to the child's behavior |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Providing a stimulating environment |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Using computer games as part of their teaching repertoire |

| | |

|13. |According to Erikson, a preschooler's development is centered on |

| |a. |

| |improved manipulative and locomotor skills. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |identification with the mother and the resulting competition for the father. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |new mobility and the accompanying desire for autonomy. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |increased operational efficiency and the expanded capacity of cognitive short-term storage space. |

| | |

|14. |Which of the following is a central theme that emerges from both Freud's and Erikson's view of development during the preschool period? |

| |a. |

| |Language, cognition, and motor skills are developmentally intertwined, and one aspect of development supports other aspects of development. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Families must balance their children's emerging skills and desire for autonomy with their parental need to protect and control their children. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |The basis for children's social and personality development is their cognitive development. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Children's sexual development is triggered by social and emotional interactions with peers. |

| | |

|15. |By what age do children generally believe that it is more wrong for a child to hit another person than to forget to say "please"? |

| |a. |

| |One year |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Two to three years |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Four to five years |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Six years |

| | |

|16. |What is the term that describes a child's ability to cheer themselves up when they are sad or calm themselves when they are angry? |

| |a. |

| |Emotional regulation |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Impulse control |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Self categorization |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Social inhibition |

| | |

|17. |As the categorical self and the emotional self mature, what new component of self-concept is likely to develop? |

| |a. |

| |Autonomous self |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Self-esteem |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Social self |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Self-regard |

| | |

|18. |Guilt, shame, and pride are all examples of which of the following? |

| |a. |

| |Empathetic emotions |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Moral emotions |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Social emotions |

| | |

| |d. |

| |External emotions |

| | |

|19. |Deion tells his mother that he will always be a boy and can never be a girl. This is an illustration of Deion's grasp of what principle? |

| |a. |

| |Gender identity |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Gender role |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Gender schema |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Gender constancy |

| | |

|20. |Which of the following best summarizes the biological influence on the psychological differences between males and females? |

| |a. |

| |The presence or absence of testosterone prenatally has a strong influence on behavior. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |The fetus's receptivity to estrogen is the primary influence of gender roles. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Prenatally, the absence of testosterone will have a stronger influence on behavior than will the presence of estrogen. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Prenatal hormones have very little, if any, influence on behavior and gender role. |

| | |

|21. |Which of the following is a style of communicating that usually involves girls using suggestions, support, and agreement between themselves? |

| |a. |

| |Constricting |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Enabling |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Facilitating |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Sex-typed |

| | |

|22. |Which of the following best defines the term parenting styles? |

| |a. |

| |The strategies that parents employ to reward their children |

| | |

| |b. |

| |The characteristic strategies that parents use to manage children's behaviors |

| | |

| |c. |

| |The temperamental tendencies that children show toward their children |

| | |

| |d. |

| |The behavior that parents demonstrate when their children misbehave |

| | |

|23. |The parenting style that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication is |

| |a. |

| |authoritarian. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |permissive. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |authoritative. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |uninvolved. |

| | |

|24. |Which parenting style has the most consistently positive outcomes? |

| |a. |

| |Permissive |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Authoritative |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Submissive |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Authoritarian |

| | |

|25. |When a child misbehaves and the parent responds by sticking to their rules, but does not assert unnecessary power over the child, which parenting style|

| |is being used? |

| |a. |

| |Neglectful |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Permissive |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Authoritative |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Authoritarian |

| | |

|26. |In the United States, approximately how many children live with both of their biological or adoptive parents? |

| |a. |

| |25% |

| | |

| |b. |

| |35% |

| | |

| |c. |

| |50% |

| | |

| |d. |

| |60% |

| | |

|27. |What does your text suggest is the most significant physical development of middle childhood? |

| |a. |

| |Boys overtake girls in height, weight, and motor skills. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Children experience an increased incidence of illnesses and a decreased risk of accidents. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Improvement in fine motor coordination that makes it possible to write, play a musical instrument, paint, and draw |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Development of large motor skills that make possible activities such as running, kicking with alternating feet, balancing, and throwing |

| | |

|28. |The attention span of the average fourth-grader is much longer than that of the average first grader. Which of the following biological changes is |

| |primarily responsible for this? |

| |a. |

| |Increased growth of the corpus callosum |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Continued myelination of the optic neurons and their connections to the occipital lobe |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Continued myelination of the frontal lobes and reticular formation and the nerves that link the two |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Rapid growth of the reticular formation |

| | |

|29. |Elevated cholesterol or high blood pressure among children is most closely associated with which of the following? |

| |a. |

| |Asthma |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Obesity |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Their genetic predisposition |

| | |

| |d. |

| |The abuse of weight-loss diets |

| | |

|30. |Which of the following is considered to be the basis of children's cognitive development, according to most theorists? |

| |a. |

| |The age at which executive processes are developed |

| | |

| |b. |

| |The emotional maturity that enables children to better discern the subtle aspects of their world. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Increases in processing efficiency with age |

| | |

| |d. |

| |The ability to develop and employ rules and strategies for problem-solving |

| | |

|31. |Which of the following terms applies to thinking about how to think? |

| |a. |

| |Knowledge |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Metacognition |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Abstract reasoning |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Cognition |

| | |

|32. |A skill that is especially related to learning to read well in middle childhood is |

| |a. |

| |spatial perception. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |inductive logic. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |elaboration. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |phonological awareness. |

| | |

|33. |When I.Q. tests are developed, the scores are determined by comparing individual students' scores to an overall average attained by giving the same |

| |test to large numbers of similar individuals. This process describes which of the following strategies? |

| |a. |

| |Generalization |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Validation |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Objectification |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Standardization |

| | |

|34. |Robert Sternberg would say that a child who knows he is expected to shake hands with adults but not necessarily his peers has what type of |

| |intelligence? |

| |a. |

| |Componential |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Experiential |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Contextual |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Perceptual |

| | |

|35. |In the United States, we value achievement and success. This is evident in things like the attention we pay to job promotions, fame, and grades in |

| |school. These things are all examples of what type of culture? |

| |a. |

| |Subjectivist |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Collectivist |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Collaborative |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Individualistic |

| | |

|36. |According to Erikson, children resolve the psychosocial task of middle childhood through their |

| |a. |

| |friendships with others. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |relationships with parents and siblings. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |school relationships. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |the neighborhood or community. |

| | |

|37. |What is the primary goal of trait theories? |

| |a. |

| |To counteract the negative effects of psychoanalytic theories. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |To identify individual differences in emotional responses to childhood experiences. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |To explain the origins of the differences in personality. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |To explain the effects of reciprocal determinism on a child's development. |

| | |

|38. |Which of the following refers to children's global self-evaluation, which includes factors such as how well they like themselves or how happy they are?|

| |a. |

| |Intrapersonal perception |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Self-construct |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Self-esteem |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Introspection |

| | |

|39. |According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who knows that the players of a game can change the rules as long as all the |

| |children agree to play by the new rules is demonstrating moral development at the which stage? |

| |a. |

| |Moral relativism |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Moral realism |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Ego ideal |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Pre-conventional |

| | |

|40. |During the middle-childhood years, disciplinary interactions with parents typically decrease because a child is more capable of which of the following?|

| |a. |

| |Person perception |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Metacognition |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Self-regulation |

| | |

| |d. |

| |The use of psychological constructs |

| | |

|41. |Of the following, which is an accurate description of the patterns of aggression observable among children in middle childhood? |

| |a. |

| |Physical aggression becomes more common among children in middle childhood. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |At every age, boys show more physical aggression than girls do. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |School-age boys rarely express their approval for the aggressive behavior of peers. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Girls and boys are equally likely to use relational aggression toward their peers. |

| | |

|42. |Psychologists have begun to believe that girls may not be less aggressive than boys, but rather that girls may express themselves by using which form |

| |of aggression? |

| |a. |

| |Relational aggression |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Parallel aggression |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Verbal hostility |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Covert hostility |

| | |

|43. |Which of the following seems to be the most important element in a child's acceptance by her peers? |

| |a. |

| |Intelligence |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Physical appearance |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Socioeconomic status |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Social behavior |

| | |

|44. |When all relevant factors are considered, what is the factor that most strongly influences how self-care affects a child? |

| |a. |

| |The child's IQ |

| | |

| |b. |

| |The parents' reason for leaving the child in self-care |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Parental monitoring |

| | |

| |d. |

| |The child's level of independence and maturity |

| | |

|45. |Which child is most likely to suffer negative effects of self-care? |

| |a. |

| |Sara-Beth, who is in an after school program before going home for an hour by herself every day |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Lyle, who cares for his younger brother as well as himself |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Darius, who lives in a "bad" neighborhood and must stay inside with the doors locked at all times |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Frankie, who also has to tend to the family's livestock in the afternoons |

| | |

|46. |Cindy enjoys playing violent video games. Which of the following might you predict about Cindy's behavior in general? |

| |a. |

| |Since Cindy is a girl, she is likely to be unaffected by her preference for violent video games. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Cindy is likely to sublimate her aggressive tendencies through the playing of video games. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Cindy is likely to be different from other girls in terms of physical aggression and preference for violent television programming. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Cindy's overall behavior will be more like that of the stereotypical boy of her age. |

| | |

|47. |Which of the following best defines adolescence? |

| |a. |

| |The period between the ages of 10 and 17 |

| | |

| |b. |

| |The transition to puberty |

| | |

| |c. |

| |The transitional period between childhood and adulthood |

| | |

| |d. |

| |The transitional period from childhood to teenage-hood |

| | |

|48. |Which gland prompts the release of hormones from the other endocrine glands? |

| |a. |

| |Pituitary |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Thyroid |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Adrenal |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Hypothalamus |

| | |

|49. |Which of the following is an example of changes in secondary sex characteristics during puberty? |

| |a. |

| |Growth of the testes |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Growth of the breasts |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Growth of the penis |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Growth of the ovaries |

| | |

|50. |Which of the following groups is more likely to have a negative body image, get into trouble at school and with peers, and engage in delinquent |

| |behavior? |

| |a. |

| |Late-maturing boys |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Early-maturing boys |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Late-maturing girls |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Early-maturing girls |

| | |

|51. |Which of the following statements about sex education programs is correct? |

| |a. |

| |All sex education programs are effective. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Most sex education programs are effective. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Most sex education programs are ineffective. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |There is no clear consensus on the effectiveness of sex education programs. |

| | |

|52. |How many teen pregnancies end in abortion? |

| |a. |

| |10% |

| | |

| |b. |

| |25% |

| | |

| |c. |

| |33% |

| | |

| |d. |

| |50% |

| | |

|53. |Which of the following statements best summarizes the research as to the causes of homosexuality? |

| |a. |

| |The majority of teens who identify as homosexual report having been sexually abused as children. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |More and more research indicates that genetics plays a strong role in the development of sexual orientation. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |The research does not clearly point to either genetics or environment, but rather indicates that sexual orientation is a result of both genetic and |

| |environmental factors. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |The research clearly indicates that homosexual behaviors are a matter of choice. |

| | |

|54. |Which of the following is associated with bulimia? |

| |a. |

| |Excessive weight loss |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Cessation of menstration |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Schizophrenia |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Depression |

| | |

|55. |What percentage of high school students in the U.S. have seriously considered suicide? |

| |a. |

| |1% |

| | |

| |b. |

| |5% |

| | |

| |c. |

| |15% |

| | |

| |d. |

| |25% |

| | |

|56. |Which statement best describes the transition from elementary school to high school? |

| |a. |

| |Students experience losses in academic achievement and self-esteem. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Students generally have a smooth transition and easy adaptation to different demands of a new educational environment. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Students establish higher personal standards and goals for success. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Students have increased competence and self-efficacy. |

| | |

|57. |Which of the following best explains what shapes girls' desire to take advanced math and science classes? |

| |a. |

| |Their own abilities and belief in the acceptability of these subjects for girls |

| | |

| |b. |

| |The encouragement they receive from their parents to pursue these fields |

| | |

| |c. |

| |The encouragement they receive from their teachers to take these courses |

| | |

| |d. |

| |The acceptance they receive from their peers if they choose these types of courses |

| | |

|58. |More recent theorists have elaborated on Erikson's definition to include which of the following? |

| |a. |

| |Understanding of one's unique characteristics and how they are manifested across ages, situations, and social roles |

| | |

| |b. |

| |The application of social roles as they are manifest in one's personality |

| | |

| |c. |

| |The addition of morals and values to one's identity |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Understanding the importance of birth order to understand individual identity |

| | |

|59. |According to Erikson, why do teenagers identify with peer groups? |

| |a. |

| |To have opportunities to develop intimate relationships and find mates |

| | |

| |b. |

| |To foster creativity and variety in appearance, activities, and interests |

| | |

| |c. |

| |To have a secure base as they begin the identity development process |

| | |

| |d. |

| |To consolidate efforts and resources as they begin to move into adult roles |

| | |

|60. |Marcia's theory of adolescent identity achievement suggests that adolescent identity formation has two key parts. What are they? |

| |a. |

| |Confusion and resolution |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Extrusion and inclusion |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Crisis and commitment |

| | |

| |d. |

| |A physical transformation; a psychosocial transition |

| | |

|61. |According to James Marcia, a person who has examined her values and choices, and who has committed to a specific role, value, or ideology is in which |

| |stage of identity status? |

| |a. |

| |Achievement |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Diffusion |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Foreclosure |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Moratorium |

| | |

|62. |Which of the following differentiates teenagers' descriptions of themselves from older children's self-descriptions? |

| |a. |

| |Children aren't likely to be able to describe themselves. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Teenagers describe themselves more in terms of physical characteristics. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Children describe themselves in emotional terms. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Teens are more likely to describe themselves in terms of what they believe or feel. |

| | |

|63. |Which of the following statements is true regarding adolescent self-esteem? |

| |a. |

| |Teens in ethnic minorities are more likely to experience a drop in self-esteem as they transition from childhood to early adolescence compared to |

| |Caucasian teens. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Teens of all ethnicities in the U.S. are likely to experience a drop in self-esteem as they transition from childhood to early adolescence. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Teens of all ethnicities in the U.S. are likely to experience a brief increase in self-esteem as they transition into early adolescence. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |White teens in the United States are more likely to experience a steady level of self-esteem as they transition through adolescence. |

| | |

|64. |The ethnic identity search identified by Phinney might be analogous to which of the following? |

| |a. |

| |The transition to formal operational thought identified by Piaget |

| | |

| |b. |

| |The crisis process described in Marcia's theory of identity development |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Selman's description of the development of social relationships |

| | |

| |d. |

| |The identity versus role confusion stage identified by Erikson |

| | |

|65. |Mr. Smith pays his income taxes and obeys the posted speed limits because "that is the law," he says. Mr. Smith is most likely reasoning at which stage|

| |of moral development? |

| |a. |

| |Punishment and obedience orientation |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Preconventional morality |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Post-conventional morality |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Social system and conscience |

| | |

|66. |Which of the following moral principles typically overrides all other concerns of moral judgment in Western societies? |

| |a. |

| |Justice |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Wisdom |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Fairness |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Equality |

| | |

|67. |Which of the following characteristics is both a cause and a consequence of moral development according to Nancy Eisenberg? |

| |a. |

| |Justice |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Wisdom |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Equality |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Empathy |

| | |

|68. |Which of the following best defines the term antisocial in psychological theories? |

| |a. |

| |Having a moral stance which disregards the norms of society |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Choosing to live away from other people |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Going against the rules of one's parents |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Deciding for oneself what is right and wrong |

| | |

|69. |Which of the following best summarizes the importance of parental-teen relationships across cultures? |

| |a. |

| |The consistency and quality of peer attachments seem to be more important to most teens than the strength of parental attachments. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Teens who are too attached to their parents tend to have poor peer relationships. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |The consistency and quality of the parental attachment seem to be more important to most teens than the strength of peer attachments. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Peer relationships always take precedence over parental relationships during adolescence. |

| | |

|70. |How do peer group pressures affect adolescents? |

| |a. |

| |The typical pattern of peer pressure is to encourage misconduct or negative activities. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Adolescents are most likely to choose a peer group that shares their values, attitudes, behavior, and identity status. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Until their identity is developed, adolescents will be unable to withstand peer pressure to explore attitudes or behaviors that are inconsistent with |

| |their basic values and beliefs. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |The need to conform to the group increases during adolescence and peaks by age 18 or 19. |

| | |

|71. |Which of the following is likely to be true of social interactions in later adolescence? |

| |a. |

| |Belonging to a clique of high status becomes more important. |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Adolescents who don't belong to a clique or a crowd tend to date more frequently. |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Mutual friendships and dating pairs become more important than cliques or crowds. |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Dating pairs replace mutual friendships. |

| | |

|72. |Which of the following is a risk factor for early dating and higher levels of sexual experience among adolescent girls? |

| |a. |

| |Having same-sex parents |

| | |

| |b. |

| |Divorced parents |

| | |

| |c. |

| |Late puberty |

| | |

| |d. |

| |Higher socioeconomic class |

| | |

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