Web Tables — Trends in Pell Grant Receipt and the ...

WEB

TABLES

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

SEPTEMBER 2015

NCES 2015-601

Trends in Pell Grant Receipt and

the Characteristics of Pell Grant

Recipients: Selected Years,

1999¨C2000 to 2011¨C12

Since the 1973¨C74 academic year, the

and the number of family members

Students¡¯ employment status and

Federal Pell Grant Program has pro-

attending college during the same

parent education are also reported.

vided assistance to undergraduate

academic year). If a student¡¯s EFC is

students with demonstrated financial

lower than the student¡¯s total price of

In addition to the percentage of stu-

need in order to increase low-income

attendance (i.e., tuition and fees,

dents receiving a Pell Grant and the

students¡¯ access to postsecondary

books and supplies, and living ex-

average amount received, these Web

education. 1 The history of Pell Grant

penses), the student may be eligible

Tables provide estimates of the per-

disbursements from 1999¨C2000

for need-based federal financial aid,

centage of recipients who take out

through 2011¨C12 showing minimum

including a Pell Grant.

student loans, the percentage who

receive state and institutional grant

and maximum grants, total expenditures, and number of recipients is

These Web Tables provide various

aid, and the average amount of aid

presented in table 1.0.

statistics on Pell Grant recipients,

received from these sources. 2

including the average Pell Grant

Student eligibility for the Pell Grant

awarded, by type of institution

While information about the amount of

Program (and other federal aid pro-

attended. The tables include esti-

Pell Grant aid received can provide an

grams) is determined via the Free

mates related to such student

understanding of how much aid the

Application for Federal Student Aid

characteristics as age, sex, race/

Pell Grant Program provides to the av-

(FAFSA), from which each applicant¡¯s

ethnicity, dependency status, inde-

erage student, additional estimates are

Expected Family Contribution (EFC) is

pendent students¡¯ income, and

needed to understand how much

calculated. To determine the amount

parents¡¯ income for dependent

these grants contribute to a student¡¯s

of federal aid a student is eligible to

students. Estimates are also dis-

total price of attendance. Therefore,

receive, the EFC formula takes into

aggregated by recipients¡¯ enrollment

these Web Tables also present the ratios

account a family¡¯s taxed and untaxed

characteristics, including attendance

of Pell Grant amount, grant aid, and

income, assets, and benefits as well

status, undergraduate class level, and

total aid (excluding private loans and

as other factors (such as family size

undergraduate degree program.

Direct PLUS Loans to parents) to total

This report was prepared for the National Center for Education Statistics under Contract

No. ED-IES-12-C-0095 with RTI International. Mention of trade names, commercial

products, or organizations does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. These

Web Tables were authored by Nicole Ifill and Justine Hufford of RTI International. The

NCES Project Officer was Sean A. Simone. For questions about content or to view this

report online, go to .

price of attendance. Table A presents

Web Tables¡ªProfile of Undergraduate

DATA

the organization of the Web Tables in

Students: Trends from Selected Years,

The estimates presented in these Web

seven sections.

1995¨C96 to 2007¨C08 (NCES 2010-220).

Tables are based on data from four admin-



istrations of the National Postsecondary

pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2010220

Student Aid Study (NPSAS): NPSAS:2000,

RELATED NCES REPORTS

A Profile of Successful Pell Grant

NPSAS:04, NPSAS:08, and NPSAS:12.

Recipients: Time to Bachelor¡¯s Degree

Web Tables¡ªStudent Financing of

and Early Graduate School Enrollment

Undergraduate Education: 2011¨C12

(NCES 2009-156).

(NCES 2015-173).





pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2009156

pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2015173

Persistence and Attainment Among

Web Tables¡ªTrends in the Receipt of

postsecondary education. NPSAS also

Pell Grant Recipients: Results From the

Pell Grants: Selected Years, 1995¨C96 to

includes a broad array of demographic

Beginning Postsecondary Students

2007¨C08 (NCES 2011-155).

and enrollment characteristics.

Longitudinal Study of 2004/09



(NCES 2011-275).

pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2011155



These studies, conducted by the U.S.

Department of Education¡¯s National

Center for Education Statistics (NCES), are

comprehensive, nationally representative

surveys of how students finance their

NPSAS uses a two-stage sampling

design. Institutions are selected for in-

Web Tables¡ªUndergraduate Financial

clusion in the first stage, and students

Aid Estimates by Type of Institution in

are selected from these institutions

Web Tables¡ªProfile of Undergraduate

2011¨C12 (NCES 2014-169).

during the second stage. Each NPSAS

Students: 2011¨C12 (NCES 2015-167).



target population consists of all eligi-



pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2014169

ble undergraduate and graduate

pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2011275

students enrolled in Title IV 3 eligible

pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2015167

postsecondary institutions in the

TABLE A.

Organization and content of tables

Percentage of

undergraduates

who received a

Pell Grant,

average amount

received,

and average

total price of

attendance

(2011¨C12)

Percentage

distribution of

all Pell Grant

recipients

and students

without a

Pell Grant

(2011¨C12),

by selected

characteristics

Table 1.1

Table 2.1

Table 3.1

Table 4.1

Table 5.1

Table 6.1

Table 7.1

Public 4-year

Table 1.2

Table 2.2

Table 3.2

Table 4.2

Table 5.2

Table 6.2

Table 7.2

Private nonprofit 4-year

Table 1.3

Table 2.3

Table 3.3

Table 4.3

Table 5.3

Table 6.3

Table 7.3

Public 2-year

Table 1.4

Table 2.4

Table 3.4

Table 4.4

Table 5.4

Table 6.4

Table 7.4

For-profit (any level)

Table 1.5

Table 2.5

Table 3.5

Table 4.5

Table 5.5

Table 6.5

Table 7.5

All undergraduates

Average

ratio of

Percentage

Pell Grant

of Pell Grant

recipients

amount to

total price of

with any

attendance student loans

among and average

Pell Grant loan amount

recipients

borrowed

NOTE: All tables include estimates for 1999¨C2000, 2003¨C04, 2007¨C08, and 2011¨C12.

2

Percentage of

Percentage

Pell Grant

of Pell Grant

recipients

recipients who received

who received an institutional

a state grant

grant and

and average

average

amount

amount

received

received

Average

ratios of

grant aid and

total aid to

total price of

attendance

among

Pell Grant

recipients

50 states and the District of Columbia

any time between July 1 and June 30

of the survey¡¯s academic year.

The institution-eligibility conditions

were consistent across NPSAS administrations with two exceptions:

inclusion of correspondence schools

and exclusion of Puerto Rico. Institutions that offered only correspondence

VARIABLES USED

The variables used in these Web Tables are listed below. Visit the NCES

DataLab website to view detailed information on

question wording for variables coming directly from an interview, how

variables were constructed, and their sources. After selecting ¡°Postsecondary

Education¡± in the ¡°Go To¡± box on the right, click on ¡°Codebooks¡± and use the

drop-down menus to select a codebook organized by subject or by variable

name for the dataset and year desired. The program files that generated the

statistics

presented

in

these

Web

Tables

can

be

found

at

.

courses, provided they were also

eligible to distribute federal Title IV

Name

student aid, were included in

Label

NPSAS:2000

NPSAS:04

NPSAS:08

NPSAS:12

NPSAS:04, NPSAS:08, and NPSAS:12.

Age

AGE

AGE

AGE

AGE

Approximately 95,000 undergraduates

Attendance status

ATTNSTAT

ATTNSTAT

ATTNSTAT

ATTNSTAT

were study respondents in NPSAS:12;

Class level

UGLVL2

UGLVL2

UGLVL2

UGLVL2

analogous sample sizes for the earlier

Dependency/marital status

DEPEND5B

DEPEND5B

DEPEND5B

DEPEND5B

NPSAS administrations were 114,000 in

Dependent student family

income

PCTDEP

PCTDEP

PCTDEP

DEPINC

Dependent/Independent

DEPEND

DEPEND

DEPEND

DEPEND

Employment status

ENRJOB2

JOBHOUR2

JOBHOUR2

JOBHOUR2

Excludes Puerto Rico from

total estimates 2000¨C08

COMPTO87

COMPTO87

COMPTO87

COMPTO87

were not included in the NPSAS:12

Independent student family

income

PCTINDEP

PCTINDEP

PCTINDEP

PCTINDEP

sample. Although Puerto Rican

Institutional aid

INSTAMT

INSTAMT

INSTAMT

INSTAMT

institutions enroll only about 1 percent

Parent education

PAREDUC

PAREDUC

PAREDUC

PAREDUC

each of undergraduate and graduate

Pell Grant

PELLAMT

PELLAMT

PELLAMT

PELLAMT

students nationally, unique aid, enroll-

Price of attendance

BUDGETA2

BUDGETAJ

BUDGETAJ

BUDGETAJ

ment, and demographic patterns

Race/ethnicity

RACE2

RACE

RACE

RACE

distinguish them and their students

Ratio of grant aid to total

price of attendance

GRTCST

GRTCST

GRTCST

GRTCST

Ratio of Pell Grant to total

price of attendance

PELLCST

PELLCST

PELLCST

PELLCST

estimates for Hispanic students not en-

Ratio of total aid (excluding

private loans and Direct

PLUS Loans to parents) to

total price of attendance

AIDCST3

AIDCST3

AIDCST3

AIDCST3

rolled in institutions located in Puerto

Sex

GENDER

GENDER

GENDER

GENDER

Rico. Because of this concern, and

Total institutional grants

INGRTAMT

INGRTAMT

INGRTAMT

INGRTAMT

because estimates have never been

Total loans (excluding Direct

PLUS Loans to Parents)

TOTLOAN

TOTLOAN

TOTLOAN

TOTLOAN

Total state grants

STGTAMT

STGTAMT

STGTAMT

STGTAMT

Type of institution

SECTOR4

SECTOR4

SECTOR4

SECTOR4

Undergraduate degree

program

DEGFIRST

UGDEG

UGDEG

UGDEG

NPSAS:08, 80,000 in NPSAS:04, and

49,000 in NPSAS:2000.

In contrast to previous NPSAS administrations, institutions in Puerto Rico

from institutions and students in the

50 states and the District of Columbia.

As a result, students enrolled at these

institutions tend to skew national

representative for Puerto Rico, these

institutions were not included in the

2012 administration of NPSAS. Therefore, these Web Tables include two

totals: one with and one without

3

students who attended Puerto Rican

? 2011¨C12 National Postsecondary

For readers with disabilities, a Section

institutions. Disaggregated estimates

Student Aid Study (NPSAS:12) Data

508-compliant version of these Web

for NPSAS administrations prior to

File Documentation

Tables is available at

2011¨C12 include students in Puerto

(



Rican institutions, whereas 2011¨C12

pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2014182)

pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2015601.

estimates do not. To address the differences among Hispanic students, this

ABOUT POWERSTATS

ENDNOTES

set of Web Tables provides estimates

PowerStats produces the sample

that both include and exclude

design-adjusted standard errors

Hispanic students attending Puerto

necessary for testing the statistical sig-

Rican institutions.

nificance of differences in the estimates.

First authorized as part of the 1972 reauthorization of the Higher Education Act of 1965, the

Basic Educational Opportunity Grant program

was renamed the Pell Grant program in honor

of Senator Claiborne Pell of Rhode Island in

1980. See

resources/data/pell-historical/hist-1.html for

more information on the history of the Pell

Grant program.

2

Average aid amounts are shown in current

dollars and are not adjusted for inflation. The

following inflation factors can be used to

compare earlier data to 2011¨C12 estimates:

1.34 for 1999¨C2000, 1.22 for 2003¨C04, and

1.07 for 2007¨C08.

3

Title IV institutions are those eligible to participate in the federal financial aid programs

included in Title IV of the Higher Education

Act. These programs include Pell Grants, federal student loans, work-study, and other

federal aid.

4

The NPSAS samples are not simple random

samples; therefore, simple random sample

techniques for estimating sampling error

cannot be applied to these data. PowerStats

takes into account the complexity of the

sampling procedures and calculates standard

errors appropriate for such samples. The

method for computing sampling errors used

by PowerStats approximates the estimator by

replication of the sampled population, using

a bootstrap technique.

Due to improvements in weighting

procedures over time and the reweighting of historical datasets,

estimates in these Web Tables based

4

It also contains a detailed description

of how each variable was created and

includes question wording for items

coming directly from an interview.

on NPSAS:04 and NPSAS:08 may not

With PowerStats, users can replicate or

match those published earlier. For

expand upon the Web Tables present-

more information about NPSAS re-

ed in this publication. The output from

weighting over time, visit

PowerStats includes the table esti-



mates (e.g., percentages or means),

datainfo.asp. NPSAS:08 data were

standard errors, and weighted sample

reweighted in August 2013.

sizes for the estimates. If the number

For more information about the methodology used in the NPSAS surveys,

see the following reports:

? National Postsecondary Student Aid

Study 1999¨C2000 (NPSAS:2000)

Methodology Report

(

pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2002152)

? 2004 National Postsecondary

Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04) Fullscale Methodology Report

(

pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2006180)

? 2007¨C08 National Postsecondary

of valid cases is too small to produce a

reliable estimate (fewer than 30 cases),

PowerStats prints the double dagger

symbol (?) instead of the estimate.

In addition to producing tables,

PowerStats users may conduct linear

or logistic regressions. Many options

are available for output with the regression results. For a description of all

the options available, users should

access the PowerStats website at

.

For more information, contact

@

Student Aid Study (NPSAS:08) Fullscale Methodology Report

(

pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2011188)

4

1

National Center for Education Statistics

Table 1.0

Federal Pell Grant Program minimums, maximums, total expenditures, and total number of recipients in

1999¨C2000, 2003¨C04, 2007¨C08, and 2011¨C12

Pell Grant program

characteristic

1999¨C2000

2003¨C04

2007¨C08

2011¨C12

Minimum Pell Grant

$400

$400

$400

$555

Maximum Pell Grant

$3,125

$4,050

$4,310

$5,550

$7,208,500,491

3,763,710

$12,707,897,337

5,139,638

$14,676,345,099

5,542,893

$33,575,066,024

9,444,368

Total expenditures

Total recipients

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary Education. (2012). 2011¨C2012 Federal Pell Grant Program End-of-Year Report.

Washington, DC. Retrieved January 10, 2014, from .

¨C5¨C

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