Postgraduate Module Handbook - Eric Kaufmann



Postgraduate Module Handbook

Nationalism and Ethno-Religious Conflict

2015-2016

Module Team

Module team:

Eric Kaufmann, e.kaufmann@bbk.ac.uk

Barbara Zollner, b.zollner@bbk.ac.uk

Contents

Introduction

Module Aims and Objectives

Background Reading

Moodle

Module Syllabus

Reading List

Assessment

Reading Week and Workshop Week

Further information on studying at Birkbeck

Teaching arrangements and attendance

Availability of lecturers and seminar leaders

Tutors

Birkbeck Library

Get Ahead: Stay Ahead

Mitigating Circumstances

Problems affecting study

Disability advice and support

Learning support officer

Student feedback

Annex: Birkbeck Plagiarism Guidelines

Annex: Assessment Requirements

Annex: Policy on the Recording of Lectures and Other Teaching Sessions

Introduction

Module Aims and Objectives

This course aims to enable students to develop a good understanding of the concepts of ethnic group and nation, and their performative correlates, ethnicity and nationalism; to acquire an understanding of a range of models for analysing ethnic, national and religious conflict, and to apply these analytical models to case studies across space and time.

Students graduating from the course will be able to:

• Understand the strengths and weaknesses of the dominant theories of nationalism and ethno-religious conflict

• Apply these theories to concrete historical and contemporary cases

• Demonstrate detailed substantive knowledge of national, ethnic and religious conflicts in several settings

• Demonstrate cognitive skills, including critical evaluation and analytical investigation

• Make presentations and engage in critical discussion

Background Reading

Several books provide useful background reading for this course. The annotated list below details a number of texts which we will be using over a number of sessions of the course.

Students may wish to acquire the following texts, which are used in many sessions of the course:

Smith, A. D. and Hutchinson, J. (eds.) 1994. Nationalism. (Oxford: OUP).

Smith, A.D. and Hutchinson, J. (eds.) 1996.Ethnicity. (Oxford: OUP).

Özkirimli, U. 2010. Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. (Basingstoke: Macmillan).

Spencer, P. and Wollmann, H. (eds.) 2002. Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. (London: Sage).

Horowitz, D L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. (Berkeley: University of California Press).

Kaufmann, E. (ed.). 2004. Rethinking Ethnicity: Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities. (London: Routledge).

Moodle

This module uses a virtual learning environment known as Moodle, which contains electronic copies of module-related materials, such as PowerPoint presentations and selected readings. Moodle will also provide the principal means of electronic communication between lecturers and students and provide a platform for essay submission and marking. The Moodle base for this module can be accessed at the following address: by logging on with your ITS username and password (which you should receive when you have enrolled at Birkbeck).

There is also a dedicated Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict context course website: . The course website allows you to download powerpoint lectures and required (and other) readings for each week. You should visit this site regularly for information about the course, announcements and messages from course tutors or other students. Podcasts and other links to electronic content also appear on the site. There is also a dedicated twitter account for nationalism students at Birkbeck: @nationsbbk. The hashtag for this module is #nationsbbk1, use this to post discussions, links or comments to the class, or to find all posts concerning the class.

Other websites that may be useful include the following:

1) ASEN (Association for the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism) - The world's largest nationalism and ethnic studies organisation. Based at LSE. Holds frequent seminars, as well as conferences. It is worth becoming a member if you can afford the modest fee (please enquire on-line or with me). Website:

ASEN YouTube lecture series:

2) Will Kymlicka's Homepage - This provides links to sites of interest in major subfields of the nationalism, ethnicity, multiculturalism and citizenship literature.

Website:

3) Nationalism Project website - extensive links, book reviews, bibliography, on-line essays and more. Address:

4) Minorities at Risk Project - The Minorities at Risk (MAR) Project is a university-based research project that monitors and analyzes the status and conflicts of politically-active communal groups in all countries with a current population of at least 500,000. Address:

5) Association for the Study of Nationalities - Major scholarly association devoted to the study of ethnicity and nationalism in Europe and Eurasia. Address:

6) Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations - The major academic body in the UK for the research and teaching of aspects of race, migration and ethnic relations. Address: http:/warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/crer_rc

7) Initiative on Ethnic Conflict Resolution (INCORE) - Important organisation involved in the study of peace, conflict and community relations. Address: http:/incore.ulst.ac.uk

8) Association for the Study of Nationalities (ASN) - Largest US-based organisation for nationalism studies. Especially focused on Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

9) H-Nationalism (listserv/discussion group) - Live discussion of issues in the subject, as well as a place to post queries. - H-NATIONALISM@H-NET.MSU.EDU

Module Syllabus

|Week beginning |Lecture |

|28-Sep-15 |Definitions and Theoretical Overview |

|05-Oct-15 |The Development of the State |

|12-Oct-15 |The Origin of Ethnic Groups |

|19-Oct-15 |Theories of Nationalism |

|26-Oct-15 |State Nationalism, Nation-Building and Commemoration |

|02-Nov-15 |Reading Week |

|9-Nov-15 |Workshop Week |

|16-Nov-15 |Multi-Ethnic Nations and Multi-National States |

|23-Nov-15 |National Identity: Ethnic or Civic? |

|30-Nov-15 |Secession and Irredentism |

|Break |

|11-Jan-16 |Separatism, Ethnic Violence and Genocide |

|18-Jan-16 |Micro-foundations of Civil War: Outbidding, Spoilers, Militias |

|25-Jan-16 |Democratisation and Ethnic Parties |

|1-Feb-16 |Secularisation Debate |

|8-Feb-16 |Reading Week |

|15-Feb-16 |Workshop Week |

|22-Feb-16 |Religious Movements and Nationalism |

|29-Feb-16 |Militant Islamist Movements |

|07-Mar-16 |Summary |

Reading List

Background Reading

Horowitz, D L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press).

Kaufmann, E. (ed.). 2004. Rethinking Ethnicity: Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities (London: Routledge).

Özkirimli, U. 2010. Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (Basingstoke: Macmillan).

Smith, A. D. and Hutchinson, J. (eds.) 1994. Nationalism (Oxford: OUP).

Smith, A.D. and Hutchinson, J. (eds.) 1996.Ethnicity (Oxford: OUP).

Spencer, P. and Wollmann, H. (eds.) 2002. Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (London: Sage).

Sutherland, C. (2012). Nationalism in the Twenty-first Century: Challenges and Responses (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York, Palgrave Macmillan).

Readers and Reference Books:

Coakley, J. (2012). Nationalism, Ethnicity and the State: Making and Breaking Nations (London, Sage).

Hutchinson, J. and Guibernau, M. 2001. Understanding Nationalism (Cambridge: Polity).

Jenkins, R. 1997. Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations (London: Sage).

Kellas, J. 1998. The Politics of Nationalism and Ethnicity (Basingstoke: Macmillan).

Leoussi, A. and Grosby, S. (eds.). 2003. Nationality and Nationalism (London: I.B. Tauris).

Leoussi, A. and Smith, A. D. (eds.). 2001. Encyclopaedia of Nationalism (Oxford: Transaction Books).

Motyl, A. (ed.). 2001. Encyclopaedia of Nationalism (San Diego: Academic Press).

Suny, R. and Eley, G. 1996. Becoming National: a Reader (Oxford: OUP).

1. Definitions and Theoretical Overview

Required:

Francis, E.K. 1976. Interethnic Relations (New York: Elsevier, 1976), pp. 6-9.

Smith, A.D. and Hutchinson, J. (eds.) 1996. Ethnicity (Oxford: OUP), pp. 17-31.

Smith, A.D. and Hutchinson, J. (eds.) 1994. Nationalism (Oxford: OUP), pp. 15-46.

Recommended:

General

Connor, W. 1994. Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).

Ozkirimli, U. 2010. Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (Basingstoke: Macmillan), chs. 1-2.

Smith, A. 1998. Nationalism and Modernism: a Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism (London andNew York: Routledge).

Spencer, P. and Wollmann, H. (eds.) 2002. Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (London: Sage), ch. 2.

Defining Ethnic Groups:

Smith, A.D. 1991. National Identity (London: Penguin 1991), pp. 8-18.

Smith, A.D. 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 21-31.

Eriksen, Th.H. 1993. Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives (London: Pluto Press), ch.1.

Weber, M. 1978. Economy and Society: an Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Berkeley: University of California Press), pp. 40-43, 341-48, 387-98, 922-26.

Defining Nations and Nationalism

Connor, W. 1994. 'A nation is a nation, is a state…' in Connor, W. Ethno-Nationalism: The Quest for Understanding (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press), ch.4

Anderson, B. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso), ch.1

Francis, E.K. 1976. Interethnic Relations (New York: Elsevier), ch.7

2. The Development of the State

Required:

Poggi, R.G. 1978. The Development of the Modern State (London: Hutchinson, 1978), esp. pp. 20-100.

Recommended:

Anderson, M. S. 1993. The Rise of Modern Diplomacy 1415-1919 (London : Longman).

Anderson, P. 1979. Lineages of the Absolutist State (London and New York: Verso).

Dollinger, P. 1970. The German Hansa (London : Macmillan).

Flora, P., S. Kuhnle and D. Urwin (eds.). 1999. State Formation, Nation-Building and Mass Politics in Europe: the Theory of Stein Rokkan (Oxford: OUP).

Hall, J.A. (eds.). 1986. States in History (Oxford : Basil Blackwell).

Hall, J.A. and Ikenberry, J. 1986. The State (Milton Keynes: Open University Press).

Held, D. et al (eds.). 1983. States and Societies (Oxford: Robertson).

Krader, L. 1968. The Formation of the State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall).

Krasner, S. D. 1988. ‘Sovereignty - An Institutional Perspective’, in Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 21 No. 1 1988 pp. 66-94.

Mann, M. 1986. The Sources of Social Power Vol. I: A History of Power from the Beginning to AD 1760 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Mackenney, R. 1989. The City-State (Basingstoke: Macmillan).

Miller, J. (ed.). 1990. Absolutism in 17th Century Europe (Basingstoke: Macmillan Educuation).

Parodi, C. 2002. The Politics of South American Boundaries (New York: Praeger)

Poggi, R.G. 1978. The Development of the Modern State (London: Hutchinson).

Poggi, R.G. 1990. The State, its Nature Development and Prospects (Cambridge: Polity Press).

Skinner, Q. 1989. ‘The State’, in Ball, Farr and Hanson (eds.) Political Innovation and Conceptual Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Spruyt, H. 1994. The Sovereign State and its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press)

Tilly, Ch. (ed.). 1975. The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press), esp. conclusion.

Tilly, Ch. 1990. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1990 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: B. Blackwell).

Torpey, J. 2000. The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State (Cambridge: CUP).

Van Creveld, M. 1999. The Rise and Decline of the State (Cambridge: CUP).

3. The Origin of Ethnic Groups

Required:

Brass, P. 1996. 'Ethnic groups and ethnic identity formation’, in Hutchinson, J. and Smith, A. (eds.) Ethnicity. (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 85-90 (Instrumentalism).

Case: The English from a Historicist and Instrumentalist Perspective

Hastings, A. 1997. The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism (Cambridge and (New York: Cambridge University Press), ch.2.

Breuilly, J. 2005. 'Changes in the Political Uses of the Nation: Continuity or Discontinuity?' in Zimmer, O. and Scales, L. (eds.) Power and the Nation in History (Cambridge: CUP).

Recommended:

Theoretical Perspectives

Sollors, W. 1996. Theories of Ethnicity (New York: New York University Press).

Zimmer, O. and Scales, L. (eds.) 2005. Power and the Nation in History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Instrumentalism

Brown, M.J. 2004. Is Taiwan Chinese? (Berkeley: University of California Press).

Fearon, J. 1998. ‘Commitment Problems and the Spread of Ethnic Conflict’ in Lake, D. and Rothchild, D. The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation (Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press).

Fearon, J. and Laitin, D. 1996 ‘Explaining Ethnic Cooperation’, in American Political Science Review, December.

Hitt, J. 2005, 'The Newest Indians', in New York Times, Aug 21.

Laitin, D. D. 1986. Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Religious Change among the Yoruba (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), ch. 1.

Laitin, David. 1998. Identity in Formation: The Russian Speaking Populations in the Near Abroad (Ithaca, NY: Cornell).

Peel, J.D.Y. 1989. ‘The Cultural Work of Yoruba Ethnogenesis’, in Tonkin, E.; McDonald, M. and Chapman, M. (eds.) History and Ethnicity (London: Routledge).

Slezkine, Y. 1994. 'The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or how the Soviet State Promoted Ethnic Particularism', in Slavic Review 53: 2, pp. 414-52.

Suny, R. G. 1993. The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press), ch. 1.

Suny, R. G. 2001. 'Constructing Primordialism: Old Histories for New Nations', in Journal of Modern History, 73, pp. 862-896.

Whitmeyer, J. M. 2004. 'Elites and Popular Nationalism', in British Journal of Sociology 53: 3, pp. 321 – 341.

Historicism/ Perennialism

Armstrong, J. 1982. Nations before Nationalism (Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), chs. 1, 3 - 320.5409.

Diamond, J. 1997. Guns, Germs, and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies (New York; London: W.W. Norton and Co.), see ch. on the formation of tribes in New Guinea

Grosby, S. 1991. 'Religion and Nationality in Antiquity’, in European Journal of Sociology XXXII, pp. 229-65.

Grosby, S. 1997.'Borders, Territory and Nationality in the Ancient Near East and Armenia’, in Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 40: 1.

Hastings, A. 1997. The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism. (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press), ch. 6. (Africa).

Heather, P. 1991. Goths and Romans (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press).

Heather, P. 1998. The Goths (Oxford: Blackwell).

McCrone, P. 1986. 'The Tribe and the State’, in Hall, J. (ed.) States in History (Oxford: Blackwell).

Mendels, D. 1992. The Rise and Fall of Jewish Nationalism: Jewish and Christian Ethnicity in Ancient Palestine (New York: Doubleday), ch.1.

Reynolds, S. 1984. Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe, 900-1300 (Oxford: Clarendon Press), ch. 8 - 940.1.

Roosens, E. 1994. 'The Primordial Nature of Origins in Migrant Ethnicity’, in Vermeulen, H. and Govers, C. (eds.) The Anthropology of Ethnicity: Beyond Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis).

Smith, A.D. 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nation (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 32-119.

Smith, A.D. and Hutchinson, J. (eds.) 1994. Nationalism (Oxford: OUP), pp. 132-54 - 320.54.

Primordialism

Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. 1997. 'Genes, Peoples and Languages’, Proceeds of the National Academy of Sciences 94, pp. 7719–7724, July (Colloquium Paper).

Salter, F. 2001. ‘A Defence and an Extension of Pierre Van den Berghe's Theory of Ethnic Nepotism’, in P. James and D. Goetzee. (eds.) Evolutionary Theory and Ethnic Conflict (Westport, CT: Praeger), pp. 39-70.

Van den Berghe, P. 1978. 'Race and Ethnicity: a Sociobiological Approach’, in Ethnic and Racial Studies 1 no. 4, 1978, pp. 401-411. (and critique by Reynolds, V. (1980) in Ethnic and Racial Studies 3, no.3, pp. 303-15).

4. Theories of Nationalism

Required:

Özkirimli U. 2003. 'The nation as an artichoke? A critique of ethnosymbolist interpretations of Nationalism’, Nations and Nationalism 9, iss. 3, pp. 339-355.

Smith A.D. 1995. 'Gastronomy or Geology? The Role of Nationalism in the Reconstruction of Nations’, Nations and Nationalism 1: 1, pp. 3-23.

Smith A.D. 2003. 'The poverty of anti-nationalist modernism’, Nations and Nationalism 9: 3, pp. 357-370.

Smith, A.D. and Gellner, E. 1995. 'Gellner on Nationalism’, in Prospect, December 1995.

Recommended:

Debate: When Is the Nation?

Delanty, G.; Hutchinson, J.; Kaufmann, E.P.; Özkirimli, U. and Wimmer, A. 2008 ‘Debate on J Hutchinson's Nations as Zones of Conflict’, in Nations and Nationalism 14:1, pp. 1-28.

Guibernau, M. and Hutchinson, J. (eds.). 2004. History and National Destiny: Ethnosymbolism and Its Critics (Oxford: Blackwell).

Smith, A. D. and Hutchinson, J. (eds.) 1994. Nationalism (Oxford: OUP), pp. 34-35, 55-69, 76-82, 89-95, 103-112. See also special issue of Geopolitics 7: 2 (autumn 2002).

Uzelac, G. and Ichijo, A. (eds.) 2005. When is the Nation? The Debate (London: Routledge).

Zimmer, O. and Scales, L. (eds.) 2005. Power and the Nation in History (Cambridge: CUP), esp. introduction.

Zimmer, O. 2003. Nationalism in Europe: 1890-1940 (London: Palgrave/Macmillan), ch. 1.

Modernism

Anderson, B. 1991. Imagined Communities (London: Verso), chs. 1-3.

Breuilly, J. 1993. Nationalism and the State (Manchester: Manchester University Press), chs. 1-2.

Brubaker, R. 1996. Nationalism Reframed (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Brubaker, R. 2006. Ethnicity Without Groups (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).

Francis, E.K. 1976. Interethnic Relations (New York: Elsevier), chs. 6, 7.

Gellner, E 1983. Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell 1983), chs. 1-5, esp. 2, 3.

Giddens, A. 1985. The Nation-State and Violence (Cambridge: Polity Press), ch. 8 and , pp. 116-21.

Hall, J. 1994. Coercion and Consent (Cambridge: Polity).

Hobsbawm, E.J. 1993. Nations and Nationalism since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), ch. 3.

Kedourie, E. 1993. Nationalism (Oxford UK and Cambridge USA: Blackwell).

Lawrence, P. 2004. Nationalism: History and Theory (London: Longman).

Mann, M. 1993. The Sources of Social Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), Vol. II: ch.7, esp. pp. 227-52.

Mann, M. 1995. 'A Political Theory of Nationalism and its Excesses’, in Periwal, S. (ed.). Notions of Nationalism (Budapest: Central European University Press) pp. 44-64.

McNeill, W.H. 1983. The Pursuit of Power (Oxford: Blackwell).

Smith, A.D. and Hutchinson, J. (eds.) 1994. Nationalism (Oxford: OUP), pp. 34-35, 55-69, 76-82, 89-95, 103-112.

Smith, A.D. and Hutchinson, J. (eds.) 1994. Nationalism (Oxford: OUP), pp. 196-240.

Smith, A.D.1998. Nationalism and Modernism (London and New York: Routledge), ch. 4.

Spencer, P. and H. Wollmann. 2002. Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (London: Sage), ch. 2.

Ethnosymbolism

Armstrong, J. 1982. Nations Before Nationalism (Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), chs. 1, 3 - 320.5409.

Diamond, J. 1997. Guns, Germs, and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies (New York; London: W.W. Norton and Co.), see ch. on the formation of tribes in New Guinea

Gat, A. and Yakobson, A. 2012. Nations: the Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Grosby, S. 1991. 'Religion and Nationality in Antiquity’, in European Journal of Sociology XXXII, pp. 229-65.

Hastings, A. 1997. The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press), ch. 6. (Africa).

Hirschi, C. 2012. The Origins of Nationalism: an Alternative History from Ancient Rome to Early Modern Germany (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press).

Hutchinson, J. 1987. The Dynamics of Cultural Nationalism: the Gaelic Revival and the Creation of the Irish Nation-State (London: Allen and Unwin).

Leoussi, A. and Grosby, S. (eds.) 2006. Nationalism and Ethnosymbolism (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).

Mock, S. 2011. Images of Defeat: Trauma and Sacrifice in the Construction of National Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), ch 1.

Motyl, A. 1999. ‘Inventing Invention: the Limits of National identity Formation’, in Suny, R. G. and Kennedy, M. D. Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), pp. 57-75.

Myhill, J. 2006. Language, Religion and National Identity in Europe and the Middle East. (Amsterdam: J Benjamin).

Özkirimli, U. 2010. Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (Basingstoke: Macmillan), ch. 5.

Roshwald, A. 2006. The Endurance of Nationalism: Ancient Roots and Modern Dilemmas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Smith, A. D. 1981. The Ethnic Revival (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Smith, A.D. 1986. The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 32-119.

Smith, A.D. and Hutchinson, J. (eds.) 1994. Nationalism (Oxford: OUP), pp. 132-54 - 320.54.

Young, M.; Zuelow, E. and Sturm, A. (eds.) 2007. Nationalism in a Global Era: The Persistence of Nations (London: Routledge).

5. State Nationalism, Nation-Building and Commemoration

Required:

Zimmer, O. 2003. Nationalism in Europe: 1890-1940. (London: Palgrave: Macmillan), ch. 4.

Case: France

Greenfeld, L. 1992. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), pp. 154-88.

Recommended:

Bell, D.A. 2001. The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680-1800 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).

Birch, A. H. 1989. Nationalism and National Integration (London: Unwin Hyman).

Bodnar, J. 2000. 'Pierre Nora, National Memory, and Democracy: A Review’, in The Journal of American History 87: 3, available at : journals: jah:87.3: bodnar.html.

Brubaker, R. 1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Bruckmüller, E. 1994. 'The National Identity of the Austrians’, in Teich, M. and Porter, R. (eds.) The National Question in Europe (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press), pp. 206-228.

Colley, L. 1992. Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press).

Greenfeld, L. 1992. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), pp. 154-88.

Mosse, G.L. 1990. Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Mosse, G.L.1991. The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich (Ithaca: Cornell University Press).

Neuberger, B. 1977. 'State and Nation in African Thought’, in Journal of African Studies 4: 2.

Nora, P. 1996. 'Between Memory and History’, in Nora, P. and Kritzman, L. (eds.) Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past (New York, NY: Columbia University Press), ch. 1: introduction.

O’Leary, C.E. 2001. To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).

Spillman, L.P. 1997. Nation and Commemoration: Creating National Identities in the United States and Australia (Cambridge: CUP).

Weber, E.J. 1976. Peasants into Frenchmen: the Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914. (Stanford University Press: Stanford, California).

6. Multi-Ethnic Nations and Multi-National States

Required:

Connor, W. 1994. 'A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a ..’, in Hutchinson, J. and Smith, A.D. (eds.) Nationalism. (Oxford: OUP), pp. 36-45.

Smith, A.D. 1991. National Identity. (London: Penguin), ch. 5.

Recommended:

Balthazar, L. 1995. 'Towards a New Citizenship: The Dynamics of Multi-Ethnicity in French-Speaking Québec', in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 1:3, pp. 82-95.

Francis, E.K. 1976. Interethnic Relations. (New York: Elsevier) , pp. 19-24. (Tswana), ch. 6, ch. 8. (Europe), chs. 17-18. (USA).

Gagnon, A-G. and Guibernau, M. (eds.) 2003. The Conditions of Diversity in Multinational Democracies. (Montreal : Institute for Research on Public Policy).

Guibernau, M. and Rex, J. (eds.) 2010. The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration. (Cambridge: Polity, 2nd ed.), part II.

Henders, S.J. 1997. ‘Cantonisation: Historical Paths to Territorial Autonomy for Regional Cultural Communities’, in Nations and Nationalism 3:4, pp. 521-40.

Kaufmann, E. 2011. 'Ethnic and State History as Determinants of Ethnic Fractionalization’, APSA Conference, Seattle.

Kitromilides, P. 1996. 'Orthodoxy and Nationalism’, in Smith, A.D. and Hutchinson, J. (eds.) Ethnicity. (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 202-8.

Krejci, J. and Velimsky, V. 1996. 'Ethnic and Political Nations in Europe’, in Smith, A.D. and Hutchinson, J. (eds.) Ethnicity. (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 209-21.

Kymlicka, W. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship. (Oxford: Oxford University Press), ch.2.

Maddens, B. and Van den Berghe, K. 2003. 'The Identity Politics of Multicultural Nationalism: A Comparison between the Regular Public Addresses of the Belgian and the Spanish Monarchs. (1990-2000)’, in European Journal of Political Research 42:5, pp. 601-627.

Pipes, R. 1964. 'The National Problem in Russia’, in Riha, T. (ed.) Readings in Russian Civilisation. (Chicago and London: self published).

Schöpflin, G. 1991. 'National Identity in the Soviet Union and East Central Europe’, in Ethnic and Racial Studies, 14: 1.

Schöpflin, G. 1993. Politics in Eastern Europe 1945-1992. (Oxford: Blackwell).

Shulman, Stephen. 1998. 'National Integration and Foreign Policy in Multiethnic States', in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 4: 4, pp. 110-132.

Stalin, J. 1936. Marxism and the National and Colonial Question. (London: M. Lawrence).

Zimmer, O. 2003. Nationalism in Europe: 1890-1940. (London: Palgrave:Macmillan), chs. 3 and 4.

7. National Identity: Ethnic or Civic?

Required:

Smith, A.D. 1991. National Identity (London: Penguin), ch.6.

Janmaat, J. 2006. 'Popular conceptions of nationhood in old and new European member states: Partial support for the ethnic-civic framework', in Ethnic and Racial Studies 29:1 January, pp. 50-78

Recommended:

Alter, P. 1985. 'Cultural and Political Nations’, in Alter, P. (ed.) Nationalism (London: Edward Arnold), pp. 8-12.

Bauman, Z. ‘Intellectuals in East-Central Europe: Continuity and Change’, in East European Politics and Societies 1: 2, pp. 162-186.

Behr, M. et al. (eds.) 2002. 'Who is Hungarian? Attitudes toward Immigration, Ethnicity and Nationality in Rural Hungary', in East European Quarterly 36: 3, pp. 281-99.

Brubaker, R. 1992. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).

Greenfeld, L. and Chirot, D. 1994. 'Nationalism and Aggression’, in Theory and Society 23: 1, pp. 79-103 .

Hewitson, M. and Baycroft, T. (eds.) 2004. Nationalism in Europe 1789-1914: Civic and Ethnic Traditions (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Hjerm, M. 2003. ‘National sentiments in Eastern and Western Europe’, in Nationalities Papers 31: 4, pp. 413-29.

Huntington, S. 2004. Who Are We? The Cultural Core of American National Identity (New York and London: Simon and Schuster), ch. 9.

Ignatieff, M. 1994. Blood and Belonging. Journeys into the New Nationalism (London: Vintage).

Kaufmann, E. 1998. '‘Naturalizing the Nation’: the Rise of Naturalistic Nationalism in the United States and Canada', in Comparative Studies in Society and History 40: 4, pp. 666-695.

Kaufmann, E. 2000. ‘Ethnic or civic nation? Theorizing the American case’, in Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 27: 1-2, pp. 133-55.

Kaufmann, E. and Zimmer, O. 1998. 'In Search of the Authentic Nation: Landscape and National Identity in Canada and Switzerland’, in Nations and Nationalism 4: 4, pp. 483-510.

Kaufmann, E. and O. Zimmer. 2004. 'Dominant ethnicity' and the 'ethnic-civic' dichotomy in the work of A. D. Smith', in Nations and Nationalism 10:1-2, , pp.63-78. (see Zimmer's contribution on ethnic-civic).

Kaufmann, E. P. 2002. 'The Ethnic Origins of the American Nation', in Geopolitics 7: 2, pp. 99-120.

Kohn, H. 1944. The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background (New York: Macmillan).

Krejci, Y. and Velimsky, V. 1981. Ethnic and Political Nations in Europe (London: Croom Helm).

Kreuzer, P. 2006. 'Violent civic Nationalism versus civil ethnic Nationalism: Contrasting Indonesia and Malay(si)a', in National Identities 8: 1, pp. 41-59.

Kuzio, T. 2002. ‘The myth of the civic state: a critical survey of H Kohn’s framework for understanding Nationalism’, in Ethnic and Racial Studies 25: 1, pp. 20–39.

Meadwell, H. 1989. 'Cultural and Instrumental Approaches to Ethnic Nationalism’, in Ethnic and Racial Studies 12:3.

Nielsen, K. 1999. ‘Cultural Nationalism, neither Ethnic nor Civic’, in Beiner, R. (ed.) Theorizing Nationalism (Albany: State University of New York Press), pp. 119-30.

Plamenatz, J. 1973. ‘Two Types of Nationalism’, in Kamenka, E. (ed.) Nationalism: the Nature and Evolution of an Idea (Canberra: Australian National Press).

Roshwald, A. 2006. The Endurance of Nationalism: Ancient Roots and Modern Dilemmas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), ch. 5, 30.

Schöpflin, G. 2000. Nations, Identity, Power: The New Politics of Europe (London: Hurst).

Shulman S. 2002. ‘Sources of Civic and Ethnic Nationalism in Ukraine’, in The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 18: 4, pp. 1-30.

Shulman, S. 2002. 'Challenging the Ethnic:Civic and West:East Dichotomies in the Study of Nationalism’, in Comparative Political Studies 35: 5, pp. 554-85.

Shulman, S. 2004. ‘The Contours of Civic and Ethnic National Identification in Ukraine’, in Europe-Asia Studies 56: 1, pp. 35-56.

Wiborg, S. 2000. ‘Political and Cultural Nationalism in Education. The Ideas of Rousseau and Herder Concerning National Education', in Comparative Education 36:2, pp. 235-43.

Yack, B. 1996. 'The Myth of the Civic Nation', in Critical Review 102, pp. 193.

Zimmer, O. 2003. 'Boundary Mechanisms and Symbolic Resources: Towards a Process- Oriented Approach to National Identity', in Nations and Nationalism, 9:2, pp.173-193.

8. Secession and Irredentism

Required:

Horowitz, D. 1994. 'The Logic of Secessions’, in Smith, A. and J Hutchinson. (eds.) Nationalism. (Oxford: OUP), pp. 261-68 .

Mayall, J. 1994. 'Irredentist and Secessionist Challenges’, in Smith, A. and J Hutchinson. (eds.), Nationalism. (Oxford: OUP), pp. 269-79.

Case: Soviet Union

Lieven, D. and J. McGarry. 1993. 'Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet Union and its Successor States’, in O'Leary, B. andJ McGarry. (eds.) 1993. The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation (New York and London: Routledge), pp. 62-83.

Recommended:

Causes of Secession and Secessionist and Irredentist Mobilisation

Ambrosio, T. 2001. Irredentism: Ethnic Conflict and International Politics (New York, NY: Praeger).

Anderson Paul, R. 2000. ‘Grassroots Mobilization and Diaspora Politics’, in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 6: 1, pp. 24-47.

Byrne, S. and Irvin, C. L. 2000. Reconcilable Differences: Turning Points in Ethnopolitical Conflicts (West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press).

Conversi, D. 2002. ‘Central Secession: Towards a New Analytical Concept? The Case of Former Yugoslavia’, in Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 26: 2, pp. 333-356.

Francis, E.K. 1976. Interethnic Relations (New York, NY: Elsevier Scientific) pp. 107-15.

Grove, A. 2001. ‘Theory, Perception, and Leadership Agency: A Multiple Processing Model of Nationalist Mobilization’, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 7: 2, pp.1-32.

Gurr, T. and B. Harff. 2003. Ethnic Conflict in World Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press), chs. 5-6.

Hale, Henry. 2008. The Foundations of Ethnic Politics: Separatism of States and Nations in Eurasia and the World (Cambridge: CUP), esp. ch. 4.

Harff, B. and Gurr, T. R. 1998. 'Systematic Early Warning of Humanitarian Emergencies’, in Journal of Peace Research 35: 5, pp. 551-579.

Hechter, M. 2000. Containing Nationalism. (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press).

Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press) ch. 6.

Marwell, G. and Oliver, P. 1993. The Critical Mass in Collective Action: A Micro-Social Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Smith, A. D. 1991 National Identity (London: Penguin 1991), ch. 6.

Cases of Secessionist and Irredentist Mobilisation

Cohen, B. J. 1993. Broken Bonds: Yugoslavia's Disintegration and Balkan Politics in Transition (Boulder, CO: Westview Press), p. 32.

Conversi, D. 1997. The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilization (London: Hurst).

Freij, H. Y. 1997. 'Tribal Identity and Alliance Behaviour among Factions of the Kurdish National Movement in Iraq’, in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 3: 3, pp. 86-107.

Frombgen, E. 1999. 'A Preliminary Model of Secession, Ethnic Conflict and Violence in Tatarstan and Chechnya: The Role of the State', in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 5: 2, pp. 91-117.

Glenny, M. 1996. The Fall of Yugoslavia (London: Penguin).

Hkashan, H. and Nehme, M. 1996. 'The Making of Stalled National Movements: Evidence from Southern Sudan and Northern Iraq’, in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 2: 1, pp. 111-140.

Irvin, C L. 1999. Militant Nationalism: Between Movement and Party in Ireland and the Basque Country (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press).

Rothchild, D. 1995. 'Ethnic Bargaining and State Breakdown in Africa', in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 1; 1, pp. 54-72.

Vujacic, V. 1996. 'Historical Legacies, Nationalist Mobilization, and Political Outcomes in Russia and Serbia: A Weberian View', in Theory and Society, 25.

Yashar, D. 2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Quantitative Analyses: Predicting Secession

Ayres, R. W. and Saideman, S. M. 2000. 'Is Separatism as Contagious as the Common Cold or as Cancer? Testing the International and Domestic Determinants of Secessionism’, in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 6: 3, pp. 92-114.

Fox, J. 2002. 'Ethnic Minorities and the Clash of Civilizations: A Quantitative Analysis of Huntington’s Thesis', in British Journal of Political Science 32: 3, pp. 415-434.

Gurr, T. R., and Moore, W.H. 1997. 'Ethnopolitical Rebellion: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 1980s with Risk Assessments for the 1990s’, in American Journal of Political Science 41, pp. 1079-1103.

Johns, M. 2002. ‘Assessing Risk Assessment: A Baltic Test’, in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 8: 1.

Saideman, S. and Ayres, W. 2000. 'Determining the Causes of Irridentism: Logit Analyses of Minorities at Risk Data from the 1980s and 1990s', in Journal of Politics 62: 4, pp. 1126-1144.

Saideman, S. M.; Lanoue, D.; Campenni, M. and Stanton, S. 2002. 'Democratization, Political Institutions, and Ethnic Conflict: A Pooled, Cross- Sectional Time Series Analysis from 1985-1998’, in Comparative Political Studies 35: 1, pp. 103-129.

9. Separatism, Ethnic Violence and Genocide

Required:

King C. 2001. 'The Myth of Ethnic Warfare: Understanding Conflict in the Post-Cold War World', in Foreign Affairs 80: 6. (Nov. - Dec.), pp. 165-170.

Palmer, A. 'Colonial and Modern Genocide: Explanations and Categories’, in Ethnic and Racial Studies 21:1. (January 1998), pp. 89-115

Recommended:

Ethnic Violence

Adanir, F. 2001 'Armenian Deportations and Massacres in 1915’, in Chirot, D. and Seligman, M. E. P. (eds.) Ethnopolitical Warfare: Causes, Consequences, and Possible Solutions. (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), pp. 71-81.

Berkowitz, Leonard. 1990. ‘Biological Roots: Are Humans Inherently Violent?’ in Glad, B. (ed.) Psychological Dimensions of War. (London: Sage, 1990), pp. 24-40.

Bonneuil, N. and Auriat, N. 2000. 'Fifty Years of Ethnic Conflict and Cohesion: 1945-94’, in Journal of Peace Research 37: 5, pp. 563-581.

Braathen, E.; Bøås, M. and Saether, G. 2000. Ethnicity Kills? The Politics of War, Peace and Ethnicity in Sub-Saharan Africa (Basingstoke: Macmillan).

Brubaker, R. and Laitin, D. D. 1998. ‘Ethnic and Nationalist Violence’, in Annual Review of Sociology 24:423-452.

Conversi, D. 1997. The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilization (London: Hurst), ch. 9.

Dassel, K. 1998. 'Civilians, Soldiers and Strife: Domestic Sources of International Aggression’, in International Security 23: 1, pp. 107-140.

Fearon, J. and D. Laitin. 2003. 'Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War', in American Political Science Review 97: 1, 75-90.

Gagnon, V.P. 1994/5. ‘Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia’, in International Security 19: 3, pp. 130-166.

Gurr, T. and B. Harff. 2003. Ethnic Conflict in World Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press), ch. 5.

Gurr, T.R and Pitsch, A. 2003. ‘Ethnopolitical Conflict and Separatist Violence’, in Heitmeyer. W. and Hagan, J. (eds.) The International Handbook of Violence Research (Dordrecht, London: Kluwer).

Hechter, M. 1995. 'Explaining Nationalist Violence’, in Nations and Nationalism 1: 1, pp. 53-68.

Hoeffler, A. and Zartman, W, 'Greed and Grievance in Civil War’, in Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, pp. 271-285, 298-307.

Horowitz, D L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press), chs. 11-12.

Horowitz, D. 2001. The Deadly Ethnic Riot (Berkeley: University of California Press), esp. ch. 13.

Jowitt, K. 2001. ‘Ethnicity: Nice, Nasty, and Nihilistic’, in Chirot, D. and Seligman, M. E. P. (eds.) Ethnopolitical Warfare: Causes, Consequences, and Possible Solutions (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.), pp. 27-36.

Kalyvas, S.N. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War (New York: Cambridge University Press).

Kaufman, S.J. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War (New York: Cornell University Press), esp. Chapters 1 and 2.

Kaufman, S.J. 2006. 'Symbolic Politics or Rational Choice? Testing Theories of Extreme Ethnic Violence', in International Security 30: 4, pp. 45-86.

Kissane, B. 2000. ‘Nineteenth-Century Nationalism in Finland and Ireland: A Comparative Analysis’, in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 6: 2, pp. 25-42.

Laitin, D. 1998 ‘Identity and Ethnic Violence’, in Laitin, D. (ed.) 1998. Identity in Formation: The Russian Speaking Populations in the Near Abroad (Ithaca, NY: Cornell), ch. 12.

Marshall, M. G. and Gurr, T. R. 2003. Peace and Conflict 2003: A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-Determination Movements, and Democracy (College Park, MD: Integrated Network for Societal Conflict Research).

Newman, S. and Piroth, S. 1996. ‘Terror and Tolerance: The Use of Ballots, Bombs and Bullets by Ethnoregional Movements in Advanced Industrial Democracies’, in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 2: 3: 381-414.

Smith, A. D. 1981. 'War and Ethnicity: The Role of Warfare in the Formation, Self-Image and Cohesion of Ethnic Communities’, in Ethnic and Racial Studies 4: 4, pp. 375-397.

Snyder, J. and Jervis, R. 1999. ‘Civil War and the Security Dilemma’, in Walter, B. and Snyder, J. (eds.) Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention (New York: Columbia University Press), pp. 15-37 .

Snyder, J. L. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict (New York: W. W. Norton).

Stewart, P. J. and Strathern, A. 2002. Violence: Theory and Ethnography (London: Continuum).

Tilly, C. 2003. The Politics of Collective Violence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Van den Berghe, P. (ed.) 1990. State, Violence and Ethnicity (Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado).

Varshney, A. 2003. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India (New Haven, CT: Yale)

Wolff, S. and Cordell, K. 2006. Ethnic Conflict (Cambridge: Polity).

Genocide

Chalk, F. and Jonassohn, K. (eds.). 1990. The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies (New Haven: Yale University Press).

Cigar, N. 1995. Genocide in Bosnia: the Policy of ‘Ethnic Cleansing’ (College Station: Texas A and M University Press).

Fein, H. 1990. 'Genocide: a Sociological Perspective’, in Current Sociology 38: 1.

Goldhagen, D. J. 1996. Hitler's Willing Executioners (London: Little, Brown).

Horowitz, D. 2001. The Deadly Ethnic Riot (Berkeley: University of California Press), ch. 13.

Kiernan, B. 2001. ‘The Ethnic Element in the Cambodian Genocide’, in Chirot, D and Seligman, M.E.P. (eds.) Ethnopolitical Warfare: Causes, Consequences, and Possible Solutions (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), pp. 83-91

Marrus, M. 1989. The Holocaust in History (London: Penguin).

Melson, R. 1992. Revolution and Genocide: on the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust (Chicago : University of Chicago Press ).

Power, S. 2002. ‘A Problem from Hell’: America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Harper Collins).

Prunier, G. (2001). ‘Genocide in Rwanda’, in Chirot, D and Seligman, M.E.P. (eds.) Ethnopolitical Warfare: Causes, Consequences, and Possible Solutions (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), pp. 109-116

Rummel, R. J. 1994. Death by Government (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers), esp. ch 1 and conclusion.

Ethnic Cleansing

Birch, Julian. 1995. ‘Ethnic Cleansing in the Caucasus’, in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 1: 4, pp. 90-107.

Carmichael, C. 2002. Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition (London: Routledge).

Conquest, R. 1970. The Nation Killers. The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities (New York: Macmillan), ch.2.

Mann, M. 2004. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); see also symposium on the book in volume 4, 2006 of Political Studies Review.

Palmer, A. 1992. ‘Ethnocide,’ in Dobkowski, M N. and Walliman, I. (eds.) Genocide in Our Time: An Annotated Bibliography with Analytical Introductions (Ann Arbor: Pierian Press), ch. 1.

Taylor, J G. 1991 ‘As Bad as Biafra: Population Resettlement and Starvation,’ in Taylor, J. (ed.) Indonesia's Forgotten War. The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books).

10. Micro-foundations of Civil War: Outbidding, Spoilers, Militias

Required:

Horowitz, D. L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. (Berkeley, University of California Press), chs. 8 and 12.

Kalyvas, S.N. 2003. ‘The Ontology of ‘Political Violence’: Action and Identity in Civil Wars’, in Perspectives on Politics 1:3, pp. 475-94.

Recommended:

Bakke, K. 2009. 'Shirts Today, Skins Tomorrow: The Effects of Fragmentation on Civil War Processes and Outcomes', in ISA Conference Paper.

Collier, P. and Hoeffler, A. 2004. ‘Greed and Grievance in Civil War’, in Oxford Economic Papers-New Series 56:4, pp. 563-595.

Fotini, Ch. 2008. ‘Following the Money: Muslim versus Muslim in Bosnia’s Civil War’, in Comparative Politics July.

Giraldo, J. K. and, Trinkunas, H. A. (eds.) 2007. Terrorism Financing and State Responses: A Comparative Perspective (Stanford: Stanford University Press).

Humphreys, M. and Weinstein, J. ‘Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War,’ in American Journal of Political Science April.

Humphreys, Macartan and Jeremy Weinstein. 2006. ‘Handling and Manhandling Civilians in Civil War’, American Political Science Review 100. (3): 429-447

Johnston, P. B. 2007. ‘Negotiated Settlements and Government Strategy in Civil Wars: Evidence from Darfur’, in Civil Wars 9: 4, pp. 359-377.

Kalyvas, S.N. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War (New York: Cambridge University Press).

Kalyvas, S.N. and Kocher, M.A. 2007. ‘Ethnic Cleavages and Irregular War: Iraq and Vietnam’, in Politics and Society 35:2, pp. 183-223.

Kaufmann C. 1996. ‘Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars’, in International Security 20:4, pp. 136–7.

Kydd, A. and Walter, B. 2006. 'The Strategies of Terrorism', in International Security 31: 1, pp. 49-62.

Sambanis, N. 2001. ‘Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes?’, in Journal of Conflict Resolution 45: 4, pp. 259-82.

Shapiro, J. 2007. ‘Terrorist Organizations’ Vulnerabilities and Inefficiencies: A Rational Choice Perspective’, in Giraldo, J. and Trinkunas, H. (eds.) Terrorism Financing and State Responses: A Comparative Perspective. (Stanford: Stanford University Press).

Walter, B. F. 2006. ‘Building Reputation: Why Governments Fight Some Separatists but Not Others’, in American Journal of Political Science 50: 2, pp. 313-330.

Walter, B. F. and Kydd, A. 2002. ‘Sabotaging the Peace: The Politics of Extremist Violence’, in International Organization 56: 2, pp. 263-296.

Weinstein, J. 2007. Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. (New York: Cambridge University Press).

Ethnic Outbidding and Spoilers. (non-RCT pespectives):

Bloom, M. 2004. 'Palestinian Suicide Bombing: Public Support, Marketshare, and Outbidding’, in Political Science Quarterly 119: 1, pp. 61-88.

Boyle, M. J. 2008. 'Bargaining, Fear, and Denial: Explaining Violence against Civilians in Iraq 2004-2007’, paper presented at International-Studies-Association.

Greenhill, K.M. and Major, S. 2007. ‘The Perils of Profiling: Civil War Spoilers and the Collapse of Intrastate Peace Accords’, in International Security 31: 3, pp. 7-40.

Kaufman, S. J. 2006. 'Symbolic Politics or Rational Choice? Testing Theories of Extreme Ethnic Violence', in International Security 30: 4, pp. 45-86.

Kaufman, S.J. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War (New York: Cornell University Press), esp. Chapters 1 and 2.

Mitchell, P. 1995. 'Party competition in an ethnic dual party system', in Ethnic and Racial Studies 18: 4, pp. 773-96.

Mitchell, P.; Evans, G and O'Leary, B. 2009. 'Extremist Outbidding in Ethnic Party Systems is Not Inevitable: Tribune Parties in Northern Ireland', in Political Studies, 57: 2, pp 397-421.

Moghadam, A. 2009. 'Motives for Martyrdom Al-Qaida, Salafi Jihad, and the Spread of Suicide Attacks’, in International Security 33: 3, pp. 46– 63.

Seymour, L. 2008. ‘Fragmentation in Civil Wars: The Micropolitics of Insurgency and Factional Conflict in Sudan’, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, 26-29 March.

Staniland, P. 2014. Networks of Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion and Collapse (Cornell: Cornell University Press).

Stedman, S. ‘Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes’, in International Security 22:2, pp. 5-53.

Toft, M. D. 2003. The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory (Princeton University Press).

Toft, M. D. 2006. ‘Indivisible Territory, Geographic Concentration, and Ethnic War’, in Security Studies 12:2, pp. 82-119.

11. Democratisation and Ethnic Parties

Required:

Horowitz, D.L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press), ch. 5.

Snyder, J. L. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict (New York: W W Norton), ch. 1.

Recommended:

Case: Africa and Asia: Ethnic Parties and Party Systems

Horowitz, D L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. (Berkeley: University of California Press), chs.5, 7 and 8.

Nationalism and Democracy: Flip Sides of the Same Coin?

Calhoun C. 1993. 'Nationalism And Civil-Society - Democracy, Diversity and Self- Determination’, in International Sociology, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 387-411.

Conversi, D. 1997. The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilization (London: Hurst), ch. 6.

Corbridge, S. and Harriss, J. 2000. Reinventing India: Liberalization, Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy (Cambridge: Polity).

Forsythe, D. P. 1992. 'Democracy, War and Covert Action’, in Journal of Peace Research 29: 4, pp. 385-95.

Glickman, H. (ed.) 1995. Ethnic Conflict and Democratisation in Africa (Atlanta, GA: African Studies Association Press).

Hansen, T.B. 2001. The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India (New Delhi and Oxford: OUP).

Harris, E. 2002. Nationalism and Democratisation: the Politics of Slovakia and Slovenia (Aldershot and Burlington, VT: Ashgate).

Keller, J. 1992. 'Nationalism as an Unintended Consequence of the Democratization of Society’, in Sociologicky Casopis 28: 1, pp. 38-48.

Linz, J.J. and Stepan, A. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Js Hopkins), chs. 1 and 2.

MacFarlane, S. 1997. 'Democratization, Nationalism and Regional Security in the Southern Caucasus’, in Government and Opposition 32. (3): 399-420.

Mann, M. 2004. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). See also symposium on the book in volume 4, 2006 of Political Studies Review.

Mansfield, E.D. and Snyder, J. 1995. ' Democratization and the Danger of War’, in International Security 20: 1. , pp. 5-38.

Matic, D. 1999. 'Understanding the Role of Nationalism in New Democracies’, in Collegium Antropologicum 23: 1, pp. 231-324.

O' Leary, B. 1997. 'On the Nature of Nationalism: A Critical Appraisal of Ernest Gellner's Writings on Nationalism’, in British Journal of Political Science 27: 2.

Ottaway, M. 1994. Democratization and Ethnic Nationalism: African and Eastern European Experiences (Overseas Development Council).

Pfaff, S. 2002. ‘Nationalism, Charisma, and Plebiscitary Leadership: The Problem of Democratization in Max Weber's Political Sociology’, in Sociological Inquiry 72: 1, pp. 81-107 .

Ringmar, E. 1998. 'Nationalism: the Idiocy of Intimacy’, in British Journal of Sociology 49: 4, pp. 534-549.

Rizman, R. 2000. 'The Relevance of Nationalism for Democratic Citizenship’, in Javnost- The Public 7: 1, pp. 5-13.

Rothschild, J. 1981. Ethnopolitics: a Conceptual Framework (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981).

Snyder, J. L. 2000. From Voting To Violence: Democratization And Nationalist Conflict (New York: W W Norton).

Spencer, P. and Wollmann, H. 2002. Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. (London: Sage), ch. 5.

Tismaneanu, V. 1998. Fantasies of Salvation: Democracy, Nationalism and Myth in Post-Communist Europe (Princeton ; Chichester : Princeton University Press).

Wimmer, A. 2002. Nationalist Exclusion and Ethnic Conflict: Shadows of Modernity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), esp. ch. 3.

Zakaria F. 1997.The Rise of Illiberal Democracy, in Foreign Affairs 76: 6, pp. 22-43.

Zuo, J. and Benford, R. 1995. 'Mobilization Processes and the 1989 Chinese Democracy Movement’, in Sociological Quarterly 36: 1, pp. 131-156.

Nationalism vs. Democracy

Berezin, M. 1999. 'Democracy and its Others in a Global Polity - Introduction’, in International Sociology 14: 3, pp. 227-243.

Dzur, A.W. 2002. 'Nationalism, Liberalism, and Democracy’, in Political Research Quarterly 55: 1, pp. 191-211.

Nedelsky N. 2003. 'Constitutional Nationalism's Implications for Minority Rights and Democratization: the Case of Slovakia', in Ethnic and Racial Studies 26: 1, pp. 102-128.

Oommen, T. K. 1994. 'Religious Nationalism and Democratic Polity - The Indian Case’, in Sociology of Religion 55: 4, pp. 455-472.

Starr, H. 1997. 'Democracy and Integration: Why Democracies Don't Fight Each Other’, in Journal of Peace Research 34: 2, pp. 153-62.

Ward, M. and Gleditsch, K. 1998. 'Democratising for Peace’, in American Political Science Review 92: 1, pp. 51-61.

Party Systems and Ethnic Parties

Bogaards, M. 2003. ‘Electoral Choices for Divided Societies: Multi-Ethnic Parties and Constituency Pooling in Africa’, in Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 41: 3, pp.59-80.

Chandra, K. 2004. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Headcounts in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Mozaffar, S.; Scarritt, J.R. and Galaich, G. 2003. ‘Electoral Institutions, Ethnopolitical Cleavages, and Party Systems in Africa’s Emerging Democracies’, in American Political Science Review 97: August, pp.379–90.

Norris, P. and Mattes, R. 2003. ‘Does Ethnicity Determine Support for the Governing Party? The Structural and Attitudinal Basis of Partisan Identification in 12 African Nations’, in KSG Working Paper Series RWP03-009. Available at

12. Secularisation Debate

Required:

Bruce, S. (ed.). 2002. God is Dead (Oxford: Blackwell), chs. 1, 3, 11 and 12.

Huntington, S. P. 1996. Clash of Civilizations (London: Simon and Schuster), pp 95-101. (‘La Revanche de Dieu’)

Recommended:

Secularisation Debate

Barker, E.; Beckford, J. and Dobbelaere, K. (eds.) 1993. Secularization, Rationalism and Sectarianism: Essays in Honour of Bryan Wilson (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Bogomilova, N. 2004. ‘Reflections on the Contemporary Religious ‘Revival’: Religion, Secularization, Globalization’, in Religion in Eastern Europe 24:4, pp. 1-10.

Bruce, S. (ed.) 1992. Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Bruce, S. 1996. Religion in the Modern World Oxford University Press), ch. 4 and 5.

Bruce, S. 1999. ‘Modernisation, Religious Diversity and Rational Choice in Eastern Europe’, in Religion, State and Society 27:3-4, pp. 265-276.

Bruce, S. 2001. ‘Christianity in Britain, R.I.P’, in Sociology of Religion Summer 62:2, pp. 191-203.

Duke, J.T. and Jackson, B.L. 1989. ‘The Stages of Religious Transformation: a Study of 200 Nations’, in Review of Religious Research March 30:3, pp. 209-225.

Kaufmann, E. 2008. 'Human Development and the Demography of Secularisation in Global Perspective', in Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 4.

Lambert, Y. 1999 ‘Religion in Modernity as a New Axial Age: Secularization or New Religious Forms?’ in Sociology of Religion Fall 60: 3, pp. 303-334.

Martin, D. 1993. A General Theory of Secularization (Aldershot: Gregg Revivals), ch. 2.

Martin, D. 2005. On Secularization (Aldershot: Ashgate).

Norris, P. and Inglehart, R. 2004. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Putnam, R and Campbell, D E. 2010. American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us (New York: Simon and Schuster), esp. ch 4.

Sommerville, C.J. 2002. ‘Stark’s Age of Faith Argument and the Secularization of Things: A Commentary’, in Sociology of Religion Fall 63:3, pp. 361-372.

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