BORN FREE AND EQUAL - OHCHR

[Pages:104]BORN FREE

AND EQUAL

Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics in International Human Rights Law

Second Edition

? 2019 United Nations Second edition: HR/PUB/12/06/Rev.1

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United Nations publication issued by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).

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First edition: HR/PUB/12/06 ? 2012 United Nations All worldwide rights reserved

Second Edition

New York and Geneva, 2019

CONTENTS

FOREWORD............................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................... 1 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................... 5 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................ 7 CORE LEGAL OBLIGATIONS OF STATES WITH RESPECT TO PROTECTING THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF LGBTI PERSONS.................................. 9

I. PROTECT INDIVIDUALS FROM VIOLENCE............................................. 12

A. POSITIONS TAKEN BY UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS MECHANISMS................................................................................. 13

B. TARGETED KILLINGS.......................................................................... 14

C. OTHER VIOLENCE, INCLUDING SEXUAL VIOLENCE............................ 17

D. INCITEMENT TO VIOLENCE AND HATE SPEECH................................. 21

E. ASYLUM CLAIMS.............................................................................. 23

F. CONCLUSION................................................................................. 25

II. PREVENT TORTURE AND CRUEL, INHUMAN AND DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT............................................................ 26

A. POSITIONS TAKEN BY UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS MECHANISMS................................................................................. 27

B. ARREST AND DETENTION................................................................. 28 Physical and sexual violence............................................................... 29 Anal examinations............................................................................. 31 Solitary confinement.......................................................................... 32 Respecting the identity of transgender persons in detention..................... 33 Monitoring and oversight................................................................... 33

C. MEDICAL SETTINGS.......................................................................... 34 Surgery and other interventions on intersex children and adults.............. 35 Forced and otherwise involuntary sterilization and treatment of transgender people........................................................................... 37 So-called "conversion therapies"......................................................... 38

D. CONCLUSION................................................................................. 39

Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics

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III. REPEAL DISCRIMINATORY LAWS......................................................... 40 A. POSITIONS TAKEN BY UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS MECHANISMS................................................................................. 41 B. CRIMINALIZATION OF SAME-SEX RELATIONS..................................... 42 C. DEATH PENALTY............................................................................... 46 D. CRIMINALIZATION OF LESBIAN AND BISEXUAL WOMEN................... 48 E. CRIMINALIZATION OF TRANSGENDER PEOPLE................................... 48 F. LAWS ON "DEBAUCHERY", "VAGRANCY" AND SEX WORK USED TO TARGET LGBT PEOPLE.................................................................. 50 G. CONCLUSION................................................................................. 51

IV. PROHIBIT AND ADDRESS DISCRIMINATION.......................................... 52 A. POSITIONS TAKEN BY UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS MECHANISMS................................................................................. 54 B. PARTICULAR AREAS OF CONCERN.................................................... 55 C. DISCRIMINATION ON MULTIPLE GROUNDS....................................... 56 D. HEALTH............................................................................................ 56 E. PATHOLOGIZATION.......................................................................... 60 F. EDUCATION..................................................................................... 61 G. EMPLOYMENT.................................................................................. 63 H. HOUSING........................................................................................ 65 I. RECOGNITION OF GENDER IDENTITY............................................... 67 J. ACCESS TO JUSTICE AND REMEDY................................................... 69 K. FAMILIES AND COMMUNITY............................................................. 72 L. RECOGNITION OF RELATIONSHIPS................................................... 73 M. POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND CONSULTATION................................ 75 N. CONCLUSION................................................................................. 77

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BORN FREE AND EQUAL

V. RESPECT FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATION.................................................................................. 78 A. POSITIONS TAKEN BY UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS MECHANISMS................................................................................. 79 B. LEGAL RESTRICTIONS ON FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION, ASSOCIATION AND PEACEFUL ASSEMBLY......................................... 79 C. OTHER DISCRIMINATORY RESTRICTIONS........................................... 81 D. PROTECTION FROM ATTACKS AND THREATS..................................... 83 E. ONLINE RESTRICTIONS..................................................................... 85 F. RESTRICTIONS ON FUNDING OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS.... 86 G. CONCLUSION................................................................................. 87

VI. CONCLUSION.................................................................................. 89

ADDITIONAL UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS RESOURCES........... 90

Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics

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