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Name________________________________________________ Date_________Hour_______NOTESSociologyDeviance and Social Control (Ch. 8)Nature of Deviance deviance – There are so many norms governing behavior, occasional __________________________________people are considered deviant for ________________________, or committing an act that has _________________________________________________________________Two Components when Labeling Devianceto be considered deviant by society, an individual must first be _________________ committing a deviant act, (__________________________________)the individual must be _________________ by society_______ – mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of societyWhat is considered “deviant” varies from society to society and during different time periods Social Functions of Deviance____________________ - The Rules of Sociological Method : deviance has some uses in social lifeClarifying Norms – defines the _______________ of acceptable behavior, _____________ serves as a warning to others__________________________ – serves to draw the line between _________________ members of society and “______________” (the nonconforming members)reinforces sense of community and belief in shared values_______________________ – acts that allow individuals to relieve tension without disrupting the basic fabric of societyunauthorized demonstrationsPromoting ___________________ – can help prompt social change by identifying problem areasProviding _________ – provides legitimate jobs judges, lawyers, police officers, prison personnel, parole officers, crime reporters____________________ – social scientists who study criminal behavior Theories of Deviance________________ - American society places high value on certain goals, not everyone has access to legitimate means to achieve these goals_______________ - as the __________ outgrowth of values, norms, and structures of societyunder the strain of incompatible goals and means, individuals fall victim to anomie__________ – situation that arises when the _______________________________________ or are no longer applicableleaves individuals without guidelines for behavior________________________ suggests that individuals respond to the culturally approved goals and legitimate means of achieving goals in ___ ways:1. __________________: many accept culturally approved goals and means2. __________________: accept cultural goals, but do not accept the approved means to reaching these goals, devise new means for achieving goals and then violate accepted norms (become deviants)3. _______________: find it impossible to achieve cultural goals by acceptable means, they abandon the goals while continuing expected rules of behavior4. _______________: reject both cultural goals and acceptable means of attaining them, may drop out of society5. ______________: want to substitute a new set of goals and means for the approved setConflict Theorists – struggle between those who possess power and those who do notpeople with power commit deviant acts to _________________________people without power commit deviant acts to ______________________________ or because of low self-esteem and feelings of powerlessness________________________ - Conflict Theory:_________________________________________________________________lower class has limited opportunity, forced into deviant behaviorto protect their power, ruling class establishes ideologies to explain deviance as a problem among lower classlaw enforcement are directed toward the types of crimes committed by lower classes results in ________________________people without power do not necessarily commit more crimes than others, but are the types of crimes that are most likely to be detected and punished___________________ natural--people with weak ties to the community (_______________________) learned – (___________________________________) label – (____________________________)control theory – social ties determine conformity, high integration causes conformitycommunities with strong social bonds have lower rates of deviance because strong social control over those who deviate_____________________ - Interactionist Perspective:control theory:people form bonds in 4 ways1. form _____________________ with others who accept the norms of societystrong belief in the _____________________of societyshow commitment to ___________________ societal values and goalsfully involved in ___________________ behavior and activitiesHirschi and ____________________ Interactionist Perspectivecontrol theory:--conformity is a result of _________________--people with strong self-control conform--___________________ determines a person’s level of self-control--children develop high levels of self-control _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Perspective_________________________ – based on socialization, deviance is a ____________________ through interaction with others, the norms and values being transmitted are deviant, the individual becomes socialized into deviant behavior rather than socially acceptable behaviorViews all individuals as conformistsThe difference between deviants and the rest of society is the norms the individual ______________to conform to_______________________ – the frequency and closeness of ________________ a person has with deviant and non-deviant individualsEdwin _____________: learning of deviant behavior occurs in primary groups_______________________: some show strong commitment to society’s norms yet still engage in deviancetechniques of _____________________ – people suspend their moral beliefs to commit deviant acts, learned through social interaction as a block on the controls that discourage deviant behaviorSykes and Matza __ Techniques of Neutralization1. Deny responsibility2. Deny injury3. Deny the victim4. Condemn authority5. Appeal to higher loyalties_____________________ – focuses on _____ individuals come to be identified as deviant, rather than why people perform deviant actsLemert and Beckerdeviance has 2 types: __________ and _____________primary deviance – _________________________________ by those in authority, occasional acts and well concealed acts, do not consider themselves deviant and neither does societysecondary deviance – results in the individual being _________________ and accepting the label as true_________________________ – public setting, individual is denounced, found guilty, or given ______________________________, people are judged in light of their new label, ___________________________, restricts options in society, ___________________________Crime and Statistics crime - limits on statistics:not all complaints make it to official stats of formal reports_________________________________ (family or friends)only file formal reports on serious crime_______________________________ to file a formal report based on attitude of individual making the complaint (power or prestige?) Types of Crime in the United States____________ Crime – includes murder, robbery, rape, aggravated assault; most victims are African Americans; small percent of all crimes committedCrime ________________________ – stealing or damaging other’s property; includes burglary, larceny (theft other than auto), vehicle theft, arson; more common than violent crimes (1 every 3 seconds)_____________Crime – includes prostitution, illegal gambling, illegal drug use; offender is the only victim_____________________ Crime – committed by high-status individuals in the course of their professions (politicians, corporate employees); includes fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement; estimate costs of $300 billion _______________Crime – the pursuit of crime as a big business, use legitimate business as a front for criminal activities___________________ – American _____________ ____________ System____________ – have most immediate control over who is arrested for a criminal actpolice _________________ – police have the power to decide who is actually arrestedsize of population, number of criminal offenses, and number of police officers make discretion necessaryfactors that influence police discretion: _______________ of offense, wishes of the victim, _______________ of suspect, presence of ______________, __________________________________ - practice of assuming that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crime than white AmericansCourts – determine the _________ or _______________ of an accused person by means of a ________ and assigns some form of ______________ if there is a guilty finding90% of all case are settled through plea bargaining_______________________ – process of _____________________ that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentencesallows courts to reduce volume of caseloads and avoid expensive and time-consuming trials_______________ – ___________ (prison, parole, probation) used to punish those found guilty of crimessanctions serve __ functions1. retribution: 2. ____________________: discourage offenders from committing future crimes3. rehabilitation: _____ criminals so they can return to society as law-abiding citizens4. social protection: ________________________ – term for ______________________________ --____% of released prisoners will be charged with new crimes--41% will return to prison within ___ years___________________ System – used to punish offenders __________________________developed in the 1960scourts must guarantee juveniles ___________________________________________________try to provide more services________________________________ for serious offensesName________________________________________________ Date_________Hour_______SociologyFrontline: Prison StateBackground:The United States puts more people behind bars than any other country in the world. It has about 5 percent of the world’s population yet holds about 25 percent of the world’s incarcerated individuals. Each year, the U.S. spends over $50 billion to house 2.3 million inmates in federal, state, and local lockup and correctional facilities. According to 2013 Bureau of Justice Statistics, 716 out of every 100,000 people living in the U.S. were incarcerated (living in prisons or jails). Just counting adults, the figure was closer to 1 in 100.There is a clear racial and ethnic component to incarceration. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, blacks (including Hispanic blacks) make up about 14 percent of the U.S. population. Yet in 2009, blacks accounted for nearly 40 percent of the total prison and jail population. Overall, in 2010, black men were more than six times as likely as white men to be incarcerated. This disparity has contributed to the rise of protest movements that we learn about in the news and social media, including the Stop Mass Incarceration Network, co-founded by Dr. Cornell West.Between 1980 and 2008, the incarcerated population in the U.S. quadrupled. Most of this increase was caused by changes in sentencing law and policy, not an increase in crime. In fact, according to the U.S. Department of Justice and the FBI, the number of criminal offenses dropped nearly 17 percent during that time. Many of the sentencing changes were made during Republican administrations in response to the crime rates of the 1960s and 1970s and to support the national “War on Drugs.” Mandatory minimum sentences for certain offenses, including drug possession, “three strikes” laws for repeat criminal offenders, and stricter parole and early release eligibility requirements, resulted in more prison sentences and longer time served. While the number of violent crimes has declined in the U.S., more and more people being locked up today are nonviolent offenders with no prior criminal record.Because correctional costs are expensive, some states have attempted to reform their criminal justice programs. In Kentucky, a 2011 law allows nonviolent offenders early release, offering medical and mental health assistance to ease their transition back into society and reduce recidivism (a relapse into criminal behavior). Other state efforts focus on drug-sentencing reform and investments in rehabilitation programs to reduce the prison population.To date, the results of state reform efforts are mixed. In other parts of the world, sentencing and corrections strategies have led to lower recidivism rates than in the U.S. For example, some European nations, including Germany and the Netherlands, are more inclined to issue fines and community service over jail time. One of their guiding principles is to keep nonviolent, convicted criminals as a part of society as much as possible, so that incarceration does not become their standard way of life. Over the long term, these strategies have saved money.In the 1980s, as the incarcerated population rose in the United States, demand for more prison space and costs to individual states grew. The result was the development of privately run prisons. Private prison operators are for-profit companies, many of which issue stock shares. Arguably, their financial success is tied to a higher prison population. In fact, some of these companies require states that do business with them to fill prison beds or else reimburse the companies for empty spots. Some experts claim that while private prison operators may not have been responsible for the explosion in the prison population, they help sustain it today.1. How does the perception that, in high poverty areas, “whether you follow the rules or you don’t, you are going to jail” affects the psychology of children in these communities? In particular, how would it impact their approach to school, personal safety, and connections with other people inside and outside their community?2. What is the impact on children when someone in their family or neighborhood is incarcerated?3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of zero tolerance policies on juveniles, the schools they go to, and the communities in which they live. Do you feel they are effective overall? Why or why not?4. Research indicates that when a juvenile becomes involved in the juvenile justice system, he or she is more likely to be involved again in adulthood. Why do you think this is the case? What effect do you think this has on young juveniles who become involved in the system? Do you think anything can break this cycle? Chapter 8: Deviance and Social ControlTeen Drug and Alcohol UseStatistics Source: . What percentage of students admitted to alcohol use in the past 30 days? Your Estimate:12th Grade10th Grade8th GradeActual:12th Grade10th Grade8th Grade2. What percentage of students admitted to cigarette use in the past 30 days? Your Estimate:12th Grade10th Grade8th GradeActual:12th Grade10th Grade8th Grade3. What percentage of students admitted to illicit drug use in the past 30 days? Your Estimate:12th Grade10th Grade8th GradeActual:12th Grade10th Grade8th Grade4. What percentage of high school seniors have smoked marijuana in the past year? Your Estimate:2008Actual:200820102010201220125. What is the average IQ drop for a person with marijuana dependence between ages 13 and 38? Your Estimate:Actual:6. What percentage of high school seniors reported using the following drugs in the past year?Prescription/Over the Counter (OTC)Your Estimates:AdderallVicodinCold MedsTranquilizersOxycontinRitalinMethaqualone/Qualudes Actual:AdderallVicodinCold MedsTranquilizersOxycontinRitalinMethaqualone/QualudesIllicit (Illegal) DrugsYour Estimates:MarijuanaPowder CocaineCrackMethamphetamineHeroinBath Salts Actual:MarijuanaPowder CocaineCrackMethamphetamineHeroinBath Salts ................
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