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Irish Immigration to the USA Background Reading Supplement to the Film "Far and Away"82359552260500for English Language LearnersCropped image "Statue of Liberty" by Rick Zern is in the Public Domain, CC0Anthony SilvaKapi‘olani Community College2225040525145Unless otherwise noted, this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Preface PAGEREF _Toc324664182 \h 4Tenant Farmers in Ireland PAGEREF _Toc324664183 \h 5Reasons for Immigration PAGEREF _Toc324664184 \h 6Culture Shock PAGEREF _Toc324664185 \h 7The Irish in America PAGEREF _Toc324664186 \h 8Waves of Immigration PAGEREF _Toc324664187 \h 9Oklahoma Land Runs PAGEREF _Toc324664188 \h 10Sources PAGEREF _Toc324664189 \h 11PrefaceThis text was designed for intermediate-level English language learners (multilinguals) as a background information supplement to the film Far and Away. In was first used in Intermediate English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL 92) at Kapi‘olani Community College in spring 2016. Anthony SilvaMay 4, 2016Tenant Farmers in IrelandIn Ireland in the 19th Century, tenant farming was very common. Tenant farming is an agricultural production system. In this system, landowners contribute their land and tenant farmers contribute their labor. (A tenant farmer is someone who resides on land owned by a landlord.) Tenants paid rent to their landlords in cash, labor, or product. They also had to pay taxes to the Church and the State. Tenant rights over the land varied. In some cases, the landlord could evict the tenant at any time. In other cases, the landowner and tenant signed a contract for a specific number of years. Until about 1900, landlords owned the majority of land in Ireland. In fact, landlords owned 97% of the land in Ireland in 1870. The majority of the people had no access to land. Many tenant farmers had very few rights. The abuse of tenant farmers led to widespread immigration to the United States. Cropped image "Eviction" is in the Public DomainReasons for ImmigrationIndividuals, families, and other groups of people immigrate to other countries for various reasons. Experts generally categorize these reasons into two main groups: push factors and pull factors. Push factors are aspects of the old country that push people away from that country. They are unfavorable aspects of that country. Some push factors include lack of jobs, famine, persecution, lack of freedom, and war. Pull factors, on the other hand, are aspects of the new country that pull people towards that country. They are favorable aspects of that country. Some pull factors include job opportunities, education, security, and better living conditions. Most people probably immigrate for multiple reasons, or for a combination of push and pull factors. Some people, however, have no choice in the matter. They immigrate because other people, such as their parents, make the decision for them. Push factorsPull factorsNot enough jobsFew opportunitiesFamine or droughtPolitical fear or persecutionSlavery or forced laborPoor medical careLoss of wealthNatural disastersDeath threatsPollutionPoor housingDiscriminationPoor chances of marryingWarJob and other life opportunitiesBetter living conditionsPolitical or religious freedomEnjoymentEducationBetter medical careAttractive climatesSecurityFamily linksIndustryBetter chances of marryingCulture ShockMany people around the world visit or move to new countries. In the new country, some of these people experience culture shock. Culture shock is a personal feeling of confusion. This confusion comes from experiencing an unfamiliar way of life in a new country. Culture shock consists of four distinct phases. In the first stage, the honeymoon stage, people find the sights, sounds, food, and inhabitants of the new country interesting or exciting. In the next phase, the rejection phase, differences between the old and new cultures become noticeable. These differences may create anxiety. In this stage, people may experience hardships, such as language barriers, safety issues, and food quality. The earlier feelings of excitement may become unpleasant feelings of frustration and anger. In the third phase, the adjustment phase, people grow accustomed to the new culture. They also develop routines. They become familiar with most situations in the new culture. They also develop problem-solving skills for dealing with the culture. The culture begins to make sense to them. In the final stage, the acceptance phase, people are able to participate comfortably in the new culture. They overcome many of their previous hardships. They become bicultural. Not everyone experiences culture shock. Not everyone goes through every phase of culture shock, either. But many people in new countries probably experience some of these feelings. "P culture" by Palosirkka is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0The Irish in AmericaIn the middle half of the nineteenth century, approximately half of the population of Ireland immigrated to the United States. The majority of immigrants immigrated because of civil unrest, severe unemployment, or extreme hardships at home. The Irish immigrants were poor, so they could not travel to other parts of the country. Instead, they settled in the cities where they landed. In 1850, approximately 80 percent of Irish immigrants lived in cities in the Northeast US. They created Irish-American neighborhoods, social clubs, and political organizations. Because vast numbers of Irish immigrated to America, hostility towards them was common. One reason for the opposition was religious. The Northeast US was mainly Protestant, but the Irish immigrants were Catholic. Another reason for the opposition was economic. Immigrants threatened and sometimes replaced Americans in low-paying jobs because the immigrants were willing to work for almost nothing in order to survive. Signs that read NINA — "No Irish Need Apply" — appeared throughout the country. Ethnic and anti-Catholic rioting occurred in many northern US cities. Over time, however, the Irish in America began to occupy important government and industry positions. Today, Ireland has just half the population that it had in the early 1840s. There are now more Irish Americans than there are Irish nationals. "Irish immigrants in Kansas City, Missouri" by Jeanne Boleyn is in the Public DomainWaves of ImmigrationSince the founding of the United States of America in 1776, immigration to the US has occurred in waves. The first wave occurred from the late 1700's to the early 1800's, and the second wave occurred from the early to the mid 1800's. In these two waves, immigrants mostly came from English-speaking and other Northern European countries, such as England, Ireland, France, and Germany. The third wave, from the mid-1800's to the early 1900's, included a large number of immigrants from countries in Southern and Eastern Europe, such as Spain, Italy, Poland, and Russia, as well as a smaller number from Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan. As a response to the large increase in immigration, the US government passed the Immigration Act of 1924. This new law limited the number of immigrants that could enter the US. It put quotas on the number of immigrants from each country. The law created a lull in immigration. In 1965, the US government passed the Immigration and Nationality Act, which relaxed immigration restrictions. The fourth wave of immigration began shortly after this law was passed, and continues today. The largest number of immigrants today comes from Asian and Latin American countries. Oklahoma Land RunsIn the late 19th Century, the US government decided to open government land in the Oklahoma Territory to settlers. One of the ways that the government distributed the land was via land runs. In a land run, people line up and then race to the plot of land that they want. The first one to arrive at a plot of land can claim it. The government conducted many land runs in the late 1800s. The Land Run of 1893 was the largest land run in US history. More than 100,000 settlers traveled to northwest Oklahoma on foot, by horse, by wagon, and by train for the land run. This land run opened approximately 6 million acres of land. It began at noon on September 16, 1893. Some people, however, entered the land area early. They hid near the best plots of land, and then claimed their land shortly after the start of the land run. These settlers obtained their land illegally. Nevertheless, many of these sooners were never discovered and kept possession of the land that they claimed. 52070030480000"States and territories of the United States of America" by Golbez is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0SourcesCover pageImage "Statue of Liberty" by Rick Zern made available under a Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication; view a copy of this dedication at . Retrieved May 1, 2016 from Farmers in IrelandText adapted from "Tenant Farmer" made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; view a copy of this license at . Retrieved January 20, 2016 from "Eviction" is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 70 years or less; retrieved January 20, 2016 from File:Family_evicted_by_their_landlord_during_the_Irish_Land_War_c1879.jpgReasons for ImmigrationText adapted from "Human Migration" made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; view a copy of this license at . Retrieved February 2, 2016 from ShockText adapted from "Culture Shock" made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; view a copy of this license at . Retrieved January 10, 2014 from "P culture" by Palosirkka licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; view a copy of this license at . Retrieved January 15, 2016 from Irish in AmericaText adapted from "Irish and German Immigration" made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License; view a copy of this license at . Retrieved February 20, 2016 from "Irish immigrants in Kansas City, Missouri" by Jeanne Boleyn is in the public domain; retrieved February 20, 2016 from of ImmigrationLicensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit source: Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, retrieved May 1, 2016 from Land RunsLicensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit "States and Territories of the United States of America July 3, 1890 to July 10, 1890" by Golbez is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit . File retrieved March 10, 2016 from ................
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