The Periodic Table



The Periodic Table

Study Guide

Essential Question: What is left to create?

You learned that everything is made up of cells. Cells were living things able to think, grow, and eat. Yet, there are things even smaller than cells called ATOMS! The atom is what the periodic table is all about. An atom is NOT living. In this short theme you will understand the BASICS of how atoms work, and why we need the Periodic Table to display these atoms in order. What is amazing is that everything you see around you comes from the periodic table. The atoms on the periodic table are the “ingredients” for cooking and baking things. For example do you want to make sugar? Stir together twelve carbon atoms, twenty-two hydrogen atoms, and eleven oxygen atoms and “bake” them and you get sugar. The formula for sugar is C12H22O11.

Watch this video to understand how the Periodic Table was invented

On the following page you will see a color-coded example of how these atoms are placed on the table. Below are pictures of what atoms look like, and what they mean on the Periodic Table. We will go over these pictures in class multiple times.

If you noticed that each atom has a number that number will tell you how many PROTONS that atom has. Protons have a positive charge in the atom.

Protons can always be found in the center of the nucleus along with NEUTRONS, which do not have any charge.

ELECTRONS can always be found orbiting (circling) the nucleus of the atom. Electrons have a negative charge.

In a stable atoms protons, neutrons, and electrons always have the same amount of each to balance the atom out. If an atom has extra or is missing protons, neutrons, or electrons when it joins with other atoms they are called ions and eventually become RADIOACTIVE towards the bottom of the table!

Can you use the Periodic Table to figure out what this diagram of an atom is called on the left? If you said OXYGEN you are correct. Did you see that it had 8 protons and oxygen is #8 on the Periodic Table!

The two atoms on the right combine and share an electron to form and make something you eat daily, yet one of the atoms in a different state is the exact same thing used to clean swimming pools in the summer. Say hello to the molecule of salt!

Here is the atomic bomb used to end WWII developed by none other than Albert Einstein. The atoms that were split to cause the damage were Uranium. Can you find that on the Periodic Table?

Believe it or no but many things you use today were discovered by accident from scientist who took the time to collect the data and look at the results.

Pop was discovered by accident as a way to try and cure a headache. Rubber tires were discovered by accident. (Isn’t that a great invention? Would we still be driving on wooden wheels like the olden days?) Potato chips were discovered by accident. Even Velcro was discovered by accident. Take time and look at all the inventions discovered by accident. LINK

Vocabulary Terms

Hypothesis: A guess or prediction about an outcome.

Variable: What you can change in the lab. Remember every lab should only have one variable to test. Your variable should be created from your hypothesis. For example a lot of students would bake something and leave an ingredient out to see if it would really affect the taste of the final project. What you left out would be the variable.

Control: What you don’t change and keep the same in a lab. Every lab needs to have a control item. Something you don’t change. For example if you tested to see if pop would affect the growth of a plant, one plant would be the control and would receive nothing different but regular sunlight and water. The second plant would received the pop as the variable. When you look at your data, you should compare the plant with pop to the control plant to document what you noticed.

Dependent Variable: This type of variable is what is affected during the experiment. This variable responds to the independent variable. This variable is also what you test for during the lab and measure the data from. Example: You are testing to see if the sunlight affects how fast a plant grows. You have control of the amount of light, but no control over the rate of photosynthesis. The rate of plant growth would be your dependent variable, and your amount of sunlight would be you independent variable.

Independent Variable: This is a variable that isn’t affected by anything else and can stand by itself.  This variable is changed by scientist, yet not measured.

Electron: The negative charge in an atom. (Do also remember that electrons are also what runs through wires and charges what we use daily from our Electricity Theme?)

Proton: The positive charge in the atom

Neutron: The part of the atom with no charge.

Nucleus: The center of both atoms and cells.

Chemical Bond: Is the attraction that holds atoms together to form new molecules.

Elements: An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom.

Molecule: A molecule is when elements begin to join together called chemical bonds. Generally a molecule is the same element glued together. A molecule can be multiple elements of the same thing like oxygen. (O3) is a molecule because it is all oxygen, just three of them. This type of molecule (O3) is called ozone. The air you breathe out is carbon dioxide. It is a molecular compound called (CO2). Do you see the molecule and the compound?

Compounds: A compound is generally two or more different elements chemical bonded together to make new materials they are generally bigger and more complex. Ethanol is a compound (C2H6O) because it contains three different elements. Compounds can also be made up of molecules. (C2) in (C2H6O) is a molecule. Baking soda is also a compound. Baking soda’s formula is (NaHCO3).

Ion: This is an atom with a charge. This is generally caused by the atom gaining or loosing an electron.

Carbon Dating: Every living thing has carbon in it. When it dies the carbon atoms in it break down and “die” at a slow rate. Scientist can “Carbon Date” something to see how old it is by determining how much of the carbon atoms are left. This process works for up to 50,00 years. After 50,000 years the carbon atoms are gone.

Potassium Dating: This process is exactly the same as “Carbon Dating.” Potassium Argon is also found in things and use used to help determine the age of something over 50,000 years old.

Atomic Mass: This number represents how much an atom weighs. Remember an atom is so small you can’t actually weigh it. Different machines and mathematical formulas give you an idea of what is weighs. We measure in inches. Atoms are measured in AMU’s – (Which means Atomic Mass Units)

Chemical Change: When you produce something new. Generally a chemical change can’t be reversed. Examples are burning wood, rust on cars, and eating food. Even cooking an egg is a chemical change because you can’t get the egg back to its original state.

Physical Change: When something still remains the same thing and is only changed by its size, shape, or state of matter. An example would be putting freezing water into ice, or dumping salt into water. If you evaporate the water would you not get all the salt back?

Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space. Air is an example of matter.

(NGSS-NEXT GENERATION SCIENCE STANDARD THEME ALIGNS TO!)

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