Chapter 4 Reading Guide



Chapter 12 Reading Guide

Personality

I. The Nature of Personality (pg. 469-471)

• Personality:

• Personality Trait:

• List 3 personality traits that describe you.

• Factor Analysis:

• Robert McCrae and Paul Costa’s Five-Factor Model of Personality (describe each):

o Extraversion:

o Neuroticism:

o Openness to Experience:

o Agreeableness:

o Conscientiousness:

II. Psychodynamic Perspective (pg. 472-481)

• Psychodynamic Theories:

Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory

• Psychoanalytic Theory:

• Structure of Personality

o Id:

▪ Pleasure Principle:

o Ego:

▪ Reality Principle

o Superego:

• Levels of Awareness

o Conscious:

o Preconscious:

o Unconscious:

• According to Freud, what are behaviors? Give an example using the id, ego, superego.

• Why did Freud emphasize sex and aggression?

• Defense Mechanisms:

Freudian Defense Mechanisms

|Defense Mechanism |Definition |Example |

| | | |

|Repression | | |

| | | |

|Projection | | |

| | | |

|Displacement | | |

| | | |

|Reaction Formation | | |

| | | |

|Regression | | |

| | | |

|Rationalization | | |

| | | |

|Identification | | |

• Describe one recent situation where you have used a defense mechanism. Which one was it?

• Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development

o Psychosexual Stages:

o Fixation:

1. Oral Stage

o Age range:

o Focus:

o Key Task:

o What happens if fixation occurs?

2. Anal Stage

o Age range:

o Focus:

o Key Task:

o What happens if fixation occurs?

3. Phallic Stage

o Age range:

o Focus:

o Key Task:

o Oedipal Complex:

o What happens if fixation occurs?

4. Latency Stage

o Age range:

o Focus:

o Key Task:

5. Genital Stage

o Age range:

o Focus:

o Key Task:

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

• 2 Layers of Unconscious

1. Personal Unconscious:

2. Collective Unconscious:

o Archetypes:

• Introverts vs. Extroverts

Adler’s Individual Psychology

• Prime goal of life: Striving for Superiority:

• Compensation:

• Inferiority Complex:

• Adler stressed the social context of personality development. An example of this is:

Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives

• What 4 aspects of the Psychdynamic Perspective has research supported?

1.

2.

3.

4.

• What 3 criticisms do psychologists have about the psychodynamic perspective?

1.

2.

3.

III. Behavioral Perspectives (pg. 481-486)

• Behaviorism:

Skinner’s Ideas Applied to Personality

• According to Skinner, what is a person’s personality?

• Explain an example of how operant conditioning can shape personality.

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

*Remember Bandura conducted did the Bobo Doll Experiment we covered in the learning chapter.

• How is Bandura’s Theory different from Skinner’s? What does Bandura emphasize?

• Reciprocal Determinism:

• Observational Learning:

• Model:

• Self-Efficacy:

Mischel and the Person-Situation Controversy

• What did Mischel’s research indicate about situations and consistency of behavior?

Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives

• What 3 criticisms do psychologists have about the behavioral perspective?

1.

2.

3.

IV. Humanistic Perspectives (pg. 487-491)

• Humanism:

• Phenomenological Approach:

Roger’s Person-Centered Theory

• Self-Concept:

• List one self-concept you have.

• Incongruence:

• According to Rogers, what happens when a child experiences conditional love? Unconditional love?

• According to Rogers, what causes anxiety? Explain this.

• What do people do to ward off anxiety?

Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization

• Hierarchy of Needs:

• Need for Self-Actualization:

• Self-Actualizing Person:

• In the space below, draw Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as a triangle. Label each space with the need and at least one example of that need. It might be helpful to do this in different colors.

Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives

• What 3 criticisms of the Humanistic Perspective do psychologists point out?

1.

2.

3.

V. Biological Perspectives (pg. 491-497)

• What are Eysenck’s 3 higher-order traits?

• According to Eysenck, what is personality determined by?

• What has research in behavioral genetics proven about personality traits?

• What does the evolutionary approach assert?

VI. A Contemporary Empirical Approach: Terror Management Theory (pg. 497-499)

Skip this section (

VII. Culture and Personality (pg. 499-501)

• What does personality research tentatively suggest about personality traits across cultures?

• Individualism:

• Collectivism:

• What view of self does American culture promote?

• What view of self do Asian cultures promote?

• Self-enhancement:

VIII. Personal Application: Personality Assessment Strategies (pg. 502-505)

• Self-Report Inventories:

• What is the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) originally designed for? What does it measure?

• What is an advantage to self-report inventories?

• What are some problems of self-report inventories?

• Projective Tests:

• What is the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)? How is it interpreted?

• What are the advantages to projective tests?

• What are the disadvantages to projective tests?

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