Chapter 4 Reading Guide
Chapter 12 Reading Guide
Personality
I. The Nature of Personality (pg. 469-471)
• Personality:
• Personality Trait:
• List 3 personality traits that describe you.
• Factor Analysis:
• Robert McCrae and Paul Costa’s Five-Factor Model of Personality (describe each):
o Extraversion:
o Neuroticism:
o Openness to Experience:
o Agreeableness:
o Conscientiousness:
II. Psychodynamic Perspective (pg. 472-481)
• Psychodynamic Theories:
Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory
• Psychoanalytic Theory:
• Structure of Personality
o Id:
▪ Pleasure Principle:
o Ego:
▪ Reality Principle
o Superego:
• Levels of Awareness
o Conscious:
o Preconscious:
o Unconscious:
• According to Freud, what are behaviors? Give an example using the id, ego, superego.
• Why did Freud emphasize sex and aggression?
• Defense Mechanisms:
Freudian Defense Mechanisms
|Defense Mechanism |Definition |Example |
| | | |
|Repression | | |
| | | |
|Projection | | |
| | | |
|Displacement | | |
| | | |
|Reaction Formation | | |
| | | |
|Regression | | |
| | | |
|Rationalization | | |
| | | |
|Identification | | |
• Describe one recent situation where you have used a defense mechanism. Which one was it?
• Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
o Psychosexual Stages:
o Fixation:
1. Oral Stage
o Age range:
o Focus:
o Key Task:
o What happens if fixation occurs?
2. Anal Stage
o Age range:
o Focus:
o Key Task:
o What happens if fixation occurs?
3. Phallic Stage
o Age range:
o Focus:
o Key Task:
o Oedipal Complex:
o What happens if fixation occurs?
4. Latency Stage
o Age range:
o Focus:
o Key Task:
5. Genital Stage
o Age range:
o Focus:
o Key Task:
Jung’s Analytical Psychology
• 2 Layers of Unconscious
1. Personal Unconscious:
2. Collective Unconscious:
o Archetypes:
• Introverts vs. Extroverts
Adler’s Individual Psychology
• Prime goal of life: Striving for Superiority:
• Compensation:
• Inferiority Complex:
• Adler stressed the social context of personality development. An example of this is:
Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives
• What 4 aspects of the Psychdynamic Perspective has research supported?
1.
2.
3.
4.
• What 3 criticisms do psychologists have about the psychodynamic perspective?
1.
2.
3.
III. Behavioral Perspectives (pg. 481-486)
• Behaviorism:
Skinner’s Ideas Applied to Personality
• According to Skinner, what is a person’s personality?
• Explain an example of how operant conditioning can shape personality.
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
*Remember Bandura conducted did the Bobo Doll Experiment we covered in the learning chapter.
• How is Bandura’s Theory different from Skinner’s? What does Bandura emphasize?
• Reciprocal Determinism:
• Observational Learning:
• Model:
• Self-Efficacy:
Mischel and the Person-Situation Controversy
• What did Mischel’s research indicate about situations and consistency of behavior?
Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives
• What 3 criticisms do psychologists have about the behavioral perspective?
1.
2.
3.
IV. Humanistic Perspectives (pg. 487-491)
• Humanism:
• Phenomenological Approach:
Roger’s Person-Centered Theory
• Self-Concept:
• List one self-concept you have.
• Incongruence:
• According to Rogers, what happens when a child experiences conditional love? Unconditional love?
• According to Rogers, what causes anxiety? Explain this.
• What do people do to ward off anxiety?
Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization
• Hierarchy of Needs:
• Need for Self-Actualization:
• Self-Actualizing Person:
• In the space below, draw Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as a triangle. Label each space with the need and at least one example of that need. It might be helpful to do this in different colors.
Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
• What 3 criticisms of the Humanistic Perspective do psychologists point out?
1.
2.
3.
V. Biological Perspectives (pg. 491-497)
• What are Eysenck’s 3 higher-order traits?
• According to Eysenck, what is personality determined by?
• What has research in behavioral genetics proven about personality traits?
• What does the evolutionary approach assert?
VI. A Contemporary Empirical Approach: Terror Management Theory (pg. 497-499)
Skip this section (
VII. Culture and Personality (pg. 499-501)
• What does personality research tentatively suggest about personality traits across cultures?
• Individualism:
• Collectivism:
• What view of self does American culture promote?
• What view of self do Asian cultures promote?
• Self-enhancement:
VIII. Personal Application: Personality Assessment Strategies (pg. 502-505)
• Self-Report Inventories:
• What is the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) originally designed for? What does it measure?
• What is an advantage to self-report inventories?
• What are some problems of self-report inventories?
• Projective Tests:
• What is the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)? How is it interpreted?
• What are the advantages to projective tests?
• What are the disadvantages to projective tests?
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