Types of motivation - BTEC Sport (Level 1, 2, 3)



Introduction to motivationMotivation is an internal driving force that determines all aspects of our behaviour. It can determine whether an athlete goes to training that day and works hard, or whether they put in minimal effort. Motivation plays an important role in all sports and without it athletes' would not be able to reach their sporting potential. Becoming an elite performer requires an athlete to set their goals high and maintain motivation to overcome the pressure and demands associated with sport. Once this motivation is lost it is unlikely that an athlete will reach elite level and achieve their goals. It is perceived that sports performers are motivated; it is therefore the level and intensity in which sports psychologists are interested in. Motivation is a key area for psychologists to understand and gain an insight in to how they can encourage the following:- Performers to become elite.- Young children to become involved in sport.- Non-participants to get involved in physical activity.Definitions of MotivationBelow are a few definitions of motivation:'A drive to fulfil a need' (Gill, 1986)'Intensity of effort: How much effort is put forth in a situation'. (Gould & Weinburg, 1996)Motivation is the wish, desire, drive or impulse to participate in, or perform well at a goal directed activity.The drive to achieve or the will to win.The reasons why people do what they do.The energised state which prepares us to act.Types of motivationThere are many reasons why people participate in sport; psychologists have categorised these in to two main types:Intrinsic motivation - these are internal reasons that drive individuals to participate in sport. Intrinsic motivation in its purest form is when participation occurs primarily for enjoyment. Phrases such as 'I enjoy sport' or 'it's fun' are likely to be from those intrinsically motivated by sport. There are 3 parts of internal motivation. 1. Being motivated by accomplishments e.g. improving a particular skill.2. Being motivated by stimulation e.g. seeking an adrenaline rush.3. Being motivated by knowledge e.g. being curious about developing your own performance/new techniques etc...Extrinsic motivation - these are the external influences that drive individuals to participate in sport. The rewards need to be used effectively to keep on motivating the performer.There are 2 types of extrinsic motivation. 1. Tangible which are rewards which they receive and can take away e.g. a trophy. 2. Intangible which comes from others e.g. applauding a good performance.Extrinsic motivation can potentially decrease intrinsic motivation, if the method has control over the athlete. On the other hand if the extrinsic motivator provides feedback to the athlete it could benefit their intrinsic motivation. Examples of motivationExtrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation Trophies Self-satisfaction Badges Enjoyment Money Fitness Praise Achievement Approval of others Fun Press exposure Satisfaction Types of motivation activityComplete the types of motivation activity.Motivation and sports performer activity Complete the activity on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport. You need to read each statement and decide whether it is intrinsic, extrinsic tangible or extrinsic intangible then in the final column, highlight whether this statement is part of your motivation to take part in sport. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport Motivation can determine how successful an athlete will be in their performance. It is therefore important that a coach is aware of what motivates an athlete to maintain their motivation and produce successful performances. Athletes are rarely motivated by one specific type, however, without intrinsic motivation it is highly unlikely that athletes will achieve and are usually the reasons why they decided to begin participating in the sport. Over time these motivations may change, depending on circumstances e.g. a professional athlete needs to be successful to earn money to live.Achievement MotivationSport psychologists are interested to know the reasons why some performers are happy just to take part in sport where as others strive to compete and have a great desire to win. To try to distinguish these differences sport psychologists have linked personality, motivation and performance in sport.Personality traits play an important part in the way an athlete interacts with the environment and determines their achievement motivation. Athletes will either face a challenge or avoid it. This is very common in elite athletes.Example:Some people on their third attempt at high jump will raise the bar two centimetres in an attempt to win, others would play safe and remain at the same height avoiding failure.The differences between these two high jumpers are due to their personalities. The athlete that opts to raise the bar would be classed as a having a 'Need to achieve' (NACH) personality, whereas the athlete who plays safe would be classed as having a 'Need to avoid failure' (NAF personality). NACH and NAF characteristicsHere are some other significant differences between the two personality types.NACHNAFEnjoy taking risks and new challenges Give up when fail See failure as a learning experience Lose their calm when in stressful situations See failure as a temporary setback Do not enjoy taking risks or new challenges Maintain calm in stressful situations Are difficult to coach Aspire to higher levels Reluctant to aspire to higher levels Ideal to coach to a higher level Do not work hard for the long term Welcome feedback Become de-motivated from negative feedback 1NACH or NAFThe following list of term, describes with NACH or NAF statements - identify from the list, which ones are NACH Top of Forma)A 200m swimmer who sees 4th place as a temporary setback and will work harder to achieve a medal next time.b)A badminton player who wishes to progress from 25th ranking to 5th ranking.c)A footballer who is happy just playing recreational football. d)A gymnast who will try out a new release and catch move on the bars. e)A rugby player who does not like to take conversions in case they miss. f)A shot putter who stops participating because they came last in their first competition.g)Ideal people to coach to a higher levela) Correct - Achieving 4th place does not deter the swimminga) Incorrect - the fact that the swimmer is not deterred, is a classic example of NACHb) Correct - the badminton player needs to achieve in terms of improving their rankingb) Incorrect - the desire to improve ones own ranking, is a NACH characteristicc) Correct - the footballer is happy just to playc) Incorrect - the footballer playing recreationally rather than competitively is a NAF personalityd) Correct - the gymnast is prepared to try something new, prepared to take a riskd) Incorrect - the gymnast is prepared to try something new, prepared to take a risk - which is a NACH personalitye) Correct - the rugby player is too afraid of missing to want to take the conversione) Incorrect - the rugby player is too afraid of missing to want to take the conversion - a classic NAF personalityf) Correct - the poor performance in the first competition has put this shot putter off competing.f) Incorrect - the poor performance has lead to the shot putter quittingg) Correct - for coaches to get the best out of their athletes, they will need to have NACH personalities themselvesg) Incorrect - if a coach has NAF personalities they won't be able to encourage the performers to take the necessary risks to become elite. Although people with NAF personalities may not make great coaches, they will often make very good sport leaders, working with community groups, young people who just want to partake etc. right0Bottom of FormA coach would benefit from knowing where the individuals within the team fall within NACH or NAF. Ideally, to become an elite athlete they would benefit from their team having many of the NACH characteristics. By identifying personality characteristics they can develop sessions to incorporate any areas that need improving and work towards becoming an athlete that needs to achieve. It also allows the coach to discuss with the athlete for example why they become anxious in stressful situations so an appropriate strategy can be put in place.Motivation and sports performers' activityMotivation and sports performer activity Complete the motivation and sports performers' activity. Choose a performer for each motivation type; provide a specific example of how they are motivated and identify how the motivation may have a positive and negative affect on performance. Email this to your tutor when completed.Motivation and sports performersAttribution theoryThe attribution theory looks at how sports performers perceive success and failure of their performance and what effects this has on future performances and motivation. Attributions are the reasons people use to explain cause and affect relationships.Definition of attribution theoryAn individual's perception about the cause of an event will be determined by their feelings, expectations and motivation levels towards similar events in the future affecting their achievement motivation. Attribution theory informationFor further information on the attribution theory please click on the link below.Attribution theory informationAttribution theory activityAttribution theory activity Complete the attribution theory activity. Test your knowledge on this theory.Attribution theoryMotivation theory activity Motivation theory activity Complete the motivation theory activity. Test your knowledge on all of the theories.Motivation theoriesEffects on sporting performance Motivation is essential for sporting performance, however it can be detrimental if players cannot control it. PositivePlayers with the motivation to play, perform, train, compete and work hard at every opportunity, are more likely to improve their performance. It is important that the player, coaches and mangers monitor the motivation levels to make ensure they stay positive. NegativeBeing motivated too much can lead to the athlete not wanting to stop training. They need to realise that rest days within training programmes are vital for effective recovery. Excessive can be common in elite sport with the pressures placed on their to perform constantly. Training more and more however can affect you negatively in three main ways - overtraining, staleness and burnout. These problems will not only impact on the performer but also those around including the coach, managers and other players. Overtraining - This involves an athlete having an excessive training load, beyond which they cannot cope.Staleness - The key sign of staleness is significant decreases in performance levels or the inability to maintain previous performance standards. It may also lead to mood swings and depression.Burnout - This can happen when an athlete continues to try and make all the training sessions and competitions but fails to cope. They will then no longer want to take part in activities that they previously enjoyed. Future expectations of success and failureThe future expectations of success and failure can be linked to the attribution theory. You need to be aware of the causes of possible success and failure in order to determine which is likely to happen. If you attribute to stable causes, then you are more likely to have expectations of future success. The opposite is also true if you think you have succeeded due to unstable reasons you may be more likely to fail in the future. Stable causes could include; skill level, techniques, exceptional performance by other players.Unstable causes could include; luck, blaming the officials, the weather etc... ................
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