Chapter 19-Terms/outline



Chapter 19-Terms/outline

N. Thomas

Jacob Riis-reporter/photographer-How the Other Half Lives (1890)

Classic description of slum conditions in the US

-He and 1st generation of reformers believed the basic cause of urban distress

was immigrants’ lack of self-discipline & self-control.

Therefore-focused on moral improvements

-later-settlement houses

Trolleys-electric trolleys allowed a city to expand and eliminated much of the organic pollution of horsepower

-Frank J Sprague-installed the first electric trolley in Am in Richmond

-expanded the “walking city from 2.5 mi from center to +6.

-Increased econ segregation, which increased formation of ghettos

Castle Garden/Ellis Island/Angel Island-immigrant processing centers

Castle Garden-1855; NY state est a special facility for admitting immigrants at Castle Garden on top of

Manhattan Island

Ellis Island-when # of immigrants swelled, fed govt took control and built new station on Ellis Island in 1892

Angel Island, San Francisco Bay-similar purpose after 1910

-inspected for physical handicaps and contagious diseases

after 1892-“loathsome” infections ie leprosy, trachoma, sex transmitted diseases-

refused admit and deported

-if passed, had named recorded; often Anglicized

Immigration in the Post Civil War Ear-1866-1915: ~25 million. 1880s-shift to S, E Europe

Char of “New” Immigrants Countries of “New” Immigrants

1. Peasants-more than ordinarily clannish 1 . Italy*

2. hardworking-either“birds of passage” 2. Poland

or, more typical, saving to bring family over 3. Greece

-some-Jews-refugees 4. Russia

-last 2: American , but kept much of 5. Eastern European Jews

traditional culture 6. Hungary

3. Ethnic neighborhoods-trad. Culture

4. Hard workers who endured hardships to Note: switch from NW to SE Europe

improve their children’s lot Push/Pull factors: Better Opportunities

Over population; crop failures; famine;

religious persecution; violence;

Industrial depression 1873, 93

Reasons for “Old” Immigrants Potential Restrictions on Further Immigration

Animosity Toward “New” Immigrants

1.Thought “new” were harder to assimilate 1. After Exclusion Act of 1882 and (almost meaningless)

-some were: “birds of passage” Foran Act of 1895-ban on importing contract labor

2. Cultural differences-often lg and had impt -no further restriction imposed until 20th C

effects on relations between the 2 BUT

3. New seemed more than ordinarily clannish 2. 1890s-strong support for a literacy test for admission dev

4. Different attitudes and was pushed by the Immigration Restriction League

5. Supported different political groups at home (much higher illiteracy rate in SE Eur than in NW Europe)

6. Soc Darwinists and others obsessed w/ 3. 1897-Literacy Test passed both houses, Cleveland vetoed it

“racial purity” were alarmed over new immigration 4. 1887-American Protective Association

7. Workers-feared competition for jobs -resist the “Catholic Menace”

8. Employers-late 1880s-alarmed by supposed -went after Roman Cath minorities more than immigrants

radicalism of immigrants -exemplified the new nativism of the late 19th C

9. “Foreign” values and institutions-resisting 5. Until 1891, the Atlantic Coast States, not the federal govt

Americanism & blamed for new urban problems exercised whatever controls were imposed on newcomers

10. Collapse of Peasant Economy

*GAR (Grand Army of the Rep-Civil War Vets)-grumbled

about foreign-born radicals

Dumbell Tenements-dev by James E Ware

-1866-NY City created a Metropolitan Health Board

-1877-a state tenement law that made a feeble beginning at regulating city housing

-1879-law limiting the % of lot space that could be covered by new construction

-est minimum standard of plumbing and ventilation

-Magazine Plumber and Sanitary Engineer-sponsored contest to pick the best design for a tenement that

met these specifications

winner-James E Ware – plan for “dumbbell apt house

-24 to 32 4-room apts on lot 25ft x 100ft

how?-narrow bldg at middle so it took shape of dumbbell

But-added to the similar indentations on the adjoining houses, it created, on each side,

An air-shaft 15 ft wide

*1890-+1.4 mill on Manhattan Isl; pop density exceeded 900/acre in some sections

*1900-3 of 5 babies in poor Chicago dist died before 1 year old

BUT

Louis H Sullivan-dev of skyscraper

Frederick Law Olmsted-leader of “City Beautiful” movement

Landscape architect; designer of Central Park

Political Machine and the Ward Bosses

Wm Macy Tweed-most notorious of 19th C city bosses

“Tweed Ring” extracted 10s of millions from NYCity from 1869-1871

fled to Spain to avoid arrest, Sp auth, on seeing Thomas Nast’s cartoon (indictment of “Boss” Tweed)

arrested Tweed and extradited him to the US

Tweed was convicted and died in prison

Gov Samuel Tilden of NY-national attn for breaking up Tweed Ring-Dem nomination

Tammany Hall-NY ruled by Richard Croker-more typical.

-Croker held # of local oppices, but power rested as chairman of T Hall finance committee

-was concerned w/ the cos and econ services that machines provided

-C was primarily a corrupt political manipulator

Thomas Nast-famous political cartoonist and satirist

(Ger immigrant; named consul to Ecuador, where he contracted yellow fever and died)

Social Movements

Rev Josiah Strong-Our Country (1895)-found racist and rel justifications for Am expansion, based on theory of evolution. In later writing Srtong insisted that by “fittest”, he meant “social efficiency”, not “mere strength”

-Anglo-Saxon race, now centered in US, is training for “the final competition of races”

Social Gospel-believed the church should focus on improving the lives of the poor, end child labor, defend labor’s rt

To organize

Advocated civil service reform, child labor legislation, regulation of big corporations,

Heavy taxes; income, inheritance

Charles M Sheldon, In His Steps-best seller, Social Gospel novel in which characters ask themselves,

“What Would Jesus Do?”

Dwight Moody-lay evangelist of late 19th C, vigorous campg to convince the poor to abandon sinful ways

Harry Ward Beecher-pastor of one of Brooklyn’s most fashionable churches;

blamed poverty on improvidence of labors who squandered wages on tobacco and liquor

Christian Socialism-advocated meas designed to help the poor

ie – nationalize industry, govt unemployment relief, public housing

welfare state envisioned by Bellamy in Looking Backward

Rev Wm DP Bliss

Rerum Novarum-Pope Leo XIII-encyclical criticizing the excesses of capitalism, including the greed of unchecked

Competition

-defended rt of labor to organize; advocated a living wage; stressed govt duty to care for the poor

Settlement Houses-community centers started by idealistic young women to guide/help the urban poor

-examine the crippling impact of low wages and dangerous working conditions

Jane Addams-founder of Hull House, which combined 3 trends:

1. desire to interpret democracy in social terms

2. impulse to aid progress

3. Christian movement toward humanitarianism

Lilian Wald-founder of the Henry St Settlement House in NY City

-wrote The House on Henry Street (1915)

-worked for: 1. tenement house laws

2. regulation of women/child labor

3. better schools

Florence Kelley-another settlement house worker; worked at Hull House

-became chief factory inspector for Illinois in 1893

where :helped to secure passage of Ill law prohibiting child labor; limit women’s working hours

1899-General Secretary of the National Consumers’ League

-mobilize consumer pressure for improved factory conditions

Handout-OutlineNotes

The Rise of Urban America

Problems of City Life Movements to Improve City Life

1. Slums 1. “City Beautiful”-natl move, grew out of the “White City” (blt- 1893

2. Juvenile disease for Chicago World’s Fair by David H Burnham)

a. High mortality char by broad vistas and open spaces that were reminiscent of

Pseudo-classical styles

Frederick Law Olmsted-Central Park; move leader

3. tenements border indust dist:

noise, pollution, orders

dumbbell

What Made Cities More Healthy/Liveable?

.Technology

1) -urban trans-elec trolleys

result-cities expand as upper and middle classes fled

eliminate organic pollution from horses

no longer have “walking cities”

2)-improv-st paving and electric lights

3)”Fr flats” replaced dumbbell

4) Iron skeleton construction

-skyscraper skyline

-leader-Louis Sullivan

The Political Machine

City Machine-loose-knot neighborhood organ headed by ward bosses

-performed useful services for what they liked to think of as their constituents

-price-unquestioning pol support

But-bosses did not know what to do w/ power; never thought of pol as an instrument for soc change

Their principle technique for extracting $ from the public till-kickback

Most notorious-Boss Tweed

More Typical-Croker/Tammany Hall

Also-“Big Tim”Sullivan-NY Lower East Side; “Hinky Dink”-Chicago

Cultural Shifts at the Turn of the Century

Women Entertainment

Cult of True Womenhood Music-Rag Time-Scott Joplin

Persisted into postwar era and opened new Vaudeville-variety show on stage; Amusement Parks;

Empl opportunities neighborhood dance pavilions

*maj of salespersons and cashiers in dept stores City Streets

*dominated nursing Saloons-men

why?-considered more polite, easier to dominate Prize-Knuckling Fighting-working class men

Working Women John L Sullivan-1st prof boxer

W/ shift from cottage to factory system,

Increasing # of women worked outside home Basketball-James Naismith-1891

-at least ½ of all-domestic servants Football-Walter Camp

-many in textile mills and sewing trades major role in est football as major sport

Women’s Role in Home publicized game in series of books

Victorian views of morality and culture Leisure Time

Combined w/ consumer decisions: domestic prod Baseball-National League-1879

Consumerism

Department Stores:

Macy’s –NY; Wanamaker’s-Philly; Field’s-Chicago

Leisure Time

Education

Vassar and the Seven Sisters

*after 1870-changed steadily in response to the social/economic changes

Turn of the Century

-more than 15 million students-public schools

-curricula expanded: 3Rs, hist, geog, sci, drawing, PE

-Indust created demand for vo-tech training

BUT-secondary educ-only for special students and $

BUT-1880-Calvin M Woodward opened a Manual Training School in St Louis

Instrumental in est publicly funded vocational hs

US Colleges/Universities-stronghold of the majority of the business and prof elite and well-to-do middle-class elite

Change in Focus of Higher Ed

German Methods

Medicine

+150 New Colleges and Universities: financed by Morrill Land Grant Act and by rel demoninations

rise of college sports

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