The Philosophy of Life - Swami Krishnananda
THE PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE
SWAMI KRISHNANANDA
The Divine Life Society Sivananda Ashram, Rishikesh, India Website: swami-
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CONTENTS
Publishers' Note.........................................................................................9 Preface ........................................................................................................ 10 Part I: The Foundations of Philosophy..........................17 Chapter I: The Definition of Philosophy .............................17
The Fundamental Science ............................................. 17 The Metaphysics of Reality ........................................... 23 The Concept of Intuitional Basis.................................. 26 Rational Presentation of Experience............................ 28 Classification of Themes ............................................... 32 Chapter II: The Value of Philosophy ....................................37 The Need for a Theory of Life ...................................... 37 Science and Philosophy ................................................. 40 Swami Sivananda and Philosophy ............................... 44 Chapter III: The Method and Scope of Philosophy.........47 The Approach to Philosophy........................................ 47 Scepticism and Agnosticism ......................................... 49 Empiricism and Rationalism ........................................ 52 The Critical Method of Kant......................................... 56 The Dialectical Method of Hegel.................................. 59 Other Methods ............................................................... 61 Characteristics of the Philosophical Method.............. 64 The Integral Method...................................................... 66 Chapter IV: The Atman..............................................................74 The Indubitability of the Self ........................................ 74 A Consideration of Different Theories of Self............ 80 The Nature of the Atman .............................................. 95
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The Atman as Existence ................................................ 99 The Atman as Consciousness ..................................... 101 The Atman as Bliss....................................................... 103 Sat, Chit and Ananda are One .................................... 106 Arguments for the Existence of the Atman .............. 109 Anvaya and Vyatireka.................................................. 120 Chapter V: The Theory of Perception ............................... 124 The Perceptive Apparatus ........................................... 124 Consciousness Behind Relation ................................. 138 Internal Perception ...................................................... 143 The Nature of Truth .................................................... 145 Realistic Idealism.......................................................... 149 Theories of Error .......................................................... 152 Satkhyati ........................................................................ 156 Akhyati .......................................................................... 158 Anyathakhyati............................................................... 160 Atmakhyati.................................................................... 162 Asatkhyati...................................................................... 164 Anirvachaniyakhyati.................................................... 165 The Nature of Intuition ............................................... 169 Intellect and Intuition.................................................. 171 Chapter VI: The Constitution of the Universe ............... 178 The World of Science................................................... 178 Inadequacy of the Mechanistic Conception of Life . 181 Space, Time and Causation......................................... 186 The Relativity of Space and Time............................... 194 The Phenomenal Character of Space......................... 198
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The Transcendence of Space in the Atman .............. 201 Time is an Appearance ................................................ 205 Causation: A Law of Necessity ................................... 210 The Meaning of Causal Relation ................................ 212 Causation and Causality.............................................. 214 Cause and Effect are Continuous ............................... 215 The Significance of the Causal Concept .................... 217 The Evolution of Name and Form ............................. 221 The Projection of the Universe................................... 225 Design in the Evolutionary Process ........................... 229 Purpose in Nature ........................................................ 234 Chapter VII: The Phenomenality of Empirical Knowledge .................................................................................. 237 The Non-Difference of the World from its Cause ... 237 The Meaning of Appearance ...................................... 240 Empirical and Apparent Reality ................................. 244 The Figure of the Cave................................................. 246 The Waking World is Like the Dream World.......... 249 The Waking World has Practical Reality .................. 254 The World is Unreal .................................................... 258 Chapter VIII: Brahman ........................................................... 265 The Story of the Atom ................................................. 265 From Physics to Metaphysics ..................................... 267 Pluralism and Dualism ................................................ 270 Towards Monotheism ................................................. 274 The Underlying Essence .............................................. 278 Impossibility of the Dualist Hypothesis .................... 283
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