PHILOSOPHY - Part I - Kerala

Higher Secondary Course

PHILOSOPHY - Part I

Logic and Reasoning

Class - XI

Government of Kerala Department of Education State Council of Educational Research and Training

(SCERT), KERALA 2016

The National Anthem

Jana-gana-mana adhinayaka, jaya he Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata.

Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha Dravida-Utkala-Banga

Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga Tava subha name jage, Tava subha asisa mage, Gahe tava jaya gatha.

Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata. Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he!

PLEDGE

India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters. I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage. I shall always strive to be worthy of it. I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect, and treat everyone with courtesy. To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion. In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness.

Prepared by : State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695012, Kerala. Website : .in e-mail : scertkerala@ Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869 Typesetting and Layout : SCERT ? Department of Education, Government of Kerala

To be printed in quality paper - 80gsm map litho (snow-white)

Dear learners,

The State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) is extremely happy to bring out the textbook for Philosophy for the first year higher secondary learners.

This textbook focuses mainly on logic, which provides the axiomatic framework for determining truth/falsity in all realms of human knowledge. It helps us to comprehend the structure of human thought in its dynamic contexts of analysis and argumentation. Though originally a contribution of philosophers; logical concern is recognised today as the inevitable component of all intellectual enterprises that invite keen analysis of the verbal expression of judgements, hypothesis and theories.

We hope that you will receive this textbook with great enthusiasm for learning the subject in its true spirit. The activities, case studies and anecdotes given in the textbook help you to practise logic for everyday life.

The SCERT is grateful to the team of practising teachers and subject experts who joined us in preparing the textbook. We welcome all creative and constructive suggestions and feedback about this book which would be useful for improving the quality of the content and design of this textbook.

Dr P. A. Fathima Director

SCERT, Kerala

Textbook Development Team

Antony Das.M HSST, Govt. HSS for Girls, Kayamkulam, Alappuzha

Dr. Chandini HSST, GHSS, Azhikkode, Kannur

Sri.Joy A HSST, St. Joseph's HSS, Thiruvananthapuram.

Kunhabdulla.M.K HSST, MIM HSS, Perode, Nadapuram, Kozhikkode

Pramod.P.A HSST, GVHSS, Parayancheri, Kozhikkode

Rajesh.K.K HSST, KKM Govt. HSS, Orkkatteri, Vatakara, Kozhikkode

Rakhi.P HSST, NSS HSS, Kunnamthanam, Pathanamthitta

Ranjith Babu.E.R HSST, GHSS, Pannur, Kozhikkode

Shini.M HSST, GHSS, Kadancheri, Malappuram

Vrinda.M.S HSST, GHSS, Chengamanad, Ernakulam

Experts

Dr. M. Ramakrishnan, Associate Professor (Retd.), Govt. Brennen College, Thalassery.

Dr. G. Padmakumar, Associate Professor (Retd), Govt. College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram.

Dr. S.A. Shajahan, Associate Professor, University College, Thiruvananthapuram.

Dr. R. Lakshmi, Asst. Professor, Govt. College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram.

Dr. Radharani.P, Asst. Professor, University College, Thiruvananthapuram.

Artist Sri. C. Rajendran, A.V. Govt. BHS, Thazhava, Karunagappally.

Academic Co-ordinator

Dr. Jayalekshmi.S Research Officer, SCERT

1. INTRODUCING LOGIC

7

2. PROPOSITION

28

3. INFERENCE

55

4. SYLLOGISM

75

5. OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT

101

6. SCIENTIFIC METHOD

121

7. CAUSALITY

140

8. HYPOTHESIS

159

9. SYMBOLIC LOGIC

173

10. THE LOGIC OF RESEARCH

196

BIBLIOGRAPHY

214

195

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