Graduate School of Public and International Affairs



Graduate School of Public and International Affairs

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Guidelines for the Doctoral Field

March 2007

I. Description of the Field

International Development focuses on the theory and practice of social and economic development. It includes state-centered approaches, as well as non-governmental organization and individualist approaches to social change. The field is divided into a) Development Theory, b) Development Economics, c) Development Planning, and c) Development Management, NGOs and Civil Society. Cognate fields include international political economy, public management, public policy and urban and regional planning. International Development combines theories and concepts of development with the practices of planners, managers in the field, and policy researchers and policy analysts.

II. Faculty Contacts

Siddharth Chandra 648-7634 schandra@pitt.edu

Sabina E. Deitrick 648-7614 sdeitrick@ucsur.pitt.edu

Shanti Gamper-Rabindran 648-8266 shanti1@pitt.edu

Clyde Mitchell-Weaver 648-7649 mithweav@pitt.edu

Paul J. Nelson 648-7645 pjnelson@pitt.edu

Louis A. Picard 648-7659 picard@pitt.edu

Martin Staniland 648-7656 mstan@gspia.pitt.edu

Nuno S. Themudo 648-7432 themudo@pitt.edu

Harvey White 648-2650 hlw@pitt.edu

III. Learning Objectives

1. To understand the theoretical underpinnings of development theory and the conceptual

debates within the field;

2. To master the literature in at least two of the three sub-fields of the discipline; development economics, development planning, and NGOs

and Civil Society;

3. To understand the history and major themes of development policy since the Second

World War;

4. To master the research techniques related to development studies; and

5. To understand the relationship between the field of development and its parent

disciplines: economics, sociology, and political science.

IV. Required Courses

PIA 3090 Development Theories: PhD Reading Seminar (Field Seminar)

PIA 2501 Issues in Development Policy and Management

PIA 2510 Economics of Development

V. Suggested Courses

PIA 3080 Development Economics: PhD Reading Seminar (recommended for the Development Economics subfield)

PIA 2515 Planning & Policymaking for Development (recommended for the Development Planning subfield)

PIA 2490 Governance, Local Government & Civil Society (recommended for the NGOs and Civil Society Subfield)

PIA 2526 Micropolitics: NGOs & Development in Civil Society (recommended for the NGOs and Civil Society Subfield)

Students should also investigate the availability of appropriate courses in other departments of the University and at Carnegie Mellon University.

VI. Selection of Advisors

The student’s primary advisor will be chosen during the first year of the program in consultation with the Doctoral Studies Program Coordinator. The advisor should be knowledgeable in development studies generally and teach and do research in one of the sub-fields of development studies.

VII. Comprehensive Examination

One forty-eight hour take-home examination consisting of two parts—a development theory part

and a sub-fields part. The student must answer one question on development theory and two questions from the sub-fields section. The combined 3 answers should not exceed 25 pages (double spaced, 12pt font, 1 inch margins) excluding bibliography. Bibliographical references which are not included the core readings (see below) should be included in a bibliography section at the end of the exam. The student should refer to the Doctoral Handbook for further procedural details. For the content of the exam, see the Learning Objectives section of this document, as well as consult with your field advisor, and study the core readings below.

VIII. Core Readings

This reading list serves as a guideline. The student should come to agreement with his/her

advisor and the other members of the committee on his/her specialized focus. In addition, the student should read path-finding articles from the contemporary development journals. These include: Development and Change, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Governance, International Journal of Development Economics, International Organization, International Review of Administrative Sciences, Journal of Development Studies, Journal of Developing Areas, Public Administration and Development, Studies in Comparative International Development, World Development, Third World Quarterly and the major geographically-based journals on Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Eastern Europe.

Development Theory

Arthur Lewis, Theory of Economic Growth (London: Allen & Unwin, 1955).

Arturo Escobar, “Making and Unmaking of Third World Development,” in Majid Rahnema with Victoria Bawtree, eds. The Post-Development Reader (London: Zed Books, 1994), pp. 85-93.

Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).

Barbara Ward, The Rich Nations and the Poor Nations (New York: Norton, 1962).

Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982)

Claude Welch, ed. Political Modernization: A Reader (Belmont, CA.: Duxbury Publishers, 1971)

Colin Leys (ed.), Politics and Change in Developing Countries (London: Cambridge University Press, 1969)

Colin Leys, The Rise and Fall of Development Theory (Bloomington, IN.: Indiana University Press, 1996).

Crawford Young, The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).

Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East (New York: Free Press, 1958).

David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965).

Derrick W. Brinkerhoff and Jennifer M. Coston, "International Development in a Globalized World," Public Administration Review, vol. 59, no. 4 (July/August, 1999), pp. 346-361.

Elinor Ostrom, Crafting Institutions for Self-Governing Irrigation Systems (San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1992)

Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). A little light institutional analysis.

Finn Tarp, ed. Foreign Aid and Development: Lessons Learnt and Directions for the Future (London and New York: Routledge, 2000).

Frik de Beer and Hennie Swanepoel, eds. Introduction to Development Studies (Cape Town and London: Oxford University Press, 2000).

Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations, 3 volummes (New York: Pantheon, 1968).

Heraldo Munoz, ed. From Dependency to Development: Strategies to Overcome Underdevelopment and Inequality (Boulder: Westview Press, 1982).

Ivan Illich, “ Development as Planned Poverty,” in Majid Rahnema with Victoria Bawtree, eds. The Post-Development Reader (London: Zed Books, 1994), pp. 94-101.

James Ferguson, “Development and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho,” in Majid Rahnema with

Victoria Bawtree, eds. The Post-Development Reader (London: Zed Books, 1994), pp. 223-233.

Jeff Haynes: Third World Politics: A Concise Introduction (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996).

John Isbister, Promises Not Kept: The Betrayal of Social Change in the Third World (Bloomfield: Kumarian, 2001).

John Martinussen, Society, State and Market: A Guide to Competing Theories of Development (London: Zed Press, 1997).

John Rapley, Understanding Development: Theory and Practice in the Third World (Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1996).

Joseph R. Gusfield, "Tradition and Modernity: Misplaced Polarities in the Study of Social Change," Political Modernization Claude Welch, ed. (New York), pp. 351-362.

Kenneth P. Jameson and Charles K. Wilber, eds. The Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment (New York: McGraw Hill, 1996 and various editions).

Louis A. Picard and Michele Garrity, eds., Policy Reform for Sustainable Development in Africa: The Institutional Imperative (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994).

Majid Rahnema with Victoria Bawtree, eds. The Post-Development Reader (London: Zed Books, 1994).

Martin Staniland, What is Political Economy? A Study of Social Theory and Underdevelopment (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985)

Mitchell A. Seligson, The Gap Between Rich and Poor: Contending Perspectives on the Political Economy of Development (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984).

Monte Palmer, Dilemmas of Political Development (Itasca, IL: Peacock, 1985 or latest edition).

Nigel Harris, The End of the Third World (London: Tauris, 1986)

Norman Uphoff and Warren Ilchman, Political Economy of Development: Theoretical and Empirical Contributions (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972).

Peter F. Klaren and Thomas J. Bossert, Promise of Development: Theories of Change in Latin America (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986)

Peter L. Berger, Pyramids of Sacrifice: Political Ethics and Social Change (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books,1974).

Raymond Apthorpe and Des Gasper, Arguing Development Policy: Frames and Discourses (London: Frank Cass, 1996).

Robert Bates, Toward a Political Economy of Development (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).

Robert D. Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth: A Journey to the Dawn of the 21st Century (New York: Random House, 1996).

Robert H. Bates, ed. Toward a Political Economy of Development: A Rational Choice Perspective (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).Kenneth

Robert H. Jackson and Carl G. Rosberg, Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982).

Rupert Emerson, From Empire to Nation: The Rise to Self-Assertion of Asian and African Peoples (Boston: Beacon Press, 1960).

Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968).

Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Making of World Order (New York: Simon & Shuster, 1996).

Uma Lele and Ijaz Nabi, eds. Transitions in Development: The Role of Aid and Commercial Flows (San Francisco: ICS Press, 1991).

Wiliam McCord, The Springtime of Freedom: The Evolution of Developing Societies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965).

Wolfgang Sachs, ed. The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power (London: Zed Press, 1993).

Subfield 1: Development Economics

Adelman, Irma, and Cynthia Taft Morris, Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.

Berg, Elliot, Policy Reform and Equity, ICS Press, 1990.

Berry, R. Albert, and William R. Cline, Agrarian Structure and Productivity in Developing Countries. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.

Blaug, Mark, Education and the Employment Problem in Developing Countries. International Labour Office, 1997.

Blaug, Mark, Methodology of Economics: Or how Economists Explain. Surveys of Economic Literature Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Chenery, Hollis B., Sherman Robinson, and Moshe Syrguin, Industrialization and Growth: A Comparative Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Chenery, Hollis B., J.R. Behrman, and T.N. Srinivasan, Handbook of Development Economics. Volumes 1,2,3A,3B. North-Holland, 2002.

David, Wilfred L., The IMF Policy Paradigm: The Macroeconomics of Stabilization, Structural Adjustment, and Development. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1985.

DeSoto, Hernando, The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1990.

Fields, Gary, Poverty Inequality Development. Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Gillis, Malcolm, Dwight H. Perkins, Michael Roemer, Steven Radelet, and Donald R. Snodgrass, Economics of Development. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc., 2000.

Hanson, A.H., Public Enterprises and Economic Development. London: Routledge, 1965.

Henick, Bruce, and Charles Kindleberger, Economic Development. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.

Kaushik, Basu, The Less Developed Economy: A Critique of Contemporary Theory. Blackwell Publishers, 1990.

Klitgaard, Robert E., Adjusting to Reality: Beyond “State versus Market” in Economic Development. ICS Press, 1991.

Krueger, Anne O., et al., Trade and Employment in Developing Countries. Series: National Bureau of Economic Research Series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

Meier, Gerald M., and James E. Rauch, Leading Issues in Economic Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Morrissey, Oliver, and Frances Stewart, Economic and Policy Reform in Developing Countries. St. Martin’s Press, 1995.

Roth, Gabriel J., The Private Provision of Public Services in Developing Countries. Series: EDI Series in Economic Development. Oxford University Press, 1989.

Savas, Emanuel S., Privatization: The Key to Better Government. Series: Chatham House Series on Change in America. Seven Bridges Press, LLC, 1987.

Shepherd, Geoffrey S., and Carlos G. Langoni, Trade Reform: Lessons from Eight Countries. ICS Press, 1991.

Squire, Lyn, Employment Policy in Developing Countries: A Survey of the Issues and Evidence. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Subfield 2: Development Planning

Alden, Jeremy, and Robert Morgan, Regional Planning: A comprehensive View. New York: John Wiley, 1974.

Alterman, Rachelle, ed., National Level Planning in Democratic Countries. TPR Special Study No. 4. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2001.

Breheny, Michael, J., and Alan J. Hooper, eds., Rationality in Planning: Critical Essays on the Role of Rationality in Urban and Regional Planning. London: Pion,1985.

Brooks, Michael P., Planning Theory for Practitioners. Chicago: Planners Press.

Choudhury, A., and C. Kirkpatrick, Development Policy and Planning: An Introduction to Models and Techniques. London: Routledge, 1994.

Cohen, Stephen, Modern Capitalist Planning: The French Model. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1969.

Cooke, Philip, Theories of Planning and Spatial Development. London: Hutchinson,1983.

Etzioni, Amitai, The Active Society: A Theory of Societal and Political Processes. New York: The Free Press, 1968.

Faludi, Andreas, Planning Theory. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1973.

______, ed., A Reader in Planning Theory. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1973.

Friedmann, John, Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.

______, Retracking American: A Theory of Transactive Planning. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1973.

______, “Planning as a Vocation,” Plan, Pt.1, 6:3, pp. 99-124, Pt. 2, 7:1, pp. 8-25, 1966.

______, Venezuela: From Doctrine to Dialogue. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press,1965.

______, and Barclay Hudson, “Knowledge and Action: A Guide to Planning Theory,” The Journal of the American Institute of Planners, January 1974, pp.2-16.

Friend, John, and Allen Hickling, Planning Under Pressure: The Strategic Choice Approach. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987.

Galloway, Thomas D., and Riad G. Mahayni, “Planning Theory in Retrospect: The Process of Paradigm Change,” The Journal of the American Institute of Planners, January 1977, pp. 387-398.

Graham, Ottis L., Toward a Planned Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.

Hall, Sir Peter, Great Planning Disasters. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.

Habermas, Juergen, Theory and Practice. Boston: Beacon Press, 1973.

Hollis, Martin, and, Steven Lukes, eds., Rationality and Relativism. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1982.

Healey, Patsy, Collaborative Planning: Shaping Places in Fragmented Societies. London: Macmillan Press, 1997.

Hershberg, Eric, and Christy Thornton, eds., The Development Imperative: Toward a People-Centered Approach. New York: Social Science Research Council, 2005.

Johnson, Chalmers, MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1982.

Korten, David C., and Rudi Klauss, eds., People-Centered Development: Contributions Toward Theory and Planning Frameworks. West Hartford, Conn.: Kukarian Press, 1984. Authorized facsimile UMI Books on Demand, Ann Arbor, Mich., 2006.

Mannheim, Karl, Man and Society in an Age of Reconstruction. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1940. Based on Mensch und Gesellschaft im Zeitalter im des Umbaus. Leiden, Holland, 1935.

Padilla, Salvador M., ed., Tugwell’s Thoughts on Planning. Puerto Rico: University of Puerto Rico Press, 1975.

Perloff, Harvey S., Education for Planning: City, State and Regional. Published for Resources for the Future. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1957.

Schoen, Donald A., The Reflective Practitioner. New York: Basic Books, 1983.

Sylvia, Ronald D., Kathleen M. Sylvia, and Elizabeth M. Gunn, Program Planning and Evaluation for the Public Manager. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press, 1997.

Subfield 3: Development Management, NGOs and Civil Society

Anheier, Helmut, and Lester Salamon (1996), The Emerging Non-Profit Sector: An Overview. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1996.

Anheier, Helmut, Marlies Glasius, and Mary Kaldor (eds.) (2001 and 2002), Global Civil Society 2001 [and 2002]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available from

Arato, Andrew, and Jean Cohen (1992), Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge, Massachuetts: MIT Press.

Armstrong, John The European Administrative Elite (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973)

Bryant, Coralie and Louise G. White, Managing of Development in the Third World (Boulder: Westview Press, 1982)

Caiden, Naomi and Aaron Wildavsky, Planning and Budgeting in Poor Countries (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1980).

Castells, Manuel (1997), Power of Identity: Volume II The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. Blackwell.

Clark, John Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations (Hartford: Kumarian, 1991).

Comaroff, John L., and Jean Comaroff (eds.) (1999), Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa: Critical Perspectives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

de Tocqueville, Alexis (1994), Democracy in America. London: David Campbell.

Edwards, M., and A. Fowler (Eds., 2001), Earthscan Reader on NGO Management. London: Earthscan.

Edwards, Michael and David Hulme, Beyond the Magic Bullet: NGO Performance and Accountability in the Post-War World (West Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1996)

Edwards, Michael and David Hulme, Making a Difference: NGOs and Development in a Changing World (London: Earthscan, 1992).

Edwards, Michael, and John Gaventa (eds.) (2001), Global Citizen Action: Perspectives and Challenges. London: Earthscan.

Esman, Milton Management Dimensions of Development: Perspectives and Strategies (Hartford: Kumarian Press, 1991)

Falk, Richard (1987), ‘The Global Promise of Social Movements: Explorations at the Edge of Time,’ Alternatives. Vol. 12, pp. 173-96.

Florini, Anna M. (ed.) (2000), The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC.

Fowler, A. (1997), Striking a Balance: A Guide to Enhancing the Effectiveness of NGOs in International Development. London: Earthscan.

Fox, Jonathan A., and David Brown (eds.) (1998), The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements. MIT Press.

Gant, George F. "The Institution Building Project," International Review of Administrative Sciences, vol. 32, no. 3 (1966), pp. 1-8.

Gellner, Ernest (1994), Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and its Rivals. London: Hamish Hamilton.

Goodwin, Crawford D. and Michael Nacht, Beyond Government: Extending the Public Policy Debate in Emerging Democracies (Boulder: Westview, 1995)

Gramsci, Antonio (1971), Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci in Hoare. Q. and G. Howell Smith (eds.). London: Lawrence and Wishart.

Guy Peters, B. Comparing Public Bureaucracies: Problems of Theory and Method (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1988)

Hann, C., and E. Dunn (1996), Civil Society: Challenging Western Models. London: Routledge.

Heady, Ferrel Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1991 or latest edition).

Howell, Jude, and Jenny Pearce (2001), Civil Society and Development: A Critical Exploration. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Hulme, D., and M. Edwards (1997), NGOs, States and Donors: To Close for Comfort. London: Macmillan.

Kaviraj, Sudipta, and Sunil Khilnani (eds.) (2001), Civil Society: History and Possibilities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Keane, John (1998), Civil Society: Old Images, New Visions. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Keane, John (Ed. 1988), Civil Society and the State. London: Verso.

Keck, Margaret E., and Kathryn Sikknik (1998), Activists Beyond Borders. Cornell University Press, Cornell.

Kharasch, Robert N. The Institutional Imperative, (New York: Charter House, 1973).

Lewis, D., and T. Wallace (Eds. 2001), New Roles and Relevance: Development NGOs and the Challenge of Change. Hartford: Kumarian.

Lindenberg, M., and C. Bryant (2001), Going Global: Transforming Relief and Development NGOs. Bloomfield, Connecticut: Kumarian Books.

Malena, Carmen, “Beneficiaries, Mercenaries, Missionaries and Revolutionaries: ‘Unpacking’ NGO Involvement in World Bank-Financed Projects,” IDS Bulletin, 31:3, July 2000, pp. 19-34. R

Mawhood, Philip, Local Government in the Third World (New York: John Wiley, 1983).

McAdam, D., J. McCarthy, and M. Zald (1996), Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Melucci, A. (1996), Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1996.

Nelson, Paul J. (1995), The World Bank and Non-Governmental Organizations: The Limits of Apolitical Development. Macmillan.

O’Brien, Robert et al. (2000), Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements. Cambridge University Press.

Pasha, Mustapha Kamal, and David L. Blaney, “Elusive Paradise: The Promise and Peril of Global Civil Society,” Alternatives 23, 1998, pp. 417-50. R

Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Putnam, Robert D. (1993), Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy.

Reilly, Charles A. New Paths to Democratic Development in Latin America: The Rise of NGO-Municipal Collaboration (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995)

Rieff, David (1999), ‘The False Dawn of Civil Society’ The Nation. February 22, 1999.

Riggs, Fred Administration in Developing Countries: Theory of the Prismatic Society (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1964).

Schaffer, B.B. “The Deadlock in development administration”, in Colin Leys (ed.), Politics and Change in Developing Countries (London: Cambridge University Press, 1969), pp. 177-211

Staudt, Kathleen ed. Women, International Development and Politics: The Bureaucratic Mire (Philidelphia: Temple University Press, 1997).

Staudt, Kathleen Managing Development: State, Society and International Contexts (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991).

Strauss, Leo, and Joseph Cropsey (eds.) (1987), History of Political Philosophy, 3rd Edition. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Tarrow, Sydney (1994), Power in Movements, Collective Action and Politics. Cambridge University Press.

Turner, Mark and David Hulme, Governance, Administration and Development: Making the State Work (West Hartford: Kumarian, 1997)

Tvedt, Terje, 2002, “Development NGOs: Actors in a Global Civil Society or in a New International Social System?”, Voluntas 13:4, December 2002, pp. 363-75.

van Rooy, Alison (ed.) (1998), Civil Society and the Aid Industry. London: Earthscan.

Wallis, Malcolm Bureaucracy: Its Role in Third World Development (London: Macmillan, 1989).

Wapner, Paul, “Politics Beyond the State: Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics,” World Politics 47, April 1995, pp. 311-40.

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