Phonological Process Chart - Chicago
Phonological process
Description
Example
Approximate
age of
elimination
Cluster reduction
When a consonant cluster is
produced with only one
consonant
¡°truck¡± ¨¤ ¡°tuck¡±
¡°slide¡± ¨¤ ¡°side¡±
¡°brown¡± ¨¤ ¡°bown¡±
~4 years;
Including /s/,
gone by 5 years
Final consonant deletion
When the last consonant of a
word is omitted
When the first consonant of a
word is omitted
¡°dog¡± ¨¤ ¡°daw¡±
~3 years
¡°dog¡± ¨¤ ¡°awg¡±
When the first unstressed
syllable of a word is omitted
When a sound is added
between two consonants,
often ¡°uh¡±
When alveolar sounds /t/ or /d/
are substituted with /k/ or /g/
¡°banana¡± ¨¤ ¡°nana¡±
Never typical;
seen in more
severe
phonological
disorders
~4 years
¡°plane¡± ¨¤ ¡°puh-lane¡±
~8 years
¡°bus¡± ¨¤ ¡°buhk¡±
¡°lid¡± ¨¤ ¡°lig¡±
When velar sounds /k/ or /g/ are
substitued with alveolar
sounds /t/ or /d/
When a non-affricate is
substitued with an affricate,
¡°ch¡± or ¡°j¡±
When an affricate ¡°ch¡± or ¡°j¡± is
substituted with a fricative or
stop, like ¡°sh¡± or /d/
When an non-alveolar sound is
substitued with an alveolar
sound
When a palatal sound is
substituted with a non-palatal
sound
When a non-labial sound is
substituted with a labial sound,
/m/, /p/, or /b/.
When /l/ or /r/ becomes a /w/ or
/y/ sound
When a fricative or affricate is
¡°bag¡± ¨¤ ¡°bad¡±
¡°lake¡± ¨¤ ¡°late¡±
Never typical;
seen in more
severe
phonological
disorders
~3.5 years
Initial consonant deletion
Weak syllable deletion
Epenthesis
Backing
Fronting
Affrication
Deaffrication
Alveolarization
Depalatalization
Labialization
Gliding
Stopping
¡°doggie¡± ¨¤ ¡°joggie¡±
~3 years
¡°choo-choo¡± ¨¤ ¡°shoo shoo¡±
¡°chip¡± ¨¤ ¡°dip¡±
~4 years
¡°shoe¡± ¨¤ ¡°tu¡±
¡°make¡± ¨¤ ¡°nake¡±
~5 years
¡°dish¡± ¨¤ ¡°dit¡±
~5 years
¡°toad¡± ¨¤ ¡°poad¡±
¡°nail¡± ¨¤ ¡°mail¡±
~6 years
¡°yellow¡± ¨¤ ¡°yewo¡±or ¡°yeyo¡±
¡°rock¡± ¨¤ ¡°wock¡±
¡°foot¡± ¨¤ ¡°put¡±
~6 years
/f, v, s, z/ by 3
Vowelization
Assimilation
Denasalization
Final Consonant Devoicing
Prevocalic Voicing
Coalescence
Reduplication
replaced with a stop
¡°jump¡± ¨¤ ¡°dump¡±
When /l/ or ¡°er¡± sounds are
replaced with a vowel
When a consonant is
substituted with another
consonant within the word
When a nasal consonant like /n/
or /m/ is substituted with a nonnasal sound like /d/ or /b/
When a voiced consonant at
the end of the word, like /d/ is
produced as its unvoiced
counterpart, like /t/
When an unvoiced consonant
at the beginning of the word,
like /f/, is produced as its voiced
counterpart, like /v/
When two phonemes are
substituted with a consonant
that has similar features
When a sound or incomplete
syllable is repeated
¡°apple¡± ¨¤ ¡°appo¡±
¡°color¡± ¨¤ ¡°colluh¡±
¡°ladder¡± ¨¤ ¡°dadder¡±
¡°bub¡± ¨¤ ¡°bus¡±
years
¡°ch¡± ¡°sh¡± ¡°th¡±
¡°j¡± by 5 years
-~3 years
¡°monkey¡± ¨¤ ¡°bunkey¡±
¡°nose¡± ¨¤ ¡°dose¡±
~2.5 years
¡°bug¡± ¨¤ ¡°buck¡±
¡°road¡± ¨¤ ¡°wrote¡±
~3 years
¡°fish¡± ¨¤ ¡°vish¡±
¡°sip¡± ¨¤ ¡°zip¡±
~6 years
¡°spoon¡± ¨¤ ¡°foon¡±
--
¡°bottle¡± ¨¤ ¡°baba¡±
~3 years
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