Chapter 1
APES, Hoffman Name: ____________________________________
Unit 2 – STUDY GUIDE (Ch. 3, 4.1, 5.1) ECOLOGY
Chapter 3, 4.1, 5.1: Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work?
species
ecology
population
organism
biosphere
community
ecosystem
habitat
atmosphere
hydrosphere
geosphere
biomes
natural greenhouse effect
abiotic
biotic
photosynthesis
autotrophs
producers
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration / fermentation
carnivores
chemosynthesis
consumers
decomposers
detritus
detritivores
omnivores
herbivores
primary consumers
secondary consumers
third and higher level consumers
food chain
food web
trophic level
biomass
pyramid of energy flow
gross primary productivity (GPP)
net primary productivity (NPP)
nutrient (biogeochemical) cycles
hydrologic (water) cycles
transpiration
carbon cycle
nitrogen cycle
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
nitrification
denitrification
ammonification
acid deposition (acid rain)
phosphorous cycle
sulfur cycle
biodiversity
niche
interspecific competition vs. intraspecific competition
parasitism
commensalism
mutualism
predation
Chapter 3 – Guiding Questions
1. Briefly describe the three factors that sustain life on Earth.
2. Briefly describe what happens to the solar energy reaching the Earth.
3. List three abiotic factors that have large effects on ecosystems.
4. Describe three main types of biotic components of ecosystems.
5. Distinguish between producers and consumers. List and distinguish between four types of consumers.
6. Distinguish between detritus feeders and decomposers.
7. Give the equations for photosynthesis and respiration. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?
8. What species does the book say “run the world” and why are they so important? (Science focus on p. 62)
9. Apply the second law of energy to food chains and trophic levels (they describe energy flow in ecosystems).
10. Ecological efficiency follows something called the 10% rule. What do you think this rule refers to and how does it explain why food chains rarely have more than 4 levels?
11. What is the difference between gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP)?
12. Describe/diagram the water cycle.
13. Describe/diagram the carbon cycle.
14. Describe/diagram the nitrogen cycle.
15. Describe/diagram the phosphorus cycle.
16. Describe/diagram the sulfur cycle.
Chapter 4.1 – Guiding Questions
17. Explain biodiversity. How does it differ around the world?
18. What is a biodiversity hotspot?
19. Explain the difference between the types of biodiversity (genetic, species, ecosystem).
20. What is a biome? Give 3 examples and explain how they are distributed around the globe.
Chapter 5.1 – Guiding Questions
21. Give an example of parasitism.
22. Give an example of mutualism.
23. Give an example of commensalism.
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