Chapter 1



APES, Hoffman Name: ____________________________________

Unit 2 – STUDY GUIDE (Ch. 3, 4.1, 5.1) ECOLOGY

Chapter 3, 4.1, 5.1: Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work?

species

ecology

population

organism

biosphere

community

ecosystem

habitat

atmosphere

hydrosphere

geosphere

biomes

natural greenhouse effect

abiotic

biotic

photosynthesis

autotrophs

producers

aerobic respiration

anaerobic respiration / fermentation

carnivores

chemosynthesis

consumers

decomposers

detritus

detritivores

omnivores

herbivores

primary consumers

secondary consumers

third and higher level consumers

food chain

food web

trophic level

biomass

pyramid of energy flow

gross primary productivity (GPP)

net primary productivity (NPP)

nutrient (biogeochemical) cycles

hydrologic (water) cycles

transpiration

carbon cycle

nitrogen cycle

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

nitrification

denitrification

ammonification

acid deposition (acid rain)

phosphorous cycle

sulfur cycle

biodiversity

niche

interspecific competition vs. intraspecific competition

parasitism

commensalism

mutualism

predation

Chapter 3 – Guiding Questions

1. Briefly describe the three factors that sustain life on Earth.

2. Briefly describe what happens to the solar energy reaching the Earth.

3. List three abiotic factors that have large effects on ecosystems.

4. Describe three main types of biotic components of ecosystems.

5. Distinguish between producers and consumers. List and distinguish between four types of consumers.

6. Distinguish between detritus feeders and decomposers.

7. Give the equations for photosynthesis and respiration. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?

8. What species does the book say “run the world” and why are they so important? (Science focus on p. 62)

9. Apply the second law of energy to food chains and trophic levels (they describe energy flow in ecosystems).

10. Ecological efficiency follows something called the 10% rule. What do you think this rule refers to and how does it explain why food chains rarely have more than 4 levels?

11. What is the difference between gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP)?

12. Describe/diagram the water cycle.

13. Describe/diagram the carbon cycle.

14. Describe/diagram the nitrogen cycle.

15. Describe/diagram the phosphorus cycle.

16. Describe/diagram the sulfur cycle.

Chapter 4.1 – Guiding Questions

17. Explain biodiversity. How does it differ around the world?

18. What is a biodiversity hotspot?

19. Explain the difference between the types of biodiversity (genetic, species, ecosystem).

20. What is a biome? Give 3 examples and explain how they are distributed around the globe.

Chapter 5.1 – Guiding Questions

21. Give an example of parasitism.

22. Give an example of mutualism.

23. Give an example of commensalism.

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