AP Biology Semester 1 Study Guide - Quia



AP Biology Semester 1 Study GuideJanuary 192016[Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.]Unit I: Chemistry of Life (Chapters 2, 3, and 6)ChemistryDraw and describe the following types of bonds:IonicCovalent (polar and non-polar covalent)HydrogenGive an example of a compound/molecule that displays each type of bond listed above.WaterList five properties of water. Define each property. Explain how each property is advantageous for a particular organism. Be specific in your anic MoleculesWhat is an organic molecule?What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?What are functional groups? List the functional groups studied in class. Draw a picture of each type of functional group. Provide an example of a molecule in which each functional group can be found. CarbohydratesDraw a monosaccharide (the monomer of all carbohydrates).What is the formula for glucose?Draw and give the function for the following carbohydrates.SucroseStarchCelluloseGlycogenChitin (You don’t have to draw this one)In what types of foods do you find carbohydrates?LipidsDraw and give the function for the following lipids.Triglycerides (fats…saturated and unsaturated)PhospholipidsSteroids (cholesterol and sex hormones)ProteinsDraw an amino acid (the monomer of a protein).Give the five major groups of proteins and one example of how each group is used in the body.How are amino acids joined together?Draw and describe the following protein structures.PrimarySecondary (alpha helix and beta pleated) (fibrous)Tertiary (globular) Give the three types of bonds that help form the tertiary structure and explain the hydrophobic effect.Quaternary structureNucleic AcidsDraw a nucleotide (the monomer of nucleic acids).Give the five types of nitrogen bases and identify them as purines or pyrimidines. (AGriculture is pure… or AG—“always glow”)Draw a simplified molecule of RNA and one of DNA and give the basic functions of each.EnzymesEnzymes are globular, quaternary structured proteins. What is the main function of an enzyme?What is activation energy and how do enzymes affect the activation energy in a reaction?What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? Together, these reactions are referred to as metabolism.Draw a picture of an enzyme catalyzed reaction and label the following.Substrate, active site, enzyme, enzyme-substrate complex, productsWhy do enzymes follow the so-called lock and key model or induced fit model?Give an example of three enzymes and their substrates. How do you know which one is the enzyme, if only given the names?How can improper pH and/or temperature affect enzyme function?Give an example of a coenzyme and a cofactor and describe how each works. Enzyme Inhibitors: Explain how competitive, noncompetitive and allosteric inhibitors work and draw an example of how each works.Describe the concept of negative feedback with regards to enzyme function.Unit II: The Cell (Chapters 4-5)Cell ClassificationWhat is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?Give examples of each.Give four differences between plant and animal cells.Cell Membrane StructureDraw a section of the plasma membrane and label the following…Beside each label, provide the function of each structurePhospholipidsHydrophilic headsHydrophobic tailsCholesterolIntegral and transmembrane proteins: channel, transport, electron transport (see chemiosmosis)Peripheral proteins: recognition, receptor, and adhesionCell organellesCut and paste a picture of the plant and the animal cell and beside each label listed below, provide the functions of the organelles. You may need to draw some in.NucleusRibosomes,Rough ERSmooth ERGolgi bodyVesiclesMitochondriaChloroplastsLysosomesCentriolesVacuolesFlagellaCiliaCell WallCut and paste your drawings of the cell junctions and give examples of cells that display each type of junction.Cell Membrane FunctionWhat does it mean that the cell membrane is selectively permeable?Create a chart comparing the following processes: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.Include the following in your chart:passive or activewith or against the gradientproteins or no proteins involvedif proteins are involved, what typesubstances moved by each processDraw a cell in a hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutionDescribe the process of plasmolysisVesicular transport: Draw the processes of exocytosis, endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)Unit III: Cell Processes: Energy and Communication (Chapters 7-8) Cell RespirationGive the formulaAll organisms undergo glycolysis in their cytoplasm. What is glycolysis?All eukaryotes undergo chemiosmosis in their mitochondria. Why don’t prokaryotes?Describe the basic structure of ATP and describe the energy cycle between ADP and ATP.GlycolysisGlucose is broken down into _____________________.How many ATP’s are invested? What is the net yield of ATP?How many NADH are produced?Where does this occur?Kreb’s Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle)What are the 2 pyruvates converted into before they can enter the citric acid cycle?What is released in the process?How many ATP’s are released?How many NADH’s? Where do they go?How many FADH2’s? Where do they go?In animal respiration, what happens to the CO2 that is released?Where does this occur?Electron Tranport ChainWhy is this process called chemiosmosis or oxidative phosphorylation?What do the NADH and the FADH2 do for this process?Describe the ETC. Be sure to include NADH, FADH2, cytochrome carrier proteins, H+ ions, concentration gradient, pump, ATP synthase, ADP, ATP, oxygen as the final electron acceptor.What is produced when oxygen accepts the final electons?How many ATP’s are produced?Where does this occur?Anaerobic RespirationWhat happens if no oxygen is present in the cell after glycolysis?What is the difference between anaerobic respiration in animals vs. anaerobic respiration in plants, yeast, and bacteria?What is another name for anaerobic respiration?PhotosynthesisGive the equation for photosynthesis.What types of organisms undergo photosynthesis?What is the purpose of photosynthesis?Light Reaction (aka Noncylic photophosphorylation)Provide a flowchart for the steps of the light reaction. It might be nice to draw the steps too. Include the following terms:photosystem II (P680)photolysisprimary electron acceptorelectron transport chain ADP-ATPPhotosystem I (P700)Primary electron acceptorElectron transport chainNADP-NADPHWhere do all of these steps occur?What is cyclic photophosphoylation?Calvin Cycle (aka Dark Reacations)Provide a flowchart for the steps of the Calvin cycle. It might be nice to draw the steps too. Include the following terms:Carbon fixationRubiscoCO2RuBPPGA (3C)Glucose (6C)Where does this process take place?C4 and CAM PhotosynthesisWhat happens when there is not enough carbon dioxide entering the leaf?C4 Photosynthesis: A 2 step process where carbon is fixed in two different cellsDraw a flowchart for C4 photosynthesis and include the following:Mesophyll cellsPEP Carboxylase4C “storage” compounds (oxaloacetate)Bundle sheath cellsRubiscoCalvin CycleWhich plants undergo C4 photosynthesis?CAM Photosynthesis: A 2 step process where carbon is fixed at different times of the day. Draw a flowchart for CAM photosynthesis and include the following:Stomates openNightCarbon “storage” compoundDayStomates closedCalvin CycleCO2Which plants undergo CAM photosynthesis?Unit IV: From Gene to Protein (Chapters 9-12)Cell CycleName the four functions of cell division (mitosis)Which cells divide by mitosis?Distinguish between the following terms and name the phase of the cell cycle in which you would find these structures.ChromosomesChromatidsCentromereComplementary strandsWhat happens during G1, S, G2, and GO of interphase?Name the major events of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.How is cytokinesis different in animal cells and plant cells?How are the following involved in cell division…Surface to volume ratioDensity dependent inhibitionCheckpointsMeiosisWhich cells divide by meiosis?Meiosis I: List the phases of meiosis I and include the following terms as you describe the phases.Reduction divisionHomologous chromosomesDiploid2nCrossing OverTetradSynapsisIndependent assortmentMeiosis II: List the phases of meiosis II and include the following terms as you describe the phases.Haploid1nSister chromatidsWhich process produces genetic variation and recombination, mitosis or meiosis?HeredityDefine or describe the following Mendelian inheritance terms. Draw, or include a sample punnett square problem, for each of these terms.LocusGeneAlleleHomologous pairsDominantRecessivePhenotypeGenotypeHomozygousHeterozygousMonohybrid crossDihybrid crossP, F1, F2 generationsTest crossDescribe the following rules and laws of Mendel’s and give examples of each.DominanceSegregationIndependent AssortmentDefine or describe the following non-Mendelian Inheritance patterns. Draw, or include a sample Punnett square problem, for each of these terms.Incomplete dominanceCodominanceMultiple allelesEpistasisPleiotropyPolygenic inheritanceLinkageSex-linkedX inactivationNon-disjunctionDeletionDuplicationTranslocationInversionDNA ReplicationDescribe the steps for DNA Replication by creating a flowchart. Use the following terms in your description.Semiconservative replicationTemplate strandDNA polymeraseLeading strandLagging strandHelicaseReplication forkSingle stranded binding proteinsDNA ligaseOkazaki fragmentsRNA primaseRNA primer3’ and 5’ endsWhere in the cell does replication occur?Draw examples of the following types of gene mutationsPoint (aka substitution)Frameshift (insertion and deletion)Protein SynthesisDescribe the experiment that led to the one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis (one-gene-one-polypeptide)Describe the steps of transcription while including the following termsmRNARNA polymeraseRNA processingIntronsExons5’ capPoly-A tailSplicesomesWhere in the cell does transcription occur?TranslationDescribe the steps of translation while including the following termsmRNAcodontRNAanticodonrRNAribosomesmall RNA subunitlarge RNA subunitP siteA siteWobbleStop CodonStart Codon (Met)InitiationElongationTerminationWhere in the cell does translation occur?Name three ways that replication and protein synthesis are different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. ................
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