Photosynthesis - Assets

[Pages:15]Photosynthesis

Sixth edition

D. O. Hall

and

K. K. Rao

Published in association with the Institute of Biology

PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia

First, second and third editions ? D. O. Hall and K. K. Rao, 1972, 1977, 1981, 1987

Fourth edition ? Cambridge University Press 1992

Fifth edition ? Cambridge University Press 1994

Sixth edition ? Cambridge University Press 1999

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First edition published by Edward Arnold 1972 (0537 9024) Second edition 1977 Third edition 1977 Third edition 1981 Fourth edition first published by Edward Arnold 1987 and first published by Cambridge University Press 1992 (0 521 42806 8) Fifth edition 1994 Reprinted with revisions 1995

Sixth edition 1999

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

Typeset in Monotype Garamond 11/13pt, in QuarkXPressTM [SE]

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

Hall, D. O. (David Oakley) Photosynthesis / D. O. Hall and K. K. Rao. ? 6th ed. p. cm. ? (Studies in biology) "Published in association with the Institute of Biology." Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0 521 64257 4 (hardbound) 1. Photosynthesis. I. Rao, K. K. II. Institute of Biology.

III. Title. IV. Series. QK882.H19 1999 572.46?dc21 98-47979 CIP

ISBN 0 521 64257 4 hardback ISBN 0 521 64497 6 paperback

Contents

General preface to the series Preface to the sixth edition

1 Importance and role of photosynthesis 1.1 Ultimate energy source 1.2 The carbon dioxide cycle 1.3 Efficiency and turnover 1.4 Spectra 1.5 Quantum theory 1.6 Energy units 1.7 Measurement of photosynthetic irradiance 1.8 Some techniques used in photosynthesis research

2 History and progress of ideas 2.1 Early discoveries 2.2 Limiting factors 2.3 Light and dark reactions; flashing light experiments 2.4 Further discoveries and formulations

3 Photosynthetic apparatus 3.1 Isolation of chloroplasts from leaves 3.2 Chloroplast pigments 3.3 The photosynthetic unit 3.4 Photosynthetic apparatus of C4 plants

page xi xiii

1 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10

22 22 24 26 27

32 37 40 47 54

viii Contents

4 Light absorption and the two photosystems

58

4.1 Dissipation of absorbed light energy: photochemistry,

fluorescence, phosphorescence and

thermoluminescence

59

4.2 Energy transfer or sensitized fluorescence

64

4.3 Action spectra, quantum yield

66

4.4 Emerson effect and the two light reactions

67

4.5 Reaction centres and primary electron acceptors

72

4.6 Experimental separation of the two photosystems

73

4.7 Inside-out and right-side-out chloroplast vesicles

75

4.8 Photosynthetic oxygen evolution

75

5 Photosynthetic electron transport and phosphorylation

79

5.1 Reduction and oxidation of electron carriers

80

5.2 Two types of photosynthetic phosphorylation

80

5.3 Non-cyclic electron transport and phosphorylation

81

5.4 ATP synthesis in chloroplasts: the chemiosmotic

hypothesis

86

5.5 Cyclic electron transport and phosphorylation

91

5.6 Structure?function relationships

95

5.7 Artificial electron donors, electron acceptors, and

inhibitors

96

6 Carbon dioxide fixation: the C3 and C4 pathways

100

6.1 Experimental techniques

100

6.2 The photosynthetic carbon reduction (Calvin) cycle

103

6.3 Structure?function relationships

107

6.4 Energetics of CO2 fixation

107

6.5 Sucrose and starch synthesis

110

6.6 The C4 (Kortschak, Hatch?Slack) pathway of CO2

fixation

112

6.7 Crassulacean acid metabolism: CAM species

115

6.8 Light-coupled reactions of chloroplasts other than CO2

fixation

115

6.9 Photorespiration and glycollate metabolism

122

6.10 Environmental factors affecting CO2 assimilation by

plants

125

7 Bacterial photosynthesis

128

7.1 Classification

128

7.2 Photosynthetic pigments and apparatus

129

Contents ix

7.3 Photochemistry and electron transport

134

7.4 Carbon dioxide fixation

136

7.5 Light energy conversion by halobacteria

137

7.6 Ecological significance of phototrophic bacteria

138

7.7 A comparison of plant and bacterial electron transport

139

7.8 Evolution of photosynthesis

144

8 Research in photosynthesis

147

8.1 Is photosystem I essential for oxygenic photosynthesis? 147

8.2 Protoplasts and cells

148

8.3 Origin and development of chloroplasts

148

8.4 Chloroplast genetics; expression and regulation of

genes; transgenic plants; site-directed mutagenesis

150

8.5 Transport and assembly of cytoplasmically assembled

polypeptides into the chloroplast membranes;

exchange of ions and metabolites through the

chloroplast envelope

155

8.6 Chloroplast structure

157

8.7 The photosystem II oxygen-evolving reaction

160

8.8 Photosystem II: structure and function of the reaction

centre

164

8.9 Photosystem I

166

8.10 The cytochrome b6 f complex: the Q cycle

170

8.11 RuBisCO: structure and function

171

8.12 Fluorescence as a probe for energy transfer and stress

physiology in photosynthesis

174

8.13 Photoinhibition

178

8.14 Energy redistribution between the two photosystems:

state transitions

183

8.15 Role of light in the regulation of photosynthesis: the

ferredoxin?thioredoxin control system

185

8.16 Whole plant studies and bioproductivity

187

8.17 Photosynthesis and the greenhouse effect

190

8.18 Mimicking photosynthesis

192

8.19 Phytochromes

194

9 Laboratory experiments

197

9.1 Reference books for experiments

197

9.2 Photosynthesis in whole plants and algae

198

9.3 Preparation of protoplasts, chloroplasts and subchloroplast

membranes

198

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