SECONDARY BIOLOGY
Prescribed by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board for Class IX-X from the academic year of 1996.
SECONDARY BIOLOGY
Class IX-X
Written by Dr. Iqubal Aziz Muttaqui
Nasim Banu Dr. Md. Abul Hasan
Gul Anar Ahmed
Translated by Professor Md. Obaidur Rahman Sikder
Raihana Begum
National Curriculum And Textbook Board, Dhaka
Published by
National Curriculum and Textbook Board 67-70, Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka
[All rights reserved by the Publisher]
First Print : 1998 Second Edition: 2007 Reprint April : 2009
Reprint October :
Computer Compose
Perform Color Graphics (Pvt) Ltd.
Illustration
Arif Reza Khan Abu Hasmi Md. Faisal
Design
NCTB, Dhaka
For free distribution from academic year 2012 by the Government of Bangladesh. Printed by :
PREFACE
Education is the key to development. A progressively improved education system largely determines the pace and the quality of national development. To reflect the hopes and aspirations of the people and the socio-economic and cultural reality in the context of the post independent Bangladesh, new textbooks were introduced in the beginning of the 1980s following the recommendations of the National Curriculum and Textbook Committee. In 1994, in accordance with the need for change and development, the textbooks of lower secondary, secondary and higher secondary were revised and modified. The textbooks from classes VI to IX were written in 1995. in 2000, almost all the textbooks were rationally evaluated and necessary revision were made. In 2008, the Ministry of Education formed a Task Force for Education. According to the advice and guidance of the Task Force, the cover, spelling and information in the textbooks were updated and corrected. To make assessment more meaningful and in accordance with the need of the curriculum, Creative Questions and Multiple Choice Questions are given at the end of each chapter. It is hoped that this will reduce the dependency of students on rote memorisation. The students will be able to apply the knowledge they have gained to judge, analyses and evaluate real life situation. In the revised curriculum. Botany & Zoology has been included in one book Biology. The study of Biology has been Presanted through both theory and practical classes. The practical experiments have been given separately. Students can gain knowledge about Biology and their interest in science will increase when they complete the experiments with the help of the teachers. I hope that the textbook of Biology properly reflects the objectives of the curriculum. This book of Biology for class IX & X is the English Version of the original textbook entitled 'Maydhamic Gibobiggayan' written in Bangla. We know that curriculum development is a continuous process on which textbooks are written. Any logical and formative suggestions for improvement will be considered with care. On the event of the golden jubilee of the Independence of Bangladesh in 2021, we want to be a part of the ceaseless effort to build a prosperous Bangladesh. In spite of sincere efforts in translation, editing and printing some inadvertent errors and omissions may be found in the book. However, our efforts to make it more refined and impeccable will continue. Any constructive suggestion towards its further improvement will be gratefully considered. I thank those who have assisted us with their intellect and effort in the writing, editing and rational evaluation of this book. We hope that the book will be useful for the students for whom it is written.
Prof. Md. Mostafa Kamaluddin Chairman
National Curriculum and Textbook Board Dhaka
Contents
Chapter
Topics
1 Introduction to Biology 2 Structure and Nature of living Cell 3 Cell Division 4 Division of Labour in Multicellular Plants: Tissue and
Tissue System 5 Animal Tissue, Organ and Organ System 6 Classification of Plants 7 Animal Diversity and Classification 8 Structural Organization and Acquaintance of Animals 9 Physiological Activities in Plants : Nutrition
Imbibition, Osmosis, Ascent of Sap And Transpiration Photosynthesis and Respiration Growth and Development of Plants 10 Flower 11 Pollination, Fertilization and dispersal of fruits and seeds 12 Reproduction of Plants 13 Organism and Environment 14 Pollution and Conservation of Environment 15 Natural Diversities of Bangladesh-Distribution of Plants and Animals 16 Economic Biology Practical Botany Practical Zoology
Page
1 15 28 36
46 62 78 95 164 168 182 199 207 216
228 232 247 260
300 314 334
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
Now a days we find contributions of Aristotle, Socrates, Theophrastus and many other scholars of the past age in different fields of knowledge. This is not possible for the scholars of the present time. A question may arise in your mind as to why it is not possible today. The reason is that in ages long past the extent of knowledge was limited. People engaged in achieving knowledge were also small in number. Today the dimension of knowledge has been increased many times. To contribute in more than one field is quite difficult at the present time. For convenience to know and understand things we have divided our world of knowledge in many branches. In this way Science, Literature, Arts, Social Science and many other branches have been created. As a whole, knowledge of human beings is undivided. But it has been divided into various branches for easy learning and understanding. You may have known that the knowledge of science is increasing rapidly. It is becoming possible because of the research of a large number of scientists in different fields of science. Many people think that knowledge of science is becoming double in every eight years. New subjects of science are being created. It is not possible to realize and understand this huge store of knowledge for an individual alone. As a result, scientists are engaged in research in particular subject or topic. At different times many scholars have divided the knowledge of science in various ways. The division and different branches of science are constantly spreading with the increase of knowledge in science. The two main branches of science are Physical science and Biological Science. Physical Science is otherwise called the Science of non-living things. In Physical science characteristics, actions-reactions, multiformaity and many similar other properties of non-living objects are examined and discussed.
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