Chapter 3: Physical Development and Biological Aging



Chapter 3: Physical Development and Biological Aging

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to the cephalocaudal growth pattern, which of the following would be likely to show fast growth first?

a. legs

b. hands

c. brain

d. stomach

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 100-101

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

2. According to the proximodistal growth pattern, which of the following would be likely to show growth earlier?

a. toes

b. fingers

c. fine motor skills

d. gross motor skills

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 100-101

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

3. Which growth pattern sequence indicates that growth progresses from the top of the body to the bottom?

a. cephalocaudal

b. proximodistal

c. paradistal

d. lateralization

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 100-101

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

4. In prenatal development, the head and its features grow in size and differentiation before the neck, shoulders, trunk, and limbs. What is this pattern of development called?

a. proximodistal

b. cephalocaudal

c. congenital

d. hypothalmitic

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 100-101

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

5. Which growth pattern sequence indicates that growth progresses from the center of the body toward the extremities?

a. cephalocaudal

b. proximodistal

c. paradistal

d. lateralization

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 101

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

6. Baby Kassie can slap the tray of the highchair but cannot pick up small pieces of cereal with her fingers yet. This is an example of:

a. a neurological disorder.

b. cephalocaudal growth.

c. a congenital birth defect.

d. proximodistal growth pattern.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 101

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

7. Sammi was born 3 days ago and has lost 3 percent of her body weight. Should her parents be concerned?

a. Yes. Sammi’s parents should consult her pediatrician immediately.

b. No. Babies can safely lose between 5 and 7 percent of their body weight within the first few days after birth.

c. No. Babies can safely lose between 9 and 12 percent of their body weight within the first few days after birth.

d. Maybe. Sammi’s parents should begin supplementing breast-feeding with baby formula and weigh her twice a day to ensure no more weight is lost.

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 101

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

8. Average North American babies double their birth weight by what age?

a. 1 month

b. 4 months

c. 8 months

d. 10 months

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 101

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

9. Marcia’s baby boy weighed 8 pounds at birth. How much should he weigh by 4 months of age?

a. 10 pounds

b. 12 pounds

c. 16 pounds

d. 24 pounds

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 101

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

10. During the second year of life, growth rate:

a. remains the same as growth rate in the first year of life.

b. accelerates considerably.

c. slows considerably.

d. accelerates for physical characteristics and slows for mental processes.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 101

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

11. Four-year-old Keisha gained 6 pounds in the last year. Should Keisha’s mother be concerned?

a. Yes. Keisha has gained too much weight.

b. Yes. Keisha has not gained enough weight.

c. Maybe. It depends on Keisha’s height, HDL, LDL, and body fat measurements.

d. No. Keisha’s weight gain is normal for her age.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 101-102

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

12. Beginning in early childhood, girls have more __________ tissue than boys and boys have more __________ tissue than girls.

a. fatty/muscle

b. organ/brain

c. brain/organ

d. muscle/fatty

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 101-102

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

13. Leon is about a half inch shorter than his peers. It could be because:

a. his parents are Caucasian.

b. he is the first-born child.

c. his mother smokes.

d. he lives in the city.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 102

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

14. Kristina receives regular injections in order to help her grow to an average height. What condition is being treated?

a. growth hormone deficiency

b. overactive metabolism

c. congenital heart disease

d. malnutrition

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 102

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

15. Physical changes in middle and late childhood occur:

a. at approximately the same rate as those in adolescence.

b. more slowly than those in early childhood and more quickly than those in adolescence.

c. in three rapid spurts.

d. in a slow, consistent manner.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 102

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

16. During elementary school years, most children double their:

a. height.

b. weight.

c. muscle-to-fat ratio.

d. strength capabilities.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 102

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

17. Eight-year-old Whitney is taller than most of her friends. During adolescence she will probably:

a. begin puberty later than her peers.

b. grow more slowly than her peers.

c. remain taller than her peers.

d. gain more weight than her peers.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 102

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

18. What is the period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occurs in early adolescence?

a. spermarche

b. gonadarche

c. puberty

d. menarche

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 102-103

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

19. During the early childhood years, girls are generally __________ than boys.

a. much larger

b. much smaller

c. slightly larger

d. slightly smaller

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 103

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

20. Which structure controls growth and regulates other glands?

a. pituitary gland

b. hypothalamus

c. gonad

d. thyroid gland

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 103

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

21. What structure monitors eating, drinking, and sex?

a. pituitary gland

b. hypothalamus

c. thyroid gland

d. adrenal gland

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 103

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

22. What is the class of hormones that stimulate the testes and the ovaries?

a. cortisols

b. gonadotropins

c. androgens

d. estradiols

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 103

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

23. Sexual maturation and the development of reproductive maturity in girls are called:

a. menarche.

b. spermarche.

c. estrarche.

d. puberty.

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 103

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

24. Which of the following statements about growth spurts is TRUE?

a. The growth spurt occurs approximately two years earlier for boys than for girls.

b. The growth spurt occurs approximately two years earlier for girls than for boys.

c. The growth spurt occurs at approximately the same time for boys and girls.

d. The growth spurt is highly variable and occurs at a range of ages during adolescence.

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 103

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

25. Menarche occurs during what part of puberty?

a. just before it

b. early

c. in the middle

d. late

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 103

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

26. What are the chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands that are carried by the bloodstream?

a. endorphins

b. neurotransmitters

c. gonads

d. hormones

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 103-104

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

27. What is the main class of male sex hormones?

a. cortisols

b. estrogens

c. androgens

d. testosterones

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 104

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

28. What is the main class of female hormones?

a. cortisols

b. estrogens

c. androgens

d. estradiols

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 104

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

29. What is the main androgen that plays an important role in male pubertal development?

a. cortisol

b. estradiol

c. adrenaline

d. testosterone

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 104

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

30. Thirteen-year-old Melissa’s blood tests indicate testosterone levels twice as high as last year and estradiol levels eight times higher than last year. Melissa is likely experiencing:

a. normal changes as a result of having entered puberty.

b.difficulties due to significant imbalances in hormonal levels.

c. abnormal development of male physical characteristics.

d. abnormally fast development of female physical characteristics.

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 104

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

31. Which of the following factors affects puberty’s timing and makeup?

a. nutrition

b. health

c. eating patterns and stress

d. all of these

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 105

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

32. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding puberty for girls and boys?

a. Testosterone is present in boys only, and estradiol is present is girls only.

b. The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at the age of 12 for both boys and girls.

c. Both male and female adolescents are preoccupied with their bodies.

d. In the United States, children mature up to two years later than children in European countries.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 105

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

33. Samantha lives in the United States and was 14 1/2 years old when she experienced menarche. Samantha is:

a. slightly younger than average for menarche in Europe.

b. the average age for menarche in the United States.

c. older than average for menarche in the United States.

d. younger than average for menarche in the United States.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 105

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

34. Zachary engages in many aggressive and risk-taking behaviors. What is the MOST LIKELY cause for this?

a. increased levels of estrogens only

b. below-average levels of cortisol and adrenaline

c. increased levels of testosterone only

d. increased levels of testosterone and a poor relationship with his parents

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 105

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

35. The age at which puberty arrives dropped quickly throughout the 20th century. What might account for this change?

a. greenhouse effects on climate

b. improved health and nutrition

c. less manual labor requirements for adolescents

d. trace amounts of radiation from electric appliances

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 105

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

36. Joe is a late-maturing boy. How will his self-image in his 30s compare to the self-images of his early-maturing peers?

a. more negative

b. more positive

c. about the same

d. There has not been any research in this area.

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 105

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

37. James is going through puberty quite early. Research indicates that James is likely to:

a. be rejected by his peers.

b. have a negative self-image.

c. have a positive self-image.

d. be highly successful in his later career.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 105

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

38. Andrea is an early-maturing adolescent. How does her self-image compare to the self-images of her late-maturing peers?

a. more negative

b. more positive

c. about the same

d. There has not been any research in this area.

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 105

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

39. Thirteen-year-old Jodi smokes and has a 16-year-old boyfriend. What might have influenced Jodi’s behavior?

a. amenorrhea

b. late maturation

c. early maturation

d. poor social skills

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 106

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

40. Early maturation in girls is linked to which of the following?

a. problem behaviors such as smoking, drinking, and having an eating disorder

b. wreckless driving

c. overdependence on parents

d. low academic achievement

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 106

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

41. Janice is in her early 60s. How does her height MOST likely compare to when she was in her 40s?

a. Her height is not significantly different from when she was in her 40s.

b. She is a ¼ inch shorter.

c. She is a ½ inch shorter.

d. She is an inch shorter.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 106

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

42. Body fat accounts for __________ percent of body weight in adolescence and __________ percent or more in middle adulthood.

a. 10/20

b. 15/25

c. 5/15

d. 20/25

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 106

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

43. Bill is beginning to sense less elasticity in his muscles, and he feels new aches after his regular exercise. Bill is probably in his:

a. 20s.

b. 30s.

c. 40s.

d. 50s.

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 107

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

44. Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength is called:

a. amenorrhea.

b. gonadarche.

c. osteoporosis.

d. sarcopenia.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 107

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

45. When does maximum bone density occur?

a. early 20s

b. mid-20s

c. early 30s

d. mid-30s

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 107

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

46. Mac is 63 years old. Which of the following statements is true?

a. Mac’s artery walls are thinning.

b. Mac’s blood pressure will remain about the same as it was in his 40s.

c. Mac’s blood cholesterol is increasing and deposits are beginning to accumulate on artery walls.

d. Proteins in Mac’s lung tissue are becoming more elastic.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: Page: 107

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

47. Which of the following does NOT affect cholesterol levels?

a. heredity

b. blood type

c. eating low-fat foods

d. exercise

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: Page: 107

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

48. A condition characterized by hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance is:

a. sarcopenia.

b. puberty.

c. climacteric.

d. metabolic syndrome.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: Page: 107

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

49. At 45 years old, Susan is having difficulty trying to conceive a child. She is beginning to experience:

a. amenorrhea

b. menarche

c. climacteric

d. final menstruation

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: Page: 107-108

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

50. Just as __________ has been coming earlier, __________ has been coming later.

a. puberty/menarche

b. sperarche/menarche

c. puberty/menopause

d. menopause/menarche

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 107-108

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

51. At 51, Beverly is experiencing nausea, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat. A blood test reveals very low levels of estrogen. Beverly is experiencing symptoms of:

a. climacteric.

b. amenorrhea.

c. menarche.

d. menopause.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 107-108

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

52. What explanation BEST accounts for why those older than 60 lose weight?

a. They exercise more regularly.

b. They eat smaller meals.

c. They experience muscle loss.

d. Their metabolism speeds up.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 108

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

53. Although physical decline is inevitable in older age:

a. there is considerable individual variability in rates of decline in functioning.

b. height remains the same.

c. muscle tone remains about the same.

d. physical appearance does not change significantly.

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 108

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

54. Hypertension and stroke are signs of which of the following in older adults?

a. changes in the neural system

b. changes in the digestive system

c. changes in the circulatory system

d. changes in the musculoskeletal system

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 108-109

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

55. Which structure is responsible for about 80 percent of the brain’s volume and critical to perception, thinking, and language?

a. forebrain

b. cerebral cortex

c. left hemisphere

d. hippocampus

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 110

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

56. Which brain lobe is responsible for voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose?

a. frontal

b. occipital

c. temporal

d. parietal

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 110

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

57. Which brain lobe is responsible for vision?

a. frontal

b. occipital

c. temporal

d. parietal

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 110

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

58. Which brain lobe is responsible for hearing, language processing, and memory?

a. frontal

b. occipital

c. temporal

d. parietal

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 110

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

59. Which brain lobe is responsible for registering spatial location, attention, and motor control?

a. frontal

b. occipital

c. temporal

d. parietal

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 110

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

60. What do scientists now know about brain development?

a. Our genes determine how our brains are “wired.”

b. Brain cell division halts in early childhood.

c. What you do and how you live can change the development of your brain.

d. Heredity is responsible for 98 percent of how our brain functions.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 110-111

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

61. The hippocampus lies deeper in the brain and plays an important role in which of the following?

a. memory and emotion

b. attention and impulse control

c. fine motor skills

d. critical and creative thinking

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 110-111

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

62. What is the layer of fat cells that helps electrical impulses travel faster along the axon of a neuron?

a. dendrite

b. cerebral cortex

c. myelin sheath

d. synapse

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 111

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

63. Communication in the synapses occurs through the release of chemical substances known as:

a. neurotransmitters

b. neurons

c. dendrites

d. axons

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 111

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

64. Specialization of functions in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is called:

a. myelination.

b. neuronal interconnectedness.

c. lateralization.

d. dendritic spreading.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 111

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

65. Which of the following functions occur primarily in the left hemisphere of the brain?

a. performing music and other creative functions

b. reading and other complex, logical functions

c. humor and the use of metaphors

d. speech and grammar

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 111

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

66. Which of the following functions occur primarily in the right hemisphere of the brain?

a. performing music and other creative functions

b. reading and other complex, logical functions

c. humor and the use of metaphors

d. speech and grammar

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 111

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

67. Which of the following statements about brain lateralization is NOT true?

a. Complex functions like performing music involve both hemispheres.

b. The right and left hemispheres of the brain handle different types of information.

c. People who are logical thinkers are left-brained, and creative thinkers are right-brained.

d. Complex thinking requires communication between both hemispheres.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 111

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

68. Research shows that living in a deprived environment:

a. does not significantly affect brain development.

b. promotes greater brain development as compensation for impoverished conditions.

c. depresses brain activity.

d. is not reversible regardless of future experiences in better conditions.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 112

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

69. Aunya is growing up in an orphanage and receives very little emotional, mental, or physical stimulation and nurture. Aunya’s brain development will likely be:

a. the same as peers raised in enriched environments.

b. greater than peers raised in enriched environments.

c. depressed compared to peers raised in enriched environments.

d. greater than her biological parents.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 112

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

70. Michael Rehbein had the left hemisphere of his brain removed in order to stop seizures. After much therapy, the right side of his brain began to reorganize and take over left hemisphere functions. This example supports the neuroscientific belief that what “wires” the brain is:

a. repeated experience.

b. lateralization.

c. not affected by seizures.

d. housed in the right hemisphere.

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 112

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

71. A newborn’s brain is __________ percent of its adult weight and grows to __________ percent of its adult weight by 2 years of age.

a. 10/20

b. 15/25

c. 25/50

d. 25/75

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 112

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

72. What is meant by the “blooming and pruning” analogy of brain development?

a. The brain produces many more dendrite and synapse connections than it uses (blooming). Unused connections disappear or are replaced (pruning).

b. Early brain function is not specialized by location (blooming). Lateralization (pruning) occurs around 2 years of age.

c. Myelination produces the brain’s bumpy surface (blooming). Brain activity and learning smoothes this surface (pruning).

d. Areas of the brain mature gradually and uniformly during the first half of life (blooming) and decline in the same manner during the second half of life (pruning).

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 114

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

73. Which area of baby Van’s brain shows increased brain activity when listening to speech sounds?

a. right hemisphere

b. left hemisphere

c. occipital lobe

d. parietal lobe

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 114

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

74. Five-year-old Courtney’s brain is developing rapidly as she learns how to plan and organize new action and maintain attention to tasks. In which area is activity the greatest?

a. cerebral cortex

b. parietal lobe

c. frontal lobe

d. occipital lobe

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 115

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

75. Ten-year-old Jason’s brain is developing rapidly as he develops better skills in language and spatial relations. In which area is activity the greatest?

a. cerebral cortex

b. right hemisphere

c. parietal lobe

d. occipital lobe

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 115

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

76. Adolescents are often characterized as impulsive and emotional. This behavior may be due to immature development in which area of the brain?

a. temporal lobe

b. right hemisphere

c. left hemisphere

d. prefrontal cortex

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 116

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

77. Thirteen-year-old Jonathan is impulsive and emotional. This may be due to increased activity and growth in the:

a. amygdala and hippocampus.

b. frontal lobes.

c. GABA.

d. hypothalamus.

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 116

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

78. Seventeen-year-old Jake tends to take risks while driving and is quick-tempered. This lack of self-control and reasoning may be due to the later development of the:

a. corpus collosum.

b. prefrontal cortex.

c. amygdala.

d. synapses.

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 116

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

79. The corpus collosum, which connects the brain’s left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence, and this improves adolescents’ ability to:

a. process information.

b. reason and make decisions.

c. learn foreign languages.

d. control aggressive behavior.

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 116

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

80. The prefrontal cortex, which is the highest level of the frontal lobes this is involved in reasoning, decision making and self-control, finishes most of its development during:

a. early childhood.

b. late adolescence.

c. emerging adulthood.

d. older adulthood.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 116

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

81. The amygdala, which is the “seat” of emotions such as anger, matures much earlier than the prefrontal cortex. This may account for which of the following?

a. adolescents’ increased information processing speed

b. adolescents’ risky, impulsive behavior

c. early onset of puberty

d. adolescents’ sharper self-regulatory skills

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 116

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

82. What happens to the brain’s weight and volume as it ages?

a. weight increases, volume decreases

b. volume increases, weight decreases

c. weight and volume increase

d. weight and volume decrease

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 118

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

83. Ora’s blood test shows a major reduction in acetylcholine. The effect of this may well be:

a. slowing of motor reflexes.

b. symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

c. symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

d. increased impulsivity.

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 118

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

84. Leonard’s blood test shows a major reduction in dopamine. The effect of this may well be:

a. decreased visual acuity.

b. symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

c. symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

d. increased impulsivity.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 118

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

85. When engaging in cognitive tasks, older brains may compensate for the effects of aging with less:

a. dopamine.

b. lateralization.

c. acetylcholine.

d. myelination.

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 118-119

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

86. When Doctor Jansen compares brain scans belonging to a 70-year-old and a 50-year-old, what might she see in the 70-year-old brain?

a. more dendrites

b. more neurons

c. equal number of dendrites as the 50-year-old brain

d. fewer neurons and dendrites

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 119

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

87. If an older adult participates in 6 months of aerobic activity, what would most likely occur?

a. decreased brain volume

b. increased brain volume

c. no change in brain volume

d. a near-fatal increase in brain volume

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 119

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

88. Which of the following was a conclusion reached in the brain study of the Sisters of Notre Dame of Mankato?

a. High levels of folic acid were linked to increased symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

b. “Serving” nuns showed more moderate declines in intellectual skills than “teaching” nuns.

c. Positive emotions in early adulthood were linked to longevity.

d. High levels of dopamine were linked to increased brain lateralization.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 121

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

89. The most influential factor in delaying brain deterioration during old age is:

a. mental stimulation.

b. nutrition.

c. heredity.

d. exercise.

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 121

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

90. How much time can newborn Tyler’s parents expect him to sleep?

a. 9–13 hours a day

b. 5–7 hours a day

c. 16–17 hours a day

d. 1–2 hours a day

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 122

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

91. Tameka’s newborn baby is awake for several hours during the night and often sleeps during the day. At what age will her child establish a pattern of sleeping mostly at night?

a. 1 month

b. 3 months

c. 6 months

d. 12 months

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 122

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

92. Six-month-old Cassidy is finally beginning to:

a. spend time in REM sleep.

b. stay awake all day.

c. take naps during the day.

d. spend her longest span of sleep at night.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 122

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

93. Sleep/wake patterns in infants can be influenced by:

a. gender.

b. weather.

c. socioeconomic status.

d. cultural practices.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 122

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

94. Infant night-waking problems have consistently been linked to which of the following?

a. lack of parental involvement in sleep-related interactions

b. excessive parental involvement in sleep-related interactions

c. lack of adequate nutrition

d. lack of attachment with the mother

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 122

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

95. What percentage of infant sleep is spent in REM sleep?

a. 50 %

b. 75 %

c. 25 %

d. 10 %

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 122-123

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

96. What percentage of adult sleep is spent in REM sleep?

a. 20 %

b. 40 %

c. 50 %

d. 75 %

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 123

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

97. Although some child experts argue that shared sleeping benefits babies, others recommend against it. Two recent studies link bed sharing with which of the following?

a. learning delays in middle childhood

b. depression in adolescence

c. co-dependency issues

d. SIDS

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 123

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

98. Which of the following is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics to reduce the risk of SIDS?

a. place infants on their sides to sleep

b. place infants on their backs to sleep

c. infants should sleep next to a parent to ensure quick response to breathing pauses

d. place infants on their stomachs to sleep

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 123-124

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

99. Molly is premature, of low birth weight, and experiences some respiratory problems while in the hospital. Molly is at higher risk for:

a. sudden infant death syndrome.

b. congenital heart disease.

c. cystic fibrosis.

d. folic acid deficiency.

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 123-124

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

100. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor related to sudden infant death syndrome?

a. passive exposure to cigarette smoke

b. congenital heart disease.

c. sleeping on a firm mattress with little bedding

d. having siblings who have died of SIDS

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 123-124

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

101. Lack of sleep in young children is linked with which of the following?

a. problems at school

b. increased risk of injuries

c. being overweight

d. all of these

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 124

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

102. Lexi wakes at night screaming and breathing rapidly. Her heart rate is very high and she is sweating. Shortly, Lexi returns to sleep and doesn’t recall the instance in the morning. Lexi suffers from:

a. schizophrenia.

b. sleep apnea.

c. nightmares.

d. night terrors.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 125

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

103. Which group is LIKELY to have the greatest sleep debt?

a. infants

b. young children

c. adolescents

d. middle-aged adults

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 125

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

104. What hormone prepares the body for sleep?

a. melatonin

b. cortisol

c. testosterone

d. estrogen

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 125

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

105. Which of the following is NOT associated with a lack of sleep in adolescents?

a. higher levels of hyperactivity

b. higher levels of anxiety

c. higher levels of depression

d. higher levels of fatigue

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 125

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

106. High schools in Edina, Minnesota, delayed class start time based on the finding that which “sleep hormone” is released approximately an hour later in older adolescents?

a. cortisol

b. melatonin

c. testosterone

d. estrogen

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 125

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

107. Fifteen-year-old Tamara only gets about 6 hours of sleep each night. Which of the following behaviors may Tamara exhibit due to her lack of sleep?

a. anxiety

b. depression

c. fatigue

d. all of these

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 125-126

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

108. All of the following are linked to lack of sleep during adolescence EXCEPT:

a. social pressures.

b. ineffective stress management.

c. lack of exercise.

d. unhealthy eating habits.

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 125-126

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

109. What is the MOST common change in sleep patterns of adults during middle age?

a. They spend more time in REM sleep.

b. They sleep about 45 minutes less each night.

c. They take several naps during the day.

d. They spend less time in deep sleep.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 126

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

110. Thirty-nine-year-old Janice is considered sleep-deprived because she only gets about 6 hours of sleep instead of the recommended:

a. 7.

b. 8.

c. 9.

d. 10

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 126

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

111. What is true of 45-year-old Jim’s sleep patterns compared to those of his 21-year-old son, Matt?

a. Jim requires an average of 2 hours more sleep than Matt.

b. Jim spends more time trying to fall asleep than Matt.

c. Jim stays up later and wakes later than Matt.

d. Jim experiences more wakeful periods during the night but about the same total hours of sleep.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 126

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

112. The maximum life span of human beings is approximately:

a. 90 years.

b. 100 years.

c. 120 years.

d. 150 years.

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 127

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

113. The average life expectancy of individuals born today is over __________ for women and over __________ for men.

a. 75 years/81 years

b. 80 years /75 years

c. 84 years /80 years

d. 76 years /72 years

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 127

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

114. Which of the following BEST explains why life expectancy is longer now than in the early 1900s?

a. People today have fewer children.

b. People today engage in less risky behavior.

c. People today suffer from less anxiety and stress.

d. People today have better health care and nutrition.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 127

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

115. Why is life expectancy for women longer than for men?

a. Women engage in fewer high-risk behaviors.

b. Women experience less stress than men.

c. Women work harder and for more years than men.

d. Men generally suffer greater financial hardship than women.

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 127

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

116. Martha is 102 years old. She is MOST likely:

a. from Africa.

b. single.

c. well off financially

d. stress-free.

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 128

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

117. The cellular clock theory holds that our cells divide:

a. until trapped free radicals split them apart.

b. more quickly as we age and thus, die faster.

c. more efficiently as we age.

d. approximately 75–80 times before they die.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 130-131

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

118. What are the DNA sequences that cap chromosomes and become shorter as cells replicate?

a. telomeres

b. free radicals

c. cellular clocks

d. amino acids

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 131

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

119. Researchers have extended the life of a human cell by:

a. removing the caps of DNA molecules.

b. injecting it with telomerase.

c. rearranging the DNA sequences.

d. splicing the 18th and 19th chromosome.

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 131

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

120. Dr. LaRossa hypothesizes that as we age our cells become increasingly less capable of dividing. Which theory of aging does he espouse?

a. telomerase-injection

b. cellular-clock

c. free radical

d. hormonal stress

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 130-131

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

121. Which theory of aging proposes that unstable oxygen molecules ricochet around cells, damaging DNA and other structures?

a. cellular clock

b. free radical

c. mitochondrial

d. hormonal stress

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 131

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

122. Which two theories claim that damage incurred by unstable oxygen molecules precipitates the aging process?

a. cellular clock and free radical

b. free radical and hormonal stress

c. mitochondrial and free radical

d. hormonal stress and cellular clock

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 131

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

123. Dr. DeLargo hypothesizes that a newly discovered glandular substance protects cells from deterioration by strengthening the cell wall against detrimental materials. Which theory of aging does she espouse?

a. telomere

b. cellular clock

c. hormonal stress

d. free radical

Answer: c

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 131-132

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

124. Kat’s doctor warns that prolonged and elevated levels of adrenaline and other anxiety-induced substances will increase Kat’s risk for many diseases. Which theory of aging does her doctor espouse?

a. mitochondrial

b. free radical

c. cellular clock

d. hormonal stress

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 131-132

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

125. Professor Mayfield is teaching her class about the harmful effects of stress, citing that it can lead to an early death. Which theory of aging does Professor Mayfield likely espouse?

a. hormonal stress

b. cellular clock

c. life events

d. free radical

Answer: a

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Application

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Feedback: 131-132

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

126. What is the main difference between the way younger people and older people respond to stress?

a. Older people have a reduced production of hormones that return the body to normal after stress.

b. Younger people have better coping strategies for dealing with stress.

c. The process of aging increases the pituitary gland’s response to stress, making it work harder.

d. Older people keep stress hormones in their system longer.

Answer: d

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 132

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

127. Mitochondrial activity in older adults can be increased through which of the following?

a. eating fish and whole grains

b. exercise

c. intellectually challenging tasks

d. mid-afternoon naps

Answer: b

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Basic

Feedback: 132

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

Short Answer

128. Briefly explain the cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth patterns of development.

Answer:

Cephalocaudal pattern: the sequence in which the greatest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working its way down from top to bottom.

Proximodistal pattern: the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 100-101

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

129. List four factors that can cause a child to be unusually short.

Answer:

1. genetic problems

2. prenatal problems

3. emotional problems

4. chronic physical illness

5. a mother who smoke(d)(s)

6. growth hormone deficiency

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledge

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 102

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

130. Briefly describe how the hormonal system works in puberty.

Answer:

The pituitary gland sends a signal via gonadotropins to the appropriate gland to manufacture the hormone. Then the pituitary gland, through interaction with the hypothalamus, detects when the optimal level of hormones is reached and responds by adjusting gonadotropin secretion.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 102-103

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

131. Describe how the onset of puberty has changed during the 20th century.

Answer:

The average age of onset of puberty has been steadily decreasing (from age 15 in 1840 to 12 1/2 today) throughout the 20th century.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 105

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

132. Discuss the body images of early versus late maturation in girls and boys.

Answer:

Early-maturing boys have a more positive body image than late-maturing peers. Early-maturing girls have a slightly more positive body image than late-maturing peers.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 105

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

133. Identify five physical changes that take place during middle or late adulthood.

Answer:

1. individuals become shorter

2. the skin wrinkles and sags

3. teeth become yellow

4. loss of strength

5. progressive bone loss

6. weight gain

7. age spots

8. hair grays and thins

9. fingernails and toenails develop ridges and become thicker and more brittle

10. muscles lose strength and mass

11. blood cholesterol increases

12. artery walls thicken

13. blood pressure rises

14. lungs lose elasticity

15. climacteric

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 106-109

Learning Goal 1: Discuss major changes in the body through the life span

134. Name and list one function of each of the four brain lobes.

Answer:

Frontal lobes: voluntary movement, thinking, personality, intention

Occipital lobes: vision

Temporal lobes: hearing, language processing, memory

Parietal lobes: spatial location, attention, motor control

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 110

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

135. Describe how information is transmitted by neurons.

Answer:

The dendrites of the cell body receive information from other neurons, muscles, or glands through the axon. Axons transmit information away from the cell body. A myelin sheath covers most axons and speeds information transmission. As the axon ends, it branches out into terminal buttons.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 110

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

136. Explain the concept of lateralization in the brain.

Answer:

To some extent, the type of information handled by neurons depends on whether they are in the left or right hemisphere of the cortex. The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other is called lateralization.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 110

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

137. Describe “blooming and pruning” as it relates to brain formation.

Answer:

Nearly twice as many dendrite and synapse connections are made than will be used (blooming). The connections that are used become strengthened and survive, while the unused ones disappear or are replaced (pruning). “Blooming and pruning” vary considerably by brain region in humans. Both environment and heredity are thought to influence synaptic overproduction and subsequent pruning.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 114

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

138. Describe the possible relationship between physical brain development and behavior in adolescents.

Answer:

Adolescent brains show a large amount of activity and growth in areas of the brain such as the amygdala which may lead to more emotional reacting. Frontal lobe development is slow during this time and may lead to more impulsive reacting, lack of reasoning, and poor self-control.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 116

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

139. Describe three ways in which the brain adapts as it ages.

Answer:

1. Humans can grow new brain cells.

2. Dendrite growth increases from the 40s through the 70s, possibly compensating for lost neurons.

3. Rewiring—neighboring neurons may compensate for damaged counterparts. Brains can shift responsibilities from one region to another.

4. Myelination connecting the prefrontal cortex to the limbic system increases in the 40s and 50s, facilitating reflection.

5. Less lateralization occurs, integrating both hemispheres in cognitive tasks.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 118-119

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

140. Describe one consequence of declining levels of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and dopamine.

Answer:

Acetylcholine: decline of memory, Alzheimer’s disease

Dopamine: problems in planning and carrying out motor activities, loss of motor control, Parkinson’s disease

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 118

Learning Goal 2: Describe how the brain changes through the life span

141. List five risk factors associated with SIDS.

Answer:

1. low birth weight

2. infants with a sibling who died of SIDS

3. sleep apnea

4. parents who smoke

5. sleeping in a position other than on the back,

6. African American or Eskimo ethnicity

7. low socioeconomic status

8. sleeping on soft bedding

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 123-124

Learning Goal 3: Summarize how sleep patterns change as people develop

142. Discuss the harmful effects of sleep deficiency on adolescents.

Answer:

Lack of sleep is linked to school tardiness and absenteeism, sleeping during school, and negative behaviors such as anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and fatigue.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 125-126

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

143. Which one biological factor may influence women’s longevity over men’s longevity?

Answer:

1. estrogen production helps protect women from arteriosclerosis—hardening of the arteries

2. the additional X chromosome that women carry may be associated with the production of more antibodies to fight off disease.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 127

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

144. Outline the possible explanations for Okinawa's increased longevity.

Answer:

1. Diet—heavy on grains, fish, and vegetables; light on meat, eggs, and dairy products

2. Low-stress lifestyle—laid-back attitudes

3. Caring community—asking and giving help

4. Activity—walking, gardening, working

5. Spirituality—finding a sense of purpose in spiritual matters, praying

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Analysis

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 129-130

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

145. Explain the cellular clock theory of aging.

Answer:

The cellular clock theory of aging states that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times and that, as we age, our cells become increasingly less capable of dividing.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 130-131

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

146. Explain the free radical theory of aging.

Answer:

The free radical theory of aging states that people age because their cells’ normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals. These molecules ricochet around inside the cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 131

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

147. Explain the mitochondrial theory of aging.

Answer:

The mitochondrial theory of aging states that aging is due to the decay of mitochondria within cells.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 131

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

148. Explain the hormonal stress theory of aging.

Answer:

The hormonal stress theory states that aging in the body’s hormonal system may lower resilience to stress and increase likelihood of contracting a disease.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: Comprehension

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Feedback: 131-132

Learning Goal 4: Explain longevity and the biological aspects of aging

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